History Skeleton Notes PDF

History Skeleton Notes Skeleton Notes for Chapter 2: Part I 1. What two empires challenged Spain’s dominance in the New World? France and England emerged as major challengers to Spain's supremacy in the Americas. 2. What church was the only major institution in Western Europe until...

History Skeleton Notes Skeleton Notes for Chapter 2: Part I 1. What two empires challenged Spain’s dominance in the New World? France and England emerged as major challengers to Spain's supremacy in the Americas. 2. What church was the only major institution in Western Europe until 1517? The Roman Catholic Church held significant power and was the dominant religious institution in Western Europe. 3. What type of church structure did this church have? What type of authority in people’s daily life did it have? Structure: Hierarchical, led by the Pope at the top, with bishops and priests under him. Authority: Controlled many aspects of daily life, including education, morality, and law. It also collected taxes and dictated religious practices. 4. Why did Martin Luther criticize the Roman Catholic Church? What did he propose? Criticisms: Luther opposed the sale of indulgences, corruption within the clergy, and the Church’s emphasis on rituals over personal faith. Proposals: Advocated for salvation through faith alone, the authority of scripture over Church tradition, and the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages. 5. What Christian tradition did he start, and how did it change Europe? Tradition: Protestantism (Lutheranism). Impact: Weakened the Catholic Church’s authority, leading to religious wars, political restructuring, and the spread of Protestant denominations. 6. A major belief of Calvinism was ____________________, which argued that God has already determined who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned before the world began. God is sovereign. One’s behavior does not play a role in one’s salvation. Predestination. 7. True or False: Calvinism influenced the faith of the early American colonists. True: Calvinist beliefs, especially predestination, were central to Puritans and other religious groups in early America. 8. How did the Protestant Reformation change Europe? Changes: o Fragmentation of religious unity. o Rise of Protestant nations challenging Catholic powers. o Increased literacy due to Bible translations. o Sparked religious wars and political realignments. 9. What happened in France during the Protestant Reformation, and how did it affect settlement in North America? France: Religious conflict between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants). Impact: Limited France’s early colonization efforts due to internal strife, although Huguenots later sought refuge in North America. 10. How did Henry VIII start the Protestant Reformation in England? Reason: Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Action: Established the Church of England (Anglican Church), with himself as its head. 11. How did Elizabeth I institutionally unite Catholics and Protestants in England? Method: Introduced the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which created a moderate Anglican Church combining elements of both traditions to reduce conflict. 12. How did England’s victory over the Spanish Armada encourage English exploration to the New World? Effect: The victory in 1588 weakened Spanish naval power, boosting England’s confidence and capability to explore and establish colonies in the Americas. Skeleton Notes for Chapter 2: Part II 1. Who were the Puritans, and why did they disagree with the Church of England? Who: The Puritans were English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England from remnants of Roman Catholic practices. Disagreement: They believed the Church of England retained too many Catholic rituals and lacked true reform toward Biblical principles. 2. What were some of the Puritan complaints against the Church of England? Complaints: o Excessive rituals and ceremonies. o Corruption and lack of piety among clergy. o Insufficient focus on scripture and personal faith. o Tolerance of practices deemed "too Catholic." 3. Why were the Puritans despised by the English government? Reasons: o Their criticism of the Church of England challenged royal authority, as the monarch was the head of the Church. o Their strict moral codes and dissenting beliefs were seen as disruptive and unpatriotic. o They sought to limit the king’s power over religious matters. 4. What were the goals of the Puritan dissenters? Goals: o Create a society based on Biblical principles. o Reform religious practices to align with their interpretation of scripture. o Establish communities free from what they saw as the corruption of the Church of England. 5. How did Puritans see the role of the government? Belief: The government should enforce moral laws and support a godly society. Purpose: They believed in the integration of religion and governance, with leaders accountable to Biblical standards. 6. What was the Old Deluder Satan Law? Why was it important to Puritan society? And today’s society? Law: Enacted in 1647 in Massachusetts, it required towns with 50 or more families to hire a teacher and towns with 100 or more families to establish a school. Importance in Puritan Society: Ensured children could read the Bible and resist Satan’s influence. Education was viewed as essential to religious and moral development. Relevance Today: It established the foundation for public education in the United States, emphasizing literacy and accessible schooling for all children. Skeleton Notes for Chapter 2: Part III 1. What were the New England colonies? Colonies: o Massachusetts o Connecticut o Rhode Island o New Hampshire 2. How was their society different from the Southern and Middle colonies? New England Society: o Based on small farming, fishing, and trade. o Strong focus on religion (Puritanism) and community governance. o More egalitarian and education-focused, with an emphasis on literacy to read the Bible. Southern Colonies: o Large-scale agriculture (plantations) relying on enslaved labor. o Focus on cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo. o A more hierarchical society dominated by wealthy landowners. Middle Colonies: o Diverse population and economy, including farming, trade, and artisan work. o Greater religious and cultural tolerance than New England or the South. 3. Who were William and Samuel Vassall? How were they influential in the New England Colonies? William and Samuel Vassall: Wealthy Puritan settlers who emigrated to New England. Influence: o They advocated for religious freedom and opposed the strict Puritan orthodoxy of Massachusetts Bay Colony. o Supported the rights of dissenters and helped shape debates about tolerance in early colonial governance. 4. How did the Vassall family participate in the slave trade? How was that different from Southern planters? Vassall Family: o Owned enslaved people and were involved in the Atlantic slave trade, particularly through trade networks connected to the Caribbean. o Focused on commercial and shipping ventures tied to slavery rather than large- scale plantation ownership, as was common in the South. Southern Planters: Primarily operated large plantations with significant numbers of enslaved workers, relying heavily on slave labor for agricultural production. 5. What was the Triangular Trade/Rum Trade? Triangular Trade: o A trade system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. o Goods (e.g., rum, textiles, manufactured products) were sent from Europe to Africa. o Enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas (Middle Passage). o Raw materials (e.g., sugar, molasses, tobacco) were shipped from the Americas to Europe. Rum Trade: o New England colonies, especially Massachusetts, played a key role by producing rum from Caribbean molasses. o Rum was traded for enslaved Africans, fueling the triangular trade system. Skeleton Notes: Chapter 2: Part VI 1. How were the reasons for English Colonization different than the Spanish and the French? English: Primarily motivated by economic opportunities (e.g., agriculture, trade), religious freedom, and land acquisition.  Spanish: Focused on extracting wealth (gold and silver), spreading Catholicism, and expanding empire. French: Concentrated on the fur trade, creating alliances with Native Americans, and missionary work. 2. What was a joint-stock company? How did it organize English colonization to the New World? Definition: A business model where investors pooled money to fund ventures, sharing profits and risks. Role: Financed colonization efforts, such as the Virginia Company, which established Jamestown. 3. Where was Jamestown located? Location: Along the James River in present-day Virginia (established in 1607). 4. What type of settlers came to Jamestown? How did they differ from the New England settlers? Jamestown Settlers: Mostly single men seeking wealth and adventure. New England Settlers: Families and religious dissenters looking to establish permanent, faith-based communities. 5. What problems did the original settlers experience in Jamestown? Problems: o Lack of farming skills and preparation. o Harsh conditions, including disease and starvation. o Conflicts with Native Americans. 6. What is the myth of Pocahontas? Myth: She saved John Smith from execution by her father, Powhatan, in a dramatic act of bravery. 7. Why was Pocahontas brought to England? Reason: To promote the success of the Virginia colony and symbolize Native American assimilation into English culture. 8. What really happened to Pocahontas? Reality: She was captured, converted to Christianity, and renamed Rebecca. She married John Rolfe and died in England in 1617. 9. Who did Pocahontas marry? What major crop did he grow? Why is this important? Husband: John Rolfe. Crop: Tobacco. Importance: Tobacco became the foundation of the Virginia economy and a key export. 10. Why was John Gadsby Chapman’s painting The Baptism of Pocahontas put on display at the United States Capitol? Reason: It symbolized the perceived union of European and Native cultures and the spread of Christianity in the New World. 11. Why was Tobacco important to Jamestown/Virginia Colony? Importance: o Provided economic stability. o Encouraged expansion and plantation farming. o Increased demand for labor, leading to the use of indentured servants and enslaved people. 12. What were the Southern Colonies? What did they all have in common? Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. Commonality: Reliance on plantation agriculture and enslaved labor. 13. Who started the Headright System? Initiator: The Virginia Company. 14. What was the Headright System, and how did it contribute to the plantation system in the South? System: Granted 50 acres of land to settlers who paid for their own or others' passage to the New World.  Impact: Encouraged large-scale land ownership and the development of plantations, creating a dependence on indentured servants and enslaved labor. 15. What was the House of Burgesses, and how did it contribute to the formation of American government? Definition: The first elected legislative assembly in colonial America (Virginia, 1619). Significance: Established a tradition of representative government. 16. What were the Middle Colonies, and what was unique about them? Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. Uniqueness: o Diverse population (ethnic and religious). o Economy based on farming, trade, and industry. o Greater religious and cultural tolerance. 17. What religious group made up of dissenters started in England but then migrated to Pennsylvania and other Middle Colonies? What is unique about them? Group: Quakers (Society of Friends). Uniqueness: Believed in equality, pacifism, and religious tolerance. 18. Who was William Penn? Identity: A Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for religious freedom and democratic principles. 19. Why were Quaker beliefs considered a problem for the English government and Monarchy? Reasons: o Rejected hierarchical authority, including monarchy and clergy. o Advocated for social and gender equality, challenging traditional structures. 20. Who were the Moravians, and why was this group part of the Middle Colonies? Who: A Protestant group from Central Europe. Role in Middle Colonies: o Settled in Pennsylvania to practice their faith freely.  o Contributed to the region’s religious and cultural diversity. Skeleton Notes: Slavery and Servitude in the English Colonies 1. What three groups of people were used as labor in the southern colonies? Groups: o Native Americans. o Indentured servants (primarily European). o African enslaved people. 2. When did Native American slavery end? Why? End: Native American slavery declined significantly by the early 1700s. Reasons: o High mortality rates due to disease and harsh conditions. o Frequent resistance and escapes, as Native Americans knew the land well. o Shift toward African enslaved labor, which was seen as more sustainable and controllable. 3. Who were indentured servants? Definition: Laborers who agreed to work for a set number of years (typically 4-7) in exchange for passage to the colonies, food, and shelter. 4. What was the process to become an indentured servant? Ideally, how long would one stay as an indentured servant? Process: o People (often poor or in debt) signed contracts with colonial employers or merchants. o The contracts were often sold to plantation owners or farmers in the colonies. Length: Typically 4-7 years of labor before gaining freedom. 5. What was the reality of indentured servitude? Reality: o Harsh and grueling working conditions, with high death rates. o Many did not survive their terms to claim freedom. o Often faced exploitation and were denied promised benefits. 6. What was the White Lion, and where did it land in the colonies? Who was aboard the White Lion? White Lion: A privateer ship that landed at Point Comfort (modern-day Hampton, Virginia) in 1619. Aboard: About 20 enslaved Africans, marking the first documented arrival of African slaves in English North America. 7. Where did the journey of the Africans aboard the White Lion begin? How did they end up near Jamestown? Journey Start: Likely captured from the Kingdom of Ndongo (in modern-day Angola) by Portuguese traders. Path to Jamestown: Taken aboard a Portuguese slave ship, which was intercepted by the White Lion, and then sold in Virginia. 8. Why were African slaves transported to Jamaica, Barbados, and Cuba? Reasons: o Demand for labor on sugar plantations in the Caribbean. o African slaves were seen as ideal for the grueling work in tropical climates. o Established transatlantic slave trade routes supplied these regions. 9. Why were African slaves eventually preferred over indentured servants? Reasons: o Lifelong labor: Enslaved Africans were forced to work for life, unlike indentured servants. o Hereditary slavery: Children of enslaved people were automatically enslaved, ensuring a self-perpetuating labor force. o Decline of indentured servitude: Fewer Europeans willing to indenture themselves as opportunities in Europe improved. o Perceived reliability: Africans were seen as less likely to escape, as they were unfamiliar with the land.