Ancient Rome History PDF

History of IDr. RJ Caysip Interior Design 2  500-27 BC ANCIENT ROME “BORROWED” THE BEST FROM THE CULTURES THEY CONQUERED. DISCOVERED “CONCRETE” AS BUILDING MATERIAL.  500-27 BC...

History of IDr. RJ Caysip Interior Design 2  500-27 BC ANCIENT ROME “BORROWED” THE BEST FROM THE CULTURES THEY CONQUERED. DISCOVERED “CONCRETE” AS BUILDING MATERIAL.  500-27 BC ANCIENT ROME A people known for their military, political, and social institutions, the ancient Romans conquered vast amounts of land in Europe and northern Africa, built roads and aqueducts, and spread Latin, their language, far and wide. KEY DETAILS Believes people should be united under one rule Active, aggressive, loved strength, power, luxury and comfort Invention of sanitary facilities  500-27 BC THE FOUNDING MYTH As legend has it, Rome was founded in 753 B.C. by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, the god of war. Left to drown in a basket on the Tiber by a king of nearby Alba Longa and rescued by a she-wolf, Lupa, the twins lived to defeat that king and found their own city on the river’s banks in 753 B.C. After killing his brother, Romulus became the first king of Rome, which is named for him. A line of Sabine, Latin and Etruscan (earlier Italian civilizations) kings followed in a non-hereditary succession. There are seven legendary kings of Rome: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the Elder), Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus, or Tarquin the Proud (534-510 B.C.). While they were referred to as “Rex,” or “King” in Latin, all the kings after Romulus were elected by the senate.  GODS AND GODDESSES OF ANCIENT ROME The Roman Empire was a primarily polytheistic civilization, which meant that people recognized and worshiped multiple gods and goddesses. Despite the presence of monotheistic religions within the empire, such as Judaism and early Christianity, Romans honored multiple deities. They believed that these deities served a role in founding the Roman civilization and that they helped shape the events of people’s lives on a daily basis.  500-27 BC ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Roman architecture and engineering innovations have had a lasting impact on the modern world. Roman aqueducts, first developed in 312 B.C., enabled the rise of cities by transporting water to urban areas, improving public health and sanitation. Some Roman aqueducts transport water up to 60 miles from its source and the Fountain of Trevi in Rome still relies on an updated version of an original Roman aqueduct. AQUEDUCTS LARGE RESERVOIR/CISTERNS FOR LEAD PIPES TO TRANSPORT WATER TO TOWNS AQUEDUCT OF SEGOVIA is a Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain. It is one of the best-preserved elevated Roman aqueducts and the foremost symbol of Segovia, as evidenced by its presence on the city's coat of arms.  PONT DU GARD This is the Roman aqueduct of Pont du Gard, which crosses the Gard River, France. The Pont du Gard is the highest of all Roman aqueduct bridges, as well as one of the best preserved. It was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage sites in 1985 because of its historical importance.  ARCH A curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.  ROMAN ARCH An arch having semicircular intrados. VAULT An arched structure of stone, brick or reinforced concrete forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space. GROIN VAULT BARREL VAULT A groin vault, also known as a double barrel vault or cross A vault having a vault, is formed by the semicircular cross section. intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults.  ROMAN ORDERS The Roman Orders were lighter in proportion than the Greek, and two orders were added. The most common Roman Order was the Corinthian. The Romans combined the Ionic and Corinthian orders to make the Composite with a capital that had volutes and foliation TUSCAN ORDER The Tuscan order has a very plain design, with a plain shaft, and a simple capital, base, and frieze. It is a simplified adaptation of the Doric order by the Greeks. The Tuscan order is characterized by an unfluted shaft and a capital that only consists of an echinus and an abacus. In proportions it is similar to the Doric order, but overall it is significantly more plain. The column is normally seven diameters high. COMPOSITE ORDER The Composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic with the leaves of the Corinthian order. Until the Renaissance it was not ranked as a separate order. Instead it was considered as a late Roman form of the Corinthian order. The column of the Composite order is typically ten diameters high. FORUM (Contains important sites) Curia - Senate House Temples Sacra Via Rostra ROMAN FORUM The Roman Forum, known as Forum Romanum in Latin, was a site located at the center of the ancient city of Rome and the location of important religious, political and social activities. Historians believe people first began publicly meeting in the open-air Forum around 500 B.C., when the Roman Republic was founded. The rectangular-shaped area, sited on low-lying land between Palatine Hill and Capitoline Hill, was home to many of the ancient city’s most impressive temples and monuments. Today, the Roman Forum is one of the most famous tourist sites in the world, attracting more than 4.5 million visitors annually. ROMAN FORUM At first, the Forum essentially served as a marketplace for day-to-day shopping. Over time, it became much more versatile and functional, as public affairs were held in the area. Historians estimate that the rise of public events in the Roman Forum first took place around 500 B.C., when the Roman Republic started. The Forum gradually developed, progressed and expanded over many centuries. Statues, arches, basilicas and other buildings were constructed to accommodate the gatherings. Around the reign of Julius Caesar, the Forum became overcrowded. Caesar is credited with building a new forum, off to the side of the original, to offer more space. Later, the Emperor Augustus also added on to the area. ROMAN FORUM The Forum was considered the heart of Rome. While there were many other forums in ancient Rome, the Roman Forum was the most significant. It was a multi-purpose site that accommodated various functions. Events taking place in the Forum included: Elections Public speeches Criminal trials Gladiator matches (before the Colosseum was built) Social gatherings Business dealings Public meetings Religious ceremonies Educational events Buying, selling and trading of items Curia - The senate house, served as the council house for the Roman Senate and a site for various political events. It was rebuilt several times, and in the 7th century, the Curia was converted into a church. TEMPLES TEMPLE OF JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS PANTHEON  Built between A.D. 118 and 125 as a temple honoring the Roman gods, the Pantheon was converted in 609 to a Roman Catholic church. The architect Filippo Brunelleschi used it as inspiration when designing the cupola for the Duomo (cathedral) in Florence. Its most striking feature is the oculus, an open-air aperture at the top of the dome that lets in natural light. DOME - the first dome ever built and also the world's most perfect dome. The diameter of the floor plan is equal to the height of the dome. COFFERS - A coffer in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. The coffered ceiling balances evenly the weight of the dome OCULUS - admits light into the temple Temple of Saturn: considered one of the earliest temples in the Roman Forum. This building was dedicated to Saturn, the god of agriculture, and was used as a treasury. The Sacra Via: This was the main road that ran through the Roman Forum and connected the various important sites. This famous street also stretched to the Colosseum, which was within walking distance of the Forum. The Sacra Via: This was the main road that ran through the Roman Forum and connected the various important sites. This famous street also stretched to the Colosseum, which was within walking distance of the Forum.  ARA PACIS Altar of peace, is a Roman sacrificial altar enclosed in a screen TYPES OF ROMAN THEATER ARENA/AMPHITHEATRE These were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. It served its purpose as venue for blood games or gladiatorial fights, venationes (animal fights) and executions. THEATER Roman theaters have specific differences, such as generally being built upon their own foundations instead of earthen works or a hillside and being completely enclosed on all sides. CIRCUS Designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events. STADIA Which were primarily designed for athletics and footraces.  COLOSSEUM OF ROME The famous Roman amphitheater, the Colosseum, was built between A.D. 70 and 72 and was enjoyed by Roman citizens during the height of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum, also named the Flavian Amphitheater, is a large amphitheater in Rome. It was built during the reign of the Flavian emperors as a gift to the Roman people.  CIRCUS MAXIMUS is an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue in Rome, Italy. It was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 118 m (387 ft) in width and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators. In its fully developed form, it became the model for circuses throughout the Roman Empire. TRIUMPHAL ARCH A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. Commemorative arch or monument decorated with reliefs that show moments of victory.  ARC D' TRIOMPHE CONSTANTINE ARCH The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and The arch was commissioned by the Roman Senate to died for France in the French Revolutionary and commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French the Battle of Milvian Bridge in AD 312. Situated victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill, the arch surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the spans the Via triumphalis, the route taken by victorious Unknown Soldier from World War I. military leaders when they entered the city in a triumphal procession.  ARCH OF TITUS ARCH OF AUGUSTUS It was constructed in c. 81 AD by the Emperor The arch was dedicated to the Emperor Augustus by Domitian shortly after the death of his older brother the Roman Senate in 27 BC and is one of the oldest Titus to commemorate Titus's official deification or Roman arches which survives to this day. It signaled consecratio and the victory of Titus together with their the end of the via Flaminia, which connected the cities father, Vespasian, over the Jewish rebellion in Judaea. of Romagna to Rome, and spans the modern Corso d'Augusto (the ancient decumanus maximus), which led to the beginning of another road, the via Emilia. VICTORY COLUMNS A victory column, or monumental column or triumphal column, is a monument in the form of a column, erected in memory of a victorious battle, war, or revolution. The column typically stands on a base and is crowned with a victory symbol, such as a statue. The Trajan Column is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. BASILICA A large roofed hall erected for transacting business and disposing of legal matters THERMAE Public bath  500-27 BC ROMAN HOUSES INSULA/INSULAE Blocks of flats used as a shop and apartment houses/tenement housing in the city; housing for the poor; rises four to six stories  500-27 BC ROMAN HOUSES DOMUS A domus was the type of town house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras.  500-27 BC ROMAN HOUSES VILLA A Roman villa was typically a country house for wealthy people built in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. INTERIORS the atrium- the central hall of the house, the compluvium- which lighted the house and allowed rainwater to be caught in a great pool below (the impluvium). The tablinum at the end of the atrium was a sanctified area and contained the nuptial bed and the dining table. An inner courtyard is an indoor space wherein water and plants are present and often known as piazza or lanai. The court (peristylium), was lined with columns around a garden featuring statues and pools of water.  500-27 BC ROMAN ART Trompe l'oeil ( French for 'deceive the eye' ) - is an art technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects exist in three dimensions.  500-27 BC ROMAN ART Fresco -is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. Buon Fresco - wet plaster Fresco Secco - dry fresco  500-27 BC ROMAN ART Mosaic - is a pattern or image made of small pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface. Tessarae - is an individual tile, usually formed in the shape of a cube, used in creating a mosaic. The “Opus vermiculatum” coloring method is used by Pergamon in his masterpiece the Drinking Doves.  500-27 BC ROMAN ART CAMEO method of carving an object used in jewelry EQUESTRIAN MONUMENT BUST MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS PIUS  VITRUVIUS He originated the idea that all buildings should have three attributes: firmitas, utilitas, and venustas ("strength", "utility", and "beauty"). These principles were later widely adopted in Roman architecture. His discussion of perfect proportion in architecture and the human body led to the famous Renaissance drawing of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci. Established rules for standardizing the Greek orders for architecture: 1. Proportions and details were slightly changed 2. Module a measuring unit for each order 3. Diameter of the column at the base of the shaft 4. Entablature ¼ the height of column 5. Shaft 1/6 smaller in diameter at the top than its base  500-27 BC ROMAN FURNITURE Our knowledge of Roman furnishings is dependent upon wall paintings and reliefs, occasional references by Latin writers, and actual pieces of furniture from Roman homes preserved in lava at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Roman furniture, adapted from Greek models, were heavier and more ornate than Greek. Roman furniture, however, eventually became too comfortable and too soft, as did the people. Richly cushioned seats with carvin, veneering, or inlay reflected Roman’s love of luxury.  500-27 BC ROMAN FURNITURE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMAN FURNITURE 1. Designs were variants of Greek models. 2. Furniture was massive and elaborately decorated. 3. Inlay, veneering, and carving were used. 4. Turned legs, animal feet, sphinxes, and Griffins were popular 5. Tables are used for display and for eating. 6. Chair backs were concave. 7. There was little underbracing of legs. 8. Architectural features were incorporated in furniture. 9. Three-legged tables and pedestals were popular. 10. Rich fabrics and cushions were used SEATING PIECES The Roman’s own contribution was an armchair throne. These thrones with solid sides became popular for official occasions and were heavier and more grandiose than their Greek prototypes. Thrones had a variety of ornamentation, but the basic form remained more or less the same: a round or rectangular back with solid sides often terminating in front in animal or monster forms.  LECTUS A sleeping or dining couch CURULE Influenced many later periods and had curved, x-crossed legs which were two semicircles.  BISELLIUM A double chair or settee  TABLES Romans used tables for display as for seating. Four types of Roman tables can be distinguished and recognized as derived from Greek examples: 1. A rectangular table with 4 legs 2. A round top table with 3 shaped animal legs 3. A pedestal table with round or rectangular top 4. A rectangular top table resting on two solid supports Ex. Pompeiian table with monopodia; frequently copied in the Empire and Regency periods  TABLES Some tables had a plain column for a base, and for outdoor use there was a sturdy table from Pompeii with a rectangular top and fanciful figures carved on each end support. The supports were made of marble or wood.  ANCIENT ROME PLATE NO. 4 Draw and render a Living Room Interior Perspective implementing Roman furniture, ornaments, motifs, etc. in 9x12in watercolor paper. Requirements: 1.Mood board 2.Photo of Rendered Perspective -to be submitted online in PDF format -Physical copy (Perspective only) Deadline: February 4, 2025