History F3 Ottoman Empire Questions & Answers PDF

History Form Three Questions And Answers Chapter One: Ottoman Empire. 1. Explain the origin of the Ottoman Caliphate. Ans: The Ottomans entered Asia Minor in the last third of the 13th century as one of the Turkish tribes. These tri...

History Form Three Questions And Answers Chapter One: Ottoman Empire. 1. Explain the origin of the Ottoman Caliphate. Ans: The Ottomans entered Asia Minor in the last third of the 13th century as one of the Turkish tribes. These tribes fled from regions in central Asia during various periods, heading to Anatolia under Ertugrul I. 2. Name the founder of the Ottoman Caliphate. Ans: The founder of the Ottoman Caliphate was Osman I. 3. When was the Ottoman Empire established? Ans: The Ottoman Empire was established in 1299 C.E. 4. State factors that led to the rise and expansion of the Ottoman Caliphate Ans: The factors that led to the rise of the Ottoman Caliphate include:  The decline of Seljuks  The weakness of the Byzantine Empire  Sense of religious mission  Religious freedom  Solid Organization  An advantageous position  The strength of the Timar system. 5. State the powers of the Sultan in the Ottoman Caliphate Ans: The powers of the Sultan in the Ottoman Caliphate include:  The Ottoman Sultan was the supreme authority of the Empire politically and militarily.  He was the great Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.  He has absolute command over all governmental resources.  He was the president of the Islamic authority.  He was the implementer and defender of the faith, Islam. 6. Describe the roles of Diwans in the Ottoman Caliphate. Ans: The roles of Diwans in the Ottoman Caliphate were:  The Diwan is in charge of the Grand Vizier’s secretariat  Preserving laws, issuing the Sultan’s decrees, and examining all state matters. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 1 of 21 7. Analyse the administration system of the Ottoman Caliphate. Ans: The country was divided administratively and militarily into 32 states in the late 17th century. Some states were divided into smaller administrative departments known as the Sanjak and the head was known as Emir. 8. Describe the financial system of the Ottoman Empire Ans: The Financial institution of the Ottoman Empire was Daftardaria. There were two Daftardars, one in Anatolia and one in Romelia. The Ottoman Empire had intentionally minted money from its foundation and this coin was named Aqjat. 9. State the most prominent Sultans of the Ottoman Caliphate. Ans: The most prominent Sultans of the Ottoman Caliphate include:  Sultan Orhan Ghazi (1326-1360 C.E)  Sultan Murad I (1360-1391 CE)  Sultan Mohamed II (1451-1481 CE)  Sultan Suleiman (1520-1566 CE) 10. Analyse the factors that led to the conquest of Constantinople. Ans: The factors that led to the conquest of Constantinople were: Religious, Military, economic, and political reasons 11. Who was the greatest Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate? Ans: The greatest Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate was Sultan Suleiman. 12. Discuss the achievements of the Ottoman Caliphate. Ans: The achievements of the Ottoman Caliphate include:  They conquered the great city of Constantinople and renamed the city Istanbul.  They were an organized and powerful force.  The Empire conquered many regions of the Middle Eastern world.  They supported the arts and science.  Medicine was practised at a very high standard.  The Ottoman Empire was the world’s most powerful political entity.  Suleiman expanded both the territory and revenue of the Caliphate. 13. Discuss the factors that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Ans: The factors that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire include:  The lack of people’s unity.  The deviation from the Islamic Sharia.  Economic and Social Turmoil.  Autocratic Sultans on the rule. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 2 of 21   The spread of nationalism and ethnic party movements.  First World War.  The intervention of European powers.  Under-educated population. 14. Evaluate the aftermath of the Ottoman Caliphate’s downfall Ans: The aftermath of the Ottoman Caliphate’s downfall:  The downfall of the Ottoman Empire caused the division of Arab territory, impacting Middle Eastern history today.  The formation of British and French protectorates from Ottoman-ruled territory.  Europeans conquered and controlled many parts of the world without any opposing power. Chapter Two: The Partition of Somali Territory and Rise of Nationalism 1. State and explain the three primary objectives of European powers to come and colonize Somalia. Ans: The three primary objectives of European powers to come and colonize Somalia were: Commercial, Colonial, and Christianity objectives.  Commercial- The economic objective of the European colonization was to exploit the resources of Somali territory by means possible  Colonial-the intense competition among European powers, each country wanted to expand its spheres of influence and achieve a political objective  Christianity- European explorers and many colonies’ colonists sought to spread Christianity in the areas they discovered and colonized. 2. Name the different colonial powers that partitioned Somalia. Ans: Britain, France and Italy were the colonial powers that partitioned Somalia. 3. Explain the strategic interest of Britain in northern Somalia Ans: The strategic interest of Britain in northern Somalia was:  Britain wanted to supply meat for her armies.  Britain looked for a short route to India.  The importance of Somalia’s Red Sea coast arose after the opening of the Canal Suez in 1869. 4. Outline the outcomes of the British treaty with the Somali Clans of Zeila, Bulhar and Berbera in 1884. Ans: The treaty between the British and the Somali Clans:  To maintain Somalia’s independence and preserve order. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 3 of 21   The Somalis granted the British government the right to appoint British agents.  To maintain and strengthen the peace and friendship between them.  Britain had promised to protect Somali territories from other powers.  They agreed to each clan not to enter into relations with any foreign power except British consent. 5. Name any two Somali Sultanates that signed a treaty with the Italians Ans: Hobyo Sultanate (Sultan Ali Yusuf) and Majeerteen Sultanate (King Osman Mohamud). 6. Outline any three aims of French occupation in French Somaliland. Ans: The three aims of French occupation in French Somaliland were:  To acquire a fuelling station for its ships to and from Madagascar Island.  To expand its commercial interest to Eastern Africa.  To compete with other European powers in the region 7. Discuss why European powers assisted Ethiopians in expanding their authority into Somali territory. Ans: Europeans assisted Ethiopians in expanding their authority into Somali territory because:  Ethiopia was the oldest Christian kingdom which is surrounded by a large Muslim population, so Europeans wanted Ethiopian Christianity to survive and spread Christianity.  Italy and France wanted to take over Ethiopia by treaty, force or donation. 8. Explain the two significant phases of Somali nationalism movements. Ans: The two significant phases of Somali nationalism movements were:  The movements were armed and religious led by Islamic scholars.  The movements were peacefully led by political elites. 9. Discuss factors that caused the rise of Somali liberation movements. Ans: factors that caused the rise of Somali liberation movements were:  Somalis’ way of life is shaped by past wars with neighbouring communities and themselves.  The experience gained by the Somali Soldiers who participated in the two world wars.  The formation of the United Nations Organization.  New countries become free from colonizers in Africa and Asia.  Change international opinion towards colonization after World War I.  After World War II, the Superpowers changed and became the USA and USSR. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 4 of 21 10. Name the nationalist leaders of the Somali nationalism struggle. Ans: The nationalist leaders of the Somali nationalism struggle were:  Sheikh Abdi Abikar Jafle.  Haji Farah Omar.  Sayid Mohamed Abdille Hassan.  Omar Samatar.  Sheikh Bashir.  Hassan Barsame.  Sufi Bukhari. 11. Why did the British deport Haji Farah Omar to Aden? Ans: Because of his complaints against colonial administrative excesses and advocacy for reforming economic facilities spreading education 12. Why were the resistance fighters in Marca defeated in 1907? Ans: Because of the superiority of their firearms 13. Where and when was Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan born? Ans: He was born at Sa’madeeqa Valley in 1856 14. Name the four primary governmental institutions of Dervish state. Ans: The four primary governmental institutions of Dervish state were:  The ministerial council (Qusuusi)  The regular army (Maara-weyn)  The civilian population (Reer-Beede)  The Bodyguards (Gaar-haye) 15. List the prominent battle of Dervishes against the British Colonists. Ans: The prominent battle of Dervishes against the British Colonist were:  Afbakayle on June 3, 1901  Fardhidin on July 16, 1901  Beerdhiga (Eeragoo) on April 4, 1901  Agaar-Wayne (Gumburo), Daratoole on April 22, 1903  Jidbaale on January 10, 1904  Ruugga (Duldmadoobe) on August 9, 1913 16. State factors that to the successes of the Dervish battles against the colonial powers.  Their experience with guerrilla warfare  Their knowledge of the country and adaption to the climate  They believed that they were fighting a jihad (holy war) Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 5 of 21 17. Identify the terms of the Illig agreement in 1904. Ans: The terms of the Illig agreement in 1904 were:  He offered to govern from Eyl on the Indian Ocean and Garaad  Sayid Mohamed requested to release Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid 18. Name four garrisons Dervishes established in Taleh. Ans: The four garrisons Dervishes established in Taleh were:  Silsilad  Falaad  Daawad  Eegi (Daar-Ilaalo) 19. State the outcomes of the Dervish wars on both the Somalis and the colonial powers.  Dervish’s loss of life and property  Loss of life suffered by the various colonists  The British expansion in the North  The expansion of Italian rule in the South  The defeat of Dervishes  The forerunner of Somali nationalism Chapter Three: Industrial Revolutions 1. Define the terms industry and Industrial Revolution. Ans: Industry- is the manufacture of new goods from raw materials. Ans: The Industrial Revolution was a social and economic change that transformed agricultural and commercial society into a modern industrial. 2. Highlight characteristics of the Industrial Revolution. Ans: The characteristics of the Industrial Revolution include:  The invention of new systems for mass production  Use of Machines  The rise of the factory system which replaced the cottage industries  Production of goods in large quantities  Continues production  Use of new sources of energy  The development of science and technology 3. State the stages of the Industrial Revolution in dates  First Industrial Revolution (18th century)  The second stage of the Industrial Revolution (20th century)  The third of the Industrial Revolution (1970s)  Fourth stage of the Industrial Revolution (currently) Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 6 of 21 4. Outline conditions needed for industrialization  Natural resource  Enough manpower  Skilled human personnel  Enough capital  Business people  Good transportation and communication  Strong government  Market 5. Identify factors that led Industrial Revolution first took place in Britain  It had agricultural raw materials  It had mineral resources  Britain had a lot of wealth  Britain had skilled labour for industries  Britain had domestic and external markets  Britain had good roads and railway networks  Britain's navy was strong  Britain’s government policies supported industrialization 6. Name technological innovations of early industries.  Fly shuttle (John Kay) 1733  Spinning Jenny (1769)  Water frame (Richard Arkwright) 1769 7. Outline problems faced by European factory industries  Families worked long hours in poor conditions  Young children worked eight to ten hours a day  Factory machines were often harmful  Factory owners were not responsible for injured workers  The formation of labour unions was prohibited by law 8. What were the sources of power in early industries?  Steam  Coal 9. Why are the improvements in transportation and communications essential to the growth of industries? Ans: Because the movement of people, natural resources and finished products is essential to the industry’s growth. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 7 of 21 10. State social consequences of the Industrial Revolution.  Development of machines  Rural-urban migration  The population increased  Environmental pollutions  Child labour  Rise of social classes 11. State economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution  Creation of job opportunities  Expansion of investments  Improvement of transportation and communication  Facilitated large-scale of production  The exploitation of natural resources  Local and international trade promoted 12. State political consequences of the Industrial Revolution  Introduction of government laws  It led to imperialism  Rise of Marxism or socialism  Rise of Revolutions  Trade union formed  Slave trade abolished different ideological arose Chapter Four: World War I and its aftermath 1. Why is World War I described as a total war? Ans: Because almost every country was involved in the war, and people also were involved in the war either as soldiers or civilians. 2. State the long-term causes of the First World War. Ans: The long-term causes of the First World War were:  Nationalism  Imperialism  Militarism  Alliance system  Economic rivalry  Balkan wars. 3. Explain how Imperialism caused the First World War. Ans: As countries like Britain and France expanded their empires, tensions between European countries increased. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 8 of 21 4. Explain how Militarism caused the First World War. Ans: Europeans believed that to be strong and great. As a result, an arms race began among European nations, especially Britain and Germany. 5. Explain how Nationalism caused the First World War. Ans: There were many areas in Europe where minorities were yet to secure their freedom from their rulers. For example; People in Austria-Hungary wanted to be a part of Serbia, a neighboring country. Serbs believed that Serbia should be united. 6. Explain the immediate cause of the First World War. Ans: The immediate cause of the First World War was the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, on June 28, 1914. 7. Identify the two opposing sides of the First World War. Ans: The two opposing sides of the First World War were:  Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire.  Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, Japan, and USA. 8. Outline the new weapons used in World War I.  Fighter planes  Bomber planes  Submarine  Machine guns  Poisoned gas  Tanks 9. Construct and interpret the timeline of the major events of the First World War.  June 28, 1914- Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo.  July 5, 1914- Kaiser Wilhelm II promised German support for Austria against Serbia  July 28, 1914- Austria declared war on Serbia.  August 1, 1914- Germany declared war on Russia.  August 3, 1914- Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium.  August 4, 1914- Britain declared war on Germany.  May 7, 1915- A German U-boat sank the “Lusitania.”  May 23, 1915- Italy declared war on Germany and Austria.  April 6, 1917- USA declared war on Germany.  December 5, 1917- Armistice between Germany and Russia signed. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 9 of 21   March 3, 1918- The treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Russia and Germany.  October 4, 1918- Germany asked the Allies for an armistice.  November 11, 1918- Germany signed an armistice with the Allies – the official date of the end of World War One. 10. Identify three social results of World War I.  Many people died  Mass starvation experienced  Social life changed 11. List three economic results of World War I.  Destruction of property  The war stopped regular trade  The war caused inflation. 12. State three political results of World War I.  Growth of democracy  End of colonialism  Establishment of the League of Nations. 13. Name states formed after World War I. Ans: The new states were formed in Europe were: Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. 14. How did World War I end colonialism in Africa and Asia? Ans: Africans and Asians who were involved in the war returned home with revolutionary ideas. However, many people became more nationalistic after the others started colonial revolts in Africa and Asia. 15. When was the Versailles treaty signed? Ans: The Versailles treaty was signed on June 28, 1919. 16. Name the big four countries and their Leaders who represented them at the conference. Ans: The big four countries were:  Britain- David Lloyd George  Italy- Vittorio Orlando  France- George Clemenceau  USA- Woodrow Wilson. 17. List the main points of the Versailles Settlement.  Germany had to lose territory in Europe Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 10 of 21   Germany’s African colonies were taken away and became mandates under League of Nations supervision.  Germany’s armaments were limited to 100,000 troops and no conscription (compulsory military service)  Germany and its allies were blamed for starting the war.  Germany was to pay reparations for damages done to allies.  The League of Nations was set up.  Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire have lost territories. 18. How did the Versailles treaty affect Germany? Ans: Germany emerged from the war as a very humiliated country. It is believed that the humiliation suffered by Germany by the Versailles Treaty was partly responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War and the rise of Adolf Hitler, the German dictator. 19. Name the headquarter of the League of Nations. Ans: The headquarters of the League of Nations was Geneva, Switzerland. 20. What were the aims of the League of Nations?  To maintain peace through collective security.  To encourage international relations, and cooperation, and to solve economic and social problems. 21. Describe the structure of the League of Nations.  General assembly  The Council  The Permanent Court of Justice  The Secretariat  Commissions and committees 22. List the achievements of the League of Nations.  It settled several international disputes. For example, a dispute between Sweden and Finland was settled.  It banned slavery.  It also banned the trafficking of women and children. It protected minorities. 23. State the failures of the League of Nations.  Many countries never even joined the organization. For example, the USA.  The League of Nations didn’t have its armed forces.  The League of Nations didn’t make disarmament. When the countries started to attack others to expand, the League didn’t have any power to stop them. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 11 of 21  Chapter Five: Pan-Africanism 1. What is the Pan-Africanism movement? Ans: Pan-Africanism is the movement formed at the beginning of the twentieth century by Marcus Garvey and W.E.B Dubois. 2. Who were the founding fathers of the Pan-African movement? Ans: W.E.B Dubois, George Padmore, Marcus Garvey and Henry Sylvester 3. Identify the aims of the Pan-African movement.  To unite all the people of African Origin  To bring together all peoples of African descent in the fight for freedom  To fight the white supremacy ideology  To create better living conditions for Africans  To ensure that all Africans have democratic rights  To restore black people’s dignity and liberate  To provide a forum against European colonization 4. State the most important Pan-Africanism conference  The first conference was held in London (Henry Sylvester)  The second conference was held in Paris in 1919 (W.E.B Dubois )  The third conference was held in London in 1923  The fourth conference was held in New York in 1927  The fifth conference was held in Manchester in 1945 5. Explain factors that helped the activities of the Pan-African movement  There was a change in international opinion about Colonialism  The changing colonial conditions and determination by African nationalists to fight for independence  The support of the United Nations Organization, created in 1945  The two world wars had impacted African nationalism 6. Give reasons that Pan-Africanism had not been established in Africa before 1945.  African representatives in the movement were very few up to 1945  The colonial authorities did not allow Africans to organize movements opposed to colonial rule  There was divide and rule policy of the European powers  Little attention was paid to the movement by the two African countries that were not colonized (Ethiopia and Liberia) Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 12 of 21 7. State the roles played by Kwame Nkrumah in the movement of Pan- Africanism  He was the secretary at the Manchester conference  To coordinate Pan-African federation efforts  He held the first Pan-African conference of independent governments 8. Write the major conferences of the Pan-Africanism movement after the Second World War  Accra conference, Ghana (1958)  Kenya Conference  Tunis conference in Tunisia (1960). 9. Identify the achievements of the Pan-African movement.  Great awareness among the African people  Restored the African dignity  Developed a spirit of solidarity among Africans  Provided a forum for the Africans  The movement was the forerunner to the OAU  Laid foundation for the interest in research  Encouraged the cooperation among the Africans. 10. Explain the challenges faced by Pan-Africanism  Lack of adequate funds  The ideological differences among the leaders  The difference between the francophone and Anglophone weekend the movement  The movement hadn’t a base in Africa  Difference between the extremists and moderates  Suspicion and mistrust among members  Europeans spread negative propaganda  The African states depended on the colonial powers. Chapter Six: Somalia after the First World War until independence 1. Explain the establishment of the Majerten Sultanate. Ans: The Majerten Sultanate was established in the mid-eighteenth century, and established by King Osman Mohamud. 2. Explain the establishment of Hobyo Sultanate. Ans: The Hobyo Sultanate was established in the nineteenth century, and established by Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenadid. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 13 of 21 3. State the main goals of Sultan Ali Yusuf of Hobyo to accept Italy’s protection in December 1888 and Italy’s main objective of the treaty. Ans: Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenedid accepted Italy’s protection because  He intended to utilize it in his conflict with the Sultan of Zanzibar  He also wanted to use this backing to fight King Osman of the Majerten Sultanate.  Italy’s main objective of the treaty was to expand its influence in Somalia. 4. Why did Italy change its colonial policy in the 1920s in Somali territory? Ans: Italy changed its policy in Somali territory in the 1920s because of the rise of fascism. 5. Analyze the nationalist struggle of Omar Samatar, Hassan Barsame, and Sufi Bukari against colonial rule. Ans:  Omar Samatar was one of the Sultan Ali Yusuf’s commanders. He fought against Italy and killed Lieutenant-Colonel Splendor Elli.  Sheikh Hassan Barsame founded an armed group that resisted Italian colonialism and established a base in Jiliyale, near the city of Jowhar. The Sheikh had a close relationship with the Dervish movements.  The Suffi Bukari founded a religious and social movement in the lower Shabelle region in 1923 when Italy suppressed him Brawa. 6. When and where S.Y.L was established as S.Y.C? Ans: The Somali Youth Club (SYC) was founded on May 15, 1943, in Mogadishu. 7. Outline the main objectives of S.Y.L. Ans: The main objectives of the Somali Youth League (SYL) were:-  To unite all Somalis  To educate youth in the modern ways of life  To adopt the Osmania Somali script. 8. Name any five of the founders of S.Y.L. Ans: The founders of S.Y.L. include:  Abdulkadir Sheikh Sakhawadin  Yasin Hajji Osman Sharmake  Mohamed Hersi Nour (Seyedin)  Hajji Mohamed Hussein  Dhere Hajji Dhere. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 14 of 21 9. Explain the cause of the Ha-Nolato accident in Mogadishu, Somalia 1948. Ans: On January 11, 1948, while S.Y.L and its supporters were rallying, the Italian community and their supporters tried to interfere. As a result, fighting erupted between the two groups. 10. When Digil and Mirifle Party established? Ans: The Digil and Mirifle, also known as Hisbul Disturul Digil and Mirifle (H.D.S.M) was founded in March 1947. 11. When and where S.N.L established as S.N.S? Ans: The Somaliland National Society (S.N.S) was founded in 1945, in Aden. 12. Outline the main objectives of S.N.L. Ans: The main objectives of the Somaliland National League were:  Independence and unification of the Somali people under one political unit.  Social, political, and economic development.  The cessation of tribal feuding. 13. When United Somali Party founded? Ans: The United Somali Party (USP) was founded in 1958. 14. What did all the Somali political parties share? Ans: All the political parties shared the same aim of independence and unification of Somalia. 15. What were Italy’s new positions in her former colony of Somalia? Ans: The Italian Trust Administration was required to “foster the development of free political institutions and promote the development of the territory’s inhabitants towards independence.” 16. What was the special U.N. advisory council assigned to make recommendations and reports on development progress in Somalia? Ans: This body consisted of a small committee of representatives of U.N. member governments of Colombia, Egypt, and the Philippines. 17. State the functions of the Trusteeship Council in Somalia. Ans: The functions of the Trusteeship Council in Somalia were:  Supervision  Monitoring  Promotion of the welfare of Somalia  Facilitation of independence process Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 15 of 21 18. Describe the elections of 1954 and 1956 and the first representative government. Ans:  The district council’s first election was held in 1954, and S.Y.L. won the election.  The first legislative assembly was also held in 1956. S.Y.L. won the election, and Abdullahi Isse was nominated as the prime minister of the first representative government. 19. Explain the history of Somalia's flag briefly. Ans: The Somalia flag was designed on October 12, 1954. Mohamed Awale Liban designed the flag. Chapter Seven: AU & African Regional Bodies. 1. When was the organization of the African Union formed? Ans: The African Union (AU) was formed on May 26, 2001, in Addis Ababa, replacing the Organization of African Union (OAU). 2. Where is the headquarter of the African Union? Ans: The headquarter of the African Union is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3. Identify the aims of the African Union. Ans: The aims of the African Union were:  To preserve the sovereignty and independence of member states  To encourage and defend the common African position on issues of concern to the continent and its peoples.  To realize and improve great African solidarity and unity.  To promote collaborations among the African States in political, economic, and social fields.  To advance peace, security, and stability in the continent by solving disputes peacefully. 4. Describe the structure and function of the African Union.  The Assembly  The Executive Council  The commission/Secretariat  The Permanent Representatives Committee  Peace and Security Council  Pan-African Parliament  The Court of Justice  The Specialized Technical Committees  The Financial institutions. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 16 of 21 5. State the achievements of the African Union. Ans: The achievements of the African Union include:  It offered a solution to border disputes between member states.  It condemned human rights violations in many countries.  It encouraged the construction of roads and railways to link different regions.  Through the African Union, African governments can speak with one voice on matters affecting Africa.  It formed a cultural identity for African countries' sports and all other African games. 6. State the failures of the African Union. Ans: The failures of the African Union include:  Ideological differences among member states  Interference by the big powers.  Differences in economic development levels and the history of member states affected cooperation.  It lacked sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently.  Loyalty to other organizations. African Union members also belonged to other organizations like COMESA, ECOWAS, IGAD, and The Arab League. 7. When was the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) formed? Ans: ECOWAS was formally established on 25th May 1975. 8. Name the headquarter of ECOWAS. Ans: The headquarters of ECOWAS is in Abuja, Nigeria. 9. List the member states of ECOWAS. Ans: The member states of ECOWAS are Sierre Leone, Mali, Guinea, Liberia, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Niger, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Gambia, Togo, Mauritania, and Cape Verde. 10. State the reasons behind the formation of ECOWAS. Ans: Reasons behind the formation of ECOWAS include:  To promote economic cooperation amongst its member states.  To alleviate poverty and improve the living standards of its people.  To establish a common market free of customers, traffic, and trade barriers.  To create a free movement of citizens among member states.  To establish a single currency to avoid a delay.  To prevent and settle disputes between the member states. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 17 of 21 11. Identify the achievements of the ECOWAS. Ans: The achievements of the ECOWAS include:  Ack of economic barriers.  The creation of a broader market.  Social, economic, and political integration.  Conflict resolution among member states.  Restored peace. 12. List the failures of the ECOWAS. Ans: The failures of the ECOWAS:  Several member states experienced military coups, e.g., Ghana and Nigeria.  The member states of ECOWAS are also a member of other organizations, that divide loyalty and commitment.  There is always an influx of workers from less developed areas to more advanced states.  Many member states prioritize domestic interests and not the common issues affecting the community.  The region is poorly linked with transport and a communication network that hampers the organization’s smooth running. 13. When was the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) formed? Ans: COMESA was established on 8th December 1994. 14. Name the headquarter of COMESA. Ans: The headquarters of COMESA is in Lusaka, Zambia. 15. List the member states of COMESA. Ans: The member states of COMESA are Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Tunisia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Burundi, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. 16. State the reasons behind the formation of COMESA. Ans: The reasons behind the formation of COMESA include:  To achieve member states’ long-term prosperity and development.  To enhance peace, security, and stability of member countries.  To encourage collaborative development and cooperation in various economic disciplines and macroeconomic policies and programs.  To work together to create an environment that encourages foreign, cross- border, and domestic investment. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 18 of 21 17. Identify the achievements of the COMESA. Ans: The achievements of the COMESA include:  COMESA has established coordinated monetary, banking, and financial policies in the region.  It has improved transportation and communication administration to facilitate the movement of commodities, services, and people.  In has ensured cooperation in promoting peace, security, and stability among member states to enhance economic development in the region.  Transport costs have been reduced by about 25 per cent following COMESA traffic facilitation measures.  Through the Authority of Heads of State and Government, COMESA directs and controls the affairs of the common market. 18. List the failures of the COMESA. Ans: The failures of the COMESA include:  Major unemployment crises occur in all countries, especially the urban youth.  Unprecedented natural calamities, e.g., droughts, and floods, lead to massive food shortages and famine.  Most member States experience a hostile external trade environment characterized by unfavorable terms of trade.  Some trade commodities among member states are similar; hence commercial exchanges are limited.  Boundary conflicts. 19. When was the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) formed? Ans: IGAD was established in 1996. 20. Name the headquarter of IGAD. Ans: The headquarters of IGAD is in Djibouti. 21. Name the member states of IGAD. Ans: The member states of IGAD are Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Somalia. 22. State the reasons behind the formation of IGAD. Ans: The reasons behind the formation of IGAD are:  To create procedures to promote the prevention, management, and settlement of inter- and intra-state conflicts.  To develop and enhance regional transportation, telecommunications, and energy infrastructure that is coordinated and complementary. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 19 of 21   To create an atmosphere that encourages international, cross-border, and domestic commerce and investment.  To promote collaborative development plans and eventually unify macroeconomic policies and programs in the social, technical, and scientific domains. 23. Identify the achievements of the IGAD.  Free movements as persons.  The establishment of institutions.  Marketing information system.  Mediation.  Implementation team. 24. List the failures of the IGAD.  Political instability.  Ideological differences.  Membership to other bodies.  Poor transport between member states.  Boundary conflicts. Chapter Eight: Arab League 1. When was the Arab League was founded? Ans: The Arab League was established on 22nd March 1945. 2. Name the headquarters of the Arab League. Ans: The headquarters of the Arab League is in Cairo. 3. State the founding members of the Arab League. Ans: The founding members of the Arab League were Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. 4. When did Somalia join the Arab League? Ans: Somalia joined the Arab League in 1974. 5. Explain the reasons for the formation of the Arab League.  To work with international organizations to maintain security and peace and govern economic and social interactions.  To provide a forum for member countries to discuss their everyday problems, both internal and external matters.  To resolve disputes between its members or between its member states and other parties.  To coordinate the political positions among the member states.  To protect the independence and sovereignty of the member nations. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 20 of 21 6. Describe the structure and functions of the Arab League.  The Council of the League.  The General Secretariat.  The Joint Defense Council.  The Economic and Social Council.  The Permanent Committees 7. Outline the powers of the secretary-general of the Arab League.  Hiring and promoting employees.  Developing the League’s administrative plan and following it up.  Calling the league council to convene, and following up the implementation of the decisions taken by the Council. 8. Identify the achievements of the Arab League.  When a European power scenario has arisen, the organization has backed up its members.  The organization has done a better job of coordinating policies in education, finance, and law. Trade, and foreign policy.  The League has succeeded in preserving manuscripts and translating modern technical terminology.  The League promotes children’s rights.  The League supports youth and sports programs.  The League promotes standardization of immigration and labor issues. 9. Explain the failures of the Arab League.  The League failed to prevent the Gulf War between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990-91.  The League failed to establish the Arab Common Market.  The League also failed to solve the dispute between Qatar, and Saudi- Emarat.  The League was likewise unable to intervene in the Sudanese Humanitarian crisis.  The League also faced challenges in solving the Middle East conflict, which began after creating the state of Israel. Prepared by: Mr. Hassan Fanax & Mr. Abdirahman Yesboss. Prepared by: Hassasn Fanah & Abdirahman Yesboss Page 21 of 21