2.1 Colonization of the Region: Fall of the Ottoman Empire (PDF)

2.1COLONIZATION OF THE REGION. Dr. Julieta Espín THE FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE In the late 1200s, Osman I, a Turkish mercenary converted to Islam and his successors g...

2.1COLONIZATION OF THE REGION. Dr. Julieta Espín THE FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE In the late 1200s, Osman I, a Turkish mercenary converted to Islam and his successors gradually extended his rule across Asia Minor and the Balkans until in 1453 Mehmet II (Muhammad in Turkish) the Conqueror, took Constantinople, eventually destroying the Byzantine Empire. The empire was administratively divided into provinces or wilayas governed by local governors with different levels of autonomy and with a centralized tax system.  RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE The Ottomans, who entered the Islamic world first as slaves and then as mercenaries, reunified the empire established by the Arabs. In less than a century and a half, the Ottomans or Osmani laid the foundations for a great empire. Mehmet II's grandson, Selim defeated Persian's Safavid dynasty, fought against Egypt's Mamluk sultanate that included Syria and Palestine, occupying the Hijaz, and in this way doubled Ottoman territory. Sulayman I the Magnificent expanded its dominance to all of North Africa except Morocco (where different local dynasties reigned). In Europe the Ottoman Empire encompassed all Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Crete, Bulgaria, Albania and Cyprus, as well as part of Hungary, Poland and the Russian coast of Crimea and Armenia in the Caucasus. The Ottomans reached the gates of Vienna, without defeating it. Ottoman unity resided in religion, not in the spoken language or ethnicity of its rulers. It was multifaith and multi-ethnic empire, with political predominance of Islam, but where Christian and Jewish minorities enjoyed a status of special protection through the millet system of religious communities.  The elements that converged on the weakening of the empire's structures and institutions were: Domestic factors ▪The cessation of conquests. ▪The weakening of the imperial institution. DECLINE OF THE ▪Technological backwardness OTTOMAN EMPIRE External factors ▪New geographical discoveries and changing trade routes ▪The expansion of European capitalism and the Capitulation Regime. ”The Eastern Question” ▪ Inability of European powers to agree on how to divide the Ottoman. The sick old man of Europe COLONIAL EUROPEAN PENETRATION INTO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Treaty of Carlowitz (1699). The Ottoman Empire loses Romania and most of Hungary in favor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Treaty of Kuchuk Kainaryi (1774). Russian access to the Black Sea (free trade and navigation) and control over the Bosphorus Straits; Russian protection of the Ottoman subjects of the Orthodox church. Napoleonic invasion of Egypt (1798) that broke the communications route between England and its empire in India. He was expelled by the English in 1801 but left a French influence in Egypt (as for the ideas of the French revolution). Treaty of St. Stefano (1878) Serbia, Romania and Montenegro gain their independence from the Ottomans. Greater Bulgaria (comprising Bulgaria, Rumelia and Macedonia) and Bosnia and Herzegovina were formed and gained autonomy. Revised and amended in essence by the Berlin Treaty. Treaty of Berlin (1878) Greater Bulgaria arising in San Stefano was divided into three parts: the northern area, recognized as an independent state; the other two areas, eastern Rumelia in the south and much of Macedonia in the southwest, would be under Ottoman influence. The independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, although diminished on its new borders, was recognized, and Serbia and Montenegro were separated by a Muslim district, the Vilayate of Novi Pazar. POWER’S INTERESTS OVER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Russia The most ambitious, considered herself heir to the Byzantine Empire – the Third Rome – which, since the time of Peter of Great, aspired to gain access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. It invaded the Empire, obtaining major concessions. England Preservation of Ottoman integrity and the containment of Russian expansionism to preserve its imperial communications route. Gradual British penetration into the Asian and African possessions of the Empire. Acquisition of Malta at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Aden in 1839, and Cyprus in 1878, the latter at the expense of the Ottomans. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the Ottoman weakening in Egypt attracted British interest in that country. Anglo-Egyptian condominium over Sudan of 1898. POWER’S INTERESTS OVER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE France England's ally against Russian expansionism. The ideas of the French revolution were disseminated by Napoleonic campaigns. France extended its control over Algeria in 1830 – under the pretext of non-payment of debt – over Tunisia in 1881 and Morocco in 1912. Suez Canal Construction Initiative. Clashes between the Druze and Maronite communities of Mount Lebanon in the early 1860s provoked French intervention on behalf of Christians. Germany It began to demonstrate its interest in the Ottoman Empire from 1880. Germany was the only power that did not ask for territorial concessions, so it had advantages in the commercial and financial field. This policy would be felt during World War I, when the empire entered the war on the German side. Italy Since its establishment as a state, it has been interested in the north coast of Africa. In 1911 Italy declared war on the empire and occupied Libya, as well as the Dodecanese islands in the Aegean Sea. In Morocco, which was not part of the Empire, two protectorates were established, one French and one Spanish in 1911.  EUROPEAN GROWING Introduction of an army of counselors, administrators, diplomats, teachers and missionaries who brought with them ideas and policies. INFLUENCE AND During the nineteenth century, Christian missions were established to THE serve as agents of European powers and that were important in the dissemination of Western culture and the development of an INTRODUCTION intellectual and educational movement. The young Ottomans who studied in Europe also introduced Western ideas FO WESTERN to the empire. MODELS  Sultan Selim III imported European THE technology, mainly military. OTTOMAN His successor Mahmud II destroyed the Janissars in 1826 to set the way off REFORM for the establishment of a modern European-style army. TANZIMAT (NEW ORDER) The period known as Tanzimat or New Order (1839-1876) extended these reforms to other fields. 2.1.2.1 The Tanzimat part 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmiukpLqGn4 ARAB NATIONALISM: PANTUKISM, OTTOMANISM AND PAN-ISLAMISM During the nineteenth century the idea of a nation, based on ethnic-linguistic belonging, began to gain more and more supporters in Ottoman territories. Pan-Turkism, Ottomanism and Panislamism Were the ideologies adopted by the Ottomans to counter previous trends. Pan Turkism Widespread in the Balkans and directed against Russian expansion and aimed at unifying all Turkish populations under the Ottoman dynasty. Ottomanism Supranational nationalism inwards. Movement aimed to establish a single nationality among the various ethnic elements and religious communities of the empire. Such a policy was used by European powers to extract more concessions for the minorities of the empire. Panislamism When Ottomanism fails, intellectuals will resort to a sense of belonging to the Muslim community. Pan-Islamism was a movement aimed at unifying the different Muslim peoples around the Ottoman Empire, the last Islamic structure symbolizing the political and religious unity of the Umma. ACTIVITY Watch and answer the test. The Caliph P3: Decline https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXXSo7WzZsk 2.1COLONIZATION OF THE REGION. End of presentation THE FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE