Ancient Roman Unit - Guided Notes PDF

World History Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Ancient Rome Unit) Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pd \_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Ancient Rome Guided Notes]** I. Rome Geography a. Surrounded by Mediterranean Sea (to south), Adriatic Sea...

World History Name \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (Ancient Rome Unit) Date \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Pd \_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Ancient Rome Guided Notes]** I. Rome Geography a. Surrounded by Mediterranean Sea (to south), Adriatic Sea (to east), and Tyrrhenian Sea (to west). b. The Alps Mountains form a natural northern border i. Water and mountains create natural barriers from enemies II. Founding of Rome c. According to myth, the Roman God of War, Mars, grew fearful that his twin sons would one day overthrow him d. The twins, Romulus and Remus, were sent to drift down the Tiber River. Here they were saved by a wolf from drowning. ii. The wolf nursed the two boys as her own iii. Once grown, the two boys disagreed over where the city should be built iv. Romulus killed Remus in a fight, and he built the city where they were saved by the wolf. 1. He named the city after himself (Rome) and made himself King. III. Roman Culture e. A mixed bag v. Alphabet from Etruscans vi. Gods from Greece. vii. Olives and wine from Phoenicia. viii. Arch and domes from Etruscans. ix. Language from Latins. IV. The Roman Republic f. Rome was originally a kingdom until the overthrow of the last king, Tarquin the Great x. In 509 BCE, Romans led by Lucius Junius Brutus overthrow Tarquin. g. Romans decide to create a republic. xi. A republic is a government where people elect representatives to rule h. The Roman Republic had two social classes: xii. Patricians: Wealthy, landowning class. 2. Only 5% of population xiii. Plebeians: Farmers, merchants, artisans. 3. 95% of population 4. Could not hold public office or marry into patrician class 5. Forced into military service i. The Senate was 300 members who served for life (all patricians). Senate would guide domestic and foreign policy. j. The Senate chose two Consuls who would run the Senate for a year. You could not be Consul again for 10 more years. k. A dictator could be called upon in time of crisis. Dictator would have absolute control, but would have power for only six months l. The Conflict of the Orders takes place in 494 BCE. The plebeians fought for more political rights xiv. They fled Rome, which left the military bare xv. This event changed the republic 6. Now, 1 of 2 consuls must be plebeian 7. Tribune of the Plebs represent their interests in the Senate 8. Have the power to veto (reject) any law they feel unjust 9. Laws must be written down (Twelve Tables) V. The Twelve Tables m. Early set of Roman Laws that were written down xvi. Plebeians demanded they be recorded since laws often changed (to benefit patricians) n. All Romans were treated equally under the law o. Settles matters of property damage, debts, murder, etc. VI. The Roman Army p. Fought in legions xvii. Units of 3,000-6,000 men q. Legions broke down into smaller, 100-man groups called Centurions r. Fought in phalanx formation like Greeks s. Soldiers used short sword called a gladius for stabbing, and a curved shield for protection and as a weapon VII. The Punic Wars t. A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage xviii. Carthage was a colony of the Phoenician empire in Northern Africa (modern-day Tunis) xix. Carthage is a naval powerhouse while Rome is much better on hand-to-hand combat u. First Punic War: 264 BCE xx. Both sides fight over rich farmland of Sicily xxi. Rome wins by turning naval battle into "land" battle 10. "Hook" Carthaginian ships to create a bridge between the two v. Second Punic War: 218 BCE xxii. Led by Carthaginian general Hannibal and his famed elephant army 11. Leads expedition through the Alps to attack Rome from the north 12. He does well, however Rome sends forces to attack Carthage and forces Hannibal to retreat w. Third Punic War: 149 BCE xxiii. Carthage is wiped off the map as Romans attack, pillage, and burn the city to the ground x. Punic Wars allow Rome to expand into Northern Africa, Spain, Asia Minor, and islands of Mediterranean Sea VIII. Rise of Julius Caesar y. Before Julius was a general who appointed himself consul and took complete control of Rome. His name was Sulla xxiv. Sulla served as an example to others that a military strong-man could take over if he wanted z. Caesar was a rival of Sulla, and left Rome during Sulla's rule to avoid being targeted xxv. When Sulla died in 78 BCE, Caesar returned to Rome xxvi. In his time as general, Caesar encountered a statue of Alexander the Great 13. He supposedly wept at Alexander's accomplishments, and he realized he hadn't achieved greatness yet. a. In 58 BCE, Caesar takes legions into Gaul to expand Rome's territory xxvii. Victory in the Gaelic Wars solidified Caesar as a great military commander, and he gained the ultimate love and respect of his men. b. In 55 BCE, Rome is ruled by a triumvirate of three very powerful men xxviii. Caesar (General and Conqueror of Gaul) xxix. Pompey (Conqueror of Palestine and Judaea) xxx. Crassus (Wealthy Roman politician) 14. Crassus death in 53 BCE leads to Caesar and Pompey to vie for control of Rome a. Caesar is popular among his men, Pompey among those in the Senate c. In 49 BCE, the Senate orders Caesar to return home and disband his army xxxi. He refuses. He breaks a long-standing Roman law that generals cannot cross the Rubicon River with their armies. 15. This law was to prevent military leaders from using their army to take over Rome 16. When he returns, Pompey flees to Egypt (where he is followed and killed) d. In 46 BCE, Caesar is named consul and in 44 BCE, he names himself "dictator for life." e. On March 15, 44 BCE, Caesar is assassinated by a group of senators, led by friend Marcus Brutus, due to their growing fear of Caesar's attempts to end the Roman Republic. xxxii. Complete civil war breaks out xxxiii. Caesar's adopted son, Octavian ("Augustus"), becomes the first emperor of Rome IX. Rome's Golden Age f. Takes place under Caesar Augustus' rule xxxiv. Expanded Roman Empire deep into Asia xxxv. Reformed system of taxation and mass expansion of road network b. 53,000 miles of roads in total xxxvi. Began 150-year peace in the Roman Empire called the Pax Romana ("Peace of Rome") 17. Virgil writes The Aeneid, an epic poem about the founding of Rome 18. Praetorian Guard established to protect the emperor (modern day secret service) 19. Builds many great works like c. Aqueducts -- brought fresh water to private homes, baths, and fountains d. Buildings and libraries with arches, columns, domes i. Heavily used concrete ii. Pantheon -- a temple to honor the gods iii. Colosseum -- built for outdoor entertainment, gladiator games, chariot races and held 50,000 people e. Public Baths built throughout iv. Place to relax and meet with friends X. Birth of Christianity g. Jesus was a Roman who preached love and forgiveness of mankind xxxvii. To Jewish people, he was declared to be their messiah 20. Promised deliverer of the Jewish people h. Roman leaders grew fearful as hundreds of people attended his sermons xxxviii. His execution was ordered by Judean prefect, Pontius Pilate in 36 CE i. Jesus' followers continued to spread his teachings, and the Roman government tried to suppress any mention of Christianity xxxix. Christians were persecuted heavily 21. Mass executions 22. Blamed for natural disasters 23. Fed to lions in Colosseum 24. Forced to fight in gladiator games XI. Famed Emperors j. Trajan (98 -- 117): Created cash accounts to help poor children, built schools for orphans k. Hadrian (117 -- 138): Constructed "Hadrian's Wall" in Britain to secure border from Vikings l. Marcus Aurelius (161 -- 180): Most tolerant for free speech, adapted Rome to fit the times, won crucial wars against Germanic tribes to protect Rome m. Diocletian (284 -- 305): Divided the empire into two (Eastern and Western Rome Empires) to make it easier to manage n. Constantine (306 -- 337): Makes Christianity official religion, ends persecution of Christians. Moves capital from Rome to Byzantine and renames it Constantinople. XII. The Fall of Rome o. Rome was sacked in 476 CE by Germanic leader Odoacer. Many reasons for Rome's fall exist: xl. Expansion halted and Rome began to dilute the gold in the money 25. Led to inflation -- prices increased but salaries did not xli. Since living got more expensive, families had fewer children 26. Rome had to hire foreign mercenaries (who had no attachment to Rome) to fill the army xlii. Rome had grown too large. The border was too big to maintain effectively. f. Lead to **[invasions]** from many Germanic tribes xliii. Instability gripped Rome in the mid-3^rd^ century as emperors were assassinated frequently xliv. As Christianity spread, fewer people served in army since the religion taught pacifism 27. No fighting for any reason