Ottoman Empire and Somali History Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Who is considered the greatest Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate?

  • Sultan Mohamed II
  • Sultan Murad I
  • Sultan Orhan Ghazi
  • Sultan Suleiman (correct)

What significant event did the Ottoman Empire achieve under Sultan Mehmed II?

  • The conquest of Constantinople (correct)
  • The unification of the Arab states
  • The signing of treaties with European powers
  • The establishment of the Empire's naval supremacy

Which of the following was NOT a factor in the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

  • Lack of unity among the people
  • Economic and social turmoil
  • Spread of nationalism
  • Adopting modern educational systems (correct)

What were the three primary objectives of European powers in colonizing Somalia?

<p>Commercial, Colonial, and Religious (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the downfall of the Ottoman Empire have on Middle Eastern history?

<p>It caused the division of Arab territory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was an achievement of the Ottoman Caliphate?

<p>Support for the arts and science (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Sultan is associated with the period of the Ottoman Empire known as its 'golden age'?

<p>Sultan Suleiman (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the internal issues faced by the Ottoman Empire?

<p>Rise of Ethnic party movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main objectives of the Somaliland National League?

<p>Cessation of tribal feuding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the United Somali Party (USP) founded?

<p>1958 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Italy's new position in Somalia following its colonial rule?

<p>Fostering development towards independence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the special U.N. advisory council in Somalia?

<p>To make recommendations on development progress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which party won the first district council election in Somalia in 1954?

<p>Somali Youth League (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the African Union (AU) formed?

<p>2001 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the aims of the African Union?

<p>To preserve the sovereignty and independence of member states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was nominated as the prime minister of the first representative government of Somalia?

<p>Abdullahi Isse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a long-term cause of the First World War?

<p>Socialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Imperialism contribute to the onset of the First World War?

<p>It encouraged countries to seek more colonies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of Militarism prior to the First World War?

<p>An arms race among European nations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is recognized as the immediate cause of the First World War?

<p>Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries were part of the Central Powers during the First World War?

<p>Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which was one of the new weapons used in World War I?

<p>Submarines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on June 28, 1914 regarding the First World War?

<p>Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Balkan Wars leading up to the First World War?

<p>Increased nationalistic sentiments among ethnic groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary objectives of the African Union?

<p>To realize and improve great African solidarity and unity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a structure of the African Union?

<p>African Economic Commission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a failure of the African Union?

<p>Loyalty to other organizations among member states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What achievement is associated with the African Union?

<p>Condemnation of human rights violations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reason for the formation of ECOWAS?

<p>To promote economic cooperation among member states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was ECOWAS formally established?

<p>25th May 1975 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the headquarters of ECOWAS located?

<p>Abuja, Nigeria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following barriers does ECOWAS seek to eliminate?

<p>Trade barriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenedid's reasons for accepting Italy's protection?

<p>To utilize it in his conflict with the Sultan of Zanzibar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Italy alter its colonial policy in the 1920s within Somali territory?

<p>Due to the rise of fascism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant achievement of Omar Samatar during his resistance against Italian colonialism?

<p>Killing Lieutenant-Colonel Splendor Elli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which city was the Somali Youth Club (SYC) founded?

<p>Mogadishu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary objectives of the Somali Youth League (SYL)?

<p>To educate youth in modern ways of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What incident triggered the Ha-Nolato accident in Mogadishu in 1948?

<p>Interference by the Italian community during an SYL rally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Digil and Mirifle Party founded?

<p>March 1947 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Somaliland National Society (S.N.S) established?

<p>1945 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the achievements of ECOWAS?

<p>Achieved economic barriers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What failure has been experienced by ECOWAS member states?

<p>Military coups in some member states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) established?

<p>8th December 1994 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for the formation of COMESA?

<p>To enhance peace, security, and stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which achievement is specifically attributed to COMESA?

<p>Establishment of coordinated monetary, banking, and financial policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might ECOWAS member states prioritize domestic interests?

<p>To focus on national development over regional integration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge mentioned regarding ECOWAS's effectiveness?

<p>Increased loyalty to non-member organizations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conquest of Constantinople

The seizure of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire in 1453, marking a turning point in history.

Sultan Suleiman's Reign

The peak of the Ottoman Empire, known for territorial expansion, cultural achievements, and a powerful military.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

A series of factors that led to the decline and eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire, including internal strife, external pressures, and weakening leadership.

Aftermath of the Ottoman Empire's Fall

The impact of the Ottoman decline on the Middle East, including the carving up of territories, the rise of European influence, and the emergence of new territorial divisions.

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European Colonization of Somalia

European powers sought to exploit Somalia for its resources, establish colonies, and spread Christian influence.

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Ottoman Sultan

A ruler of the Ottoman Empire, known for expanding the empire's territory and wielding significant power.

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Islamic Sharia

A religious law based on Islamic teachings that guided many aspects of Ottoman society.

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Partition of Somali Territory

The split of Somalia into different territories controlled by European powers, leading to various political and social repercussions.

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Why did Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenedid accept Italy's protection?

Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenedid sought Italy's protection to gain an advantage in his conflicts with the Sultan of Zanzibar and King Osman of the Majerten Sultanate. Italy, in turn, saw this as an opportunity to expand its influence in Somalia.

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What caused Italy's colonial policy change in Somali territory in the 1920s?

The rise of fascism in Italy led to a shift in their colonial policy in Somalia. This political ideology favored aggressive expansion and control over colonies.

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Describe the nationalist resistance by Omar Samatar, Sheikh Hassan Barsame, and Sufi Bukari.

Omar Samatar was a commander under Sultan Ali Yusuf who fought against Italian rule. He is known for killing Lieutenant-Colonel Splendor Elli. Sheikh Hassan Barsame, with close ties to the Dervish movements, established an armed group against Italian rule in Jiliyale. Sufi Bukari established a religious and social movement in the Shabelle region but was suppressed by Italy in Brawa.

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When and where was the Somali Youth League (SYL) founded?

The Somali Youth League (SYL) was founded on May 15, 1943, in Mogadishu.

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What were the main objectives of the Somali Youth League (SYL)?

The SYL aimed to unite all Somalis, educate the youth in modern ways, and adopt the Osmania Somali script.

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Who were five founders of the Somali Youth League (SYL)?

The founders of the SYL included Abdulkadir Sheikh Sakhawadin, Yasin Hajji Osman Sharmake, Mohamed Hersi Nour (Seyedin), Hajji Mohamed Hussein, and Dhere Hajji Dhere.

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Why did the Ha-Nolato incident occur in Mogadishu in 1948?

A clash erupted between the Italian community and supporters of the SYL during a rally on January 11, 1948, in Mogadishu.

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When was the Digil and Mirifle Party founded?

The Digil and Mirifle Party, also known as the Hisbul Disturul Digil and Mirifle (H.D.S.M), was formed in March 1947.

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Imperialism's role in WWI

Competition between European nations for power, wealth, and colonies, leading to increased tensions and rivalries which ultimately contributed to the eruption of WWI.

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Militarism's role in WWI

A belief in military strength and preparedness as a way to achieve national greatness and security. This led to an arms race among European powers, further escalating tensions and contributing to WWI.

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Nationalism's role in WWI

A powerful sense of national pride and unity, often accompanied by a desire for independence and territorial expansion. It fueled conflicts between various ethnic groups within empires and led to a sense of rivalry between nations, contributing to the outbreak of WWI.

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Alliance system's role in WWI

A series of alliances between European nations, designed to provide mutual protection and support. However, these alliances created a complex system of commitments that could easily lead to a domino effect of war declarations.

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What started WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, on June 28, 1914. This event triggered a chain reaction of diplomatic maneuvering and military mobilization, ultimately leading to the outbreak of WWI.

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Who fought in WWI?

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, Japan, and the USA.

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New weapons of WWI

The use of new technologies in warfare during WWI, including fighter planes, bomber planes, submarines, machine guns, poisonous gas, and tanks. These advancements dramatically increased the scale and destructiveness of war, leading to unprecedented levels of casualties.

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Trench warfare of WWI

A period of intense fighting along the Western Front, characterized by trench warfare, machine guns, artillery bombardments, and high casualty rates. This phase of the war was characterized by its stalemate, with neither side able to achieve a decisive breakthrough.

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Somaliland National League Goals

The Somaliland National League's main goals were: to achieve independence and unify the Somali people; to foster social, political, and economic development; and to end tribal conflicts.

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When was the USP founded?

The United Somali Party (USP) was established in 1958.

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Common Goal of Somali Political Parties

All Somali political parties shared the same objective: to gain independence and unify Somalia.

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Italy's Role in Post-Colonial Somalia

The Italian Trust Administration was tasked with fostering the development of free political institutions and promoting the progress of its inhabitants towards independence.

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UN Advisory Council in Somalia

A special UN advisory council, comprised of representatives from Colombia, Egypt, and the Philippines, was responsible for making recommendations and monitoring progress in Somalia.

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Functions of the Trusteeship Council

The Trusteeship Council played the following roles in Somalia: overseeing progress, monitoring development, promoting welfare, and facilitating the path to independence.

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1954 & 1956 Elections: First Representative Government

In 1954, the first district council election was held, resulting in a victory for the S.Y.L. The first legislative assembly election took place in 1956, also won by the S.Y.L., leading to the appointment of Abdullahi Isse as the first prime minister of the representative government.

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History of Somalia's Flag

The Somali flag, designed by Mohamed Awale Liban on October 12, 1954, represents the country's identity and aspirations.

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What are the goals of ECOWAS?

The ECOWAS aims to eliminate economic barriers between member states, creating a larger market and fostering social, economic, and political integration. It also plays a crucial role in conflict resolution and restoring peace within the region.

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What are the challenges faced by ECOWAS?

ECOWAS has faced challenges such as military coups in several member states, divided loyalties due to membership in other organizations, and a lack of infrastructure to support smooth operations.

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Key information about COMESA

Founded on December 8, 1994, COMESA's headquarters is located in Lusaka, Zambia. It aims to foster long-term prosperity, peace, and stability among member states through collaborative development and cooperation in various economic fields.

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What countries make up COMESA?

COMESA comprises many countries, including Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Tunisia, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Burundi, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

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What are some of COMESA's achievements?

COMESA has implemented coordinated economic policies, including in banking and finance, to promote financial stability in the region.

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What is the purpose of the African Union?

The African Union (AU) was founded to improve solidarity and unity among African nations, promoting collaboration in political, economic, and social areas. It prioritizes peace, security, and stability by resolving disputes peacefully.

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Describe the structure and organs of the African Union.

The AU's structure includes various organs, each with specific roles. The Assembly is the highest decision-making body, while the Executive Council coordinates policy. The Commission, or Secretariat, carries out AU decisions. The Permanent Representatives Committee, Peace and Security Council, Pan-African Parliament, Court of Justice, Specialized Technical Committees, and Financial Institutions each contribute to the AU's functions.

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What are some achievements of the African Union?

The African Union has achieved several goals. It has helped resolve border conflicts between member states, condemned human rights violations, and encouraged infrastructure development. The AU gives African nations a unified voice on global matters and promotes cultural identity through sports and games.

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What challenges does the African Union face?

Despite its successes, the African Union faces challenges. Ideological differences between member states, interference by powerful nations, disparities in economic development, inadequate funding, and conflicting loyalties to other organizations hinder its effectiveness. These factors affect cooperation and progress.

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When was ECOWAS founded, and what is its primary objective?

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formally established on May 25th, 1975, with the aim of strengthening economic cooperation between West African nations.

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Where is the headquarters of ECOWAS located?

The headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is located in Abuja, Nigeria.

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Name the member states of ECOWAS.

The member states of ECOWAS are: Sierra Leone, Mali, Guinea, Liberia, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Niger, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Gambia, Togo, Mauritania, and Cape Verde.

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What were the main motivations for forming ECOWAS?

ECOWAS was formed to foster greater economic cooperation among its members, alleviate poverty, improve living standards, and establish a common market free of trade barriers.

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Study Notes

Ottoman Empire

  • The Ottomans entered Asia Minor in the last third of the 13th century
  • One of the Turkish tribes fled from Central Asia to Anatolia under Ertugrul I
  • Osman I was the founder of the Ottoman Caliphate
  • The Ottoman Empire was established in 1299 CE
  • Factors leading to the rise of the Ottoman Caliphate included the decline of Seljuks, the weakness of the Byzantine Empire, a sense of religious mission, religious freedom, and a solid organizational structure
  • The Sultan was the supreme authority, politically and militarily
  • The Timar system was a significant factor in the Ottoman Sultan's power
  • The Ottoman Sultan had absolute command, was the president of Islamic authority, and the defender of the faith (Islam)
  • The Diwans played roles in the Ottoman Caliphate, including preserving laws, issuing Sultan's decrees, and examining all state matters

Ottoman Caliphate

  • Factors leading to the rise of the empire included:
    • The decline of Seljuks
    • The weakness of the Byzantine Empire
    • A sense of religious mission
    • Religious freedom
    • Solid organization
    • An advantageous position
  • The Ottoman Sultan was the supreme authority
  • The key figures include Sultan Orhan Ghazi (1326-1360 CE), Sultan Murad I (1360-1391 CE), and Sultan Mohamed II (1451-1481 CE), and Sultan Suleiman (1520-1566 CE)
  • The conquest of Constantinople contributed to the empire's success
  • Important factors that led to the decline of the empire include the lack of people's unity and deviation from Islamic Sharia, along with economic and social turmoil, and autocratic Sultans

Somali Territory & Rise of Nationalism

  • The three primary objectives of European powers to colonize Somalia were: Commercial, Colonial, and Christianity objectives
  • Britain, France, and Italy partitioned Somalia
  • Britain's strategic interest in northern Somalia included supplying meat for their armies, seeking a short route to India, and the importance of Somalia's Red Sea coast
  • The treaty between the British and the Somali clans of Zeila, Bulhar, and Berbera in 1884 aimed at maintaining Somalia's independence and preserving order.

Pan-Africanism

  • The Pan-African movement emerged in the early 20th century, initiated by figures such as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B Dubois
  • Founding fathers of the Pan-African movement include W.E.B Dubois, George Padmore, Marcus Garvey, and Henry Sylvester
  • The movement's primary goals included unifying people of African origin, fighting white supremacy, ensuring democratic rights for Africans, improving living conditions, and advocating for the dignity of African people.

Industrial Revolutions

  • Industry is the manufacture of new goods from raw materials
  • The Industrial Revolution was a significant social and economic shift away from agricultural/commercial societies to modern industrial societies
  • Key characteristics included:
    • The invention of new systems for mass production
    • The use of machines
    • The rise of the factory system
    • Production of large quantities of goods
    • Continued production
    • The use of new sources of energy
    • Development of science and technology
    • Outline the conditions needed for industrialization (natural resources, manpower, skilled personnel, capital, business people, good transportation, strong government and markets)

World War One

  • The long-term causes include nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliance system, economic rivalry, and Balkan wars
  • The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914
  • Central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) and Allied powers (Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Serbia, Japan, and USA) were the two opposing sides
  • New weapons included fighter planes, bomber planes, submarines, machine guns, poison gas and tanks

League of Nations

  • The League of Nations aimed at maintaining peace through collective security, encouraging international relations, and resolving economic and social issues.
  • The League's headquarters was in Geneva, Switzerland
  • Key achievements included settling disputes, banning slavery, and protecting minorities
  • Failures included many countries not joining, lack of an armed force, and failure to prevent major conflicts

African Union

  • The African Union (AU) was created in 2001, replacing the Organization of African Unity
  • Aims include preserving sovereignty, promoting unity and cooperation, advancing peace, solving disputes peacefully, and achieving sustainable development
  • Structure includes the Assembly, Executive Council, Commission, and other bodies
  • Key achievements include resolving disputes, promoting unity, and establishing norms for relations
  • Failures include ideological differences, inadequate funding, and interfering by other nations

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

  • Objectives include economic cooperation and promotion of unity among member states
  • Failures include military coups and interference/influence from other powerful nations
  • Factors leading to formation include promoting economic cooperation, alleviating poverty, and creating common markets

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)

  • Objectives include coordinated monetary, banking, and financial policies, improved transportation and communication, economic development, and peace.

Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

  • Formed in 1996, with headquarters in Djibouti
  • Objectives include preventing/managing conflicts, coordinating development, and environmental sustainability.

Arab League

  • Founded in 1945, headquartered in Cairo
  • Aims include maintaining security and peace, coordinating political positions amongst member states, and protecting the independence of its member countries
  • Failures include inability to resolve major conflicts like the Gulf War
  • Achievements include coordination of foreign policies and support for its members.

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