Ottoman Empire Past Paper PDF

Philippine Science High School System SOCIAL SCIENCE 3 | World History 2 1st QUARTER LEARNING GUIDE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Subject Code...

Philippine Science High School System SOCIAL SCIENCE 3 | World History 2 1st QUARTER LEARNING GUIDE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Subject Code: SS3 Learning Guide Code: 2.0 Muslim World Expansion Lesson Code: 2.1 Ottoman Empire Time Limit: 30 minutes Time allotted: (1 minute) After completing a. explain the rise of the Ottoman Empire; this module, you are b. discuss the factors which led to Ottomans’ conquests; and expected to: c. identify notable Ottoman sultans and their contributions to the modern world. Time allotted: (4 minutes) In our previous lessons, we have learned about the Mongol Empire and its founder Genghis Khan. We have learned about the vastness of Mongol power and influence which spans from west to east, the Danube River and the Pacific Ocean, all the way to the Persian Gulf at its southernmost point (Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020). Due to its territorial enormity, it is widely considered that the Mongol Empire is the largest land empire in world history. What ancient empire is comparable to the Mongol’s in terms of territory? Under the grasp of the Mongols were the Turks – nomadic people who settled in Anatolia. The Turks were responsible for the downfall of Constantinople. What is Constantinople called nowadays? Time Allotted: (10 minutes) From its humble beginning as a minor Turkic enclave, the Ottoman Empire became one of the most politically dominant, economically important, and culturally influential empires during its time. Through military conquests backed by strong leadership, the Ottoman Empire controlled Muslim populations of the Middle East and North Africa as well as the eastern part of Europe. The supreme ruler of the Ottoman Empire is the Sultan who acts as both political and religious leader. The Ottoman Empire was established by Osman I. The Arabic name of Osman, Uthman, is the Origin of the word Ottoman which also means, followers of Osman (History.com Editors, 2020). Osman established a small Muslim kingdom in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326 (Beck et al., 2012). According to Beck, Black, and Krieger (2012), through alliances, purchase of lands, and military conquests, Osman and his successors gradually expanded Ottoman power and influence in Anatolia. Soon, the Ottoman Empire began to challenge the Byzantine Empire for domination and control of the region particularly the Bosporus strait (Beck et al., 2012). To control the Bosporus meant that the Ottomans can also control the flow of goods and trade between Asia and Europe. In 1453, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, was seized by the Ottomans. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Philippine Science High School | Social Science 3 LEARNING GUIDE | Page 1 of 4 Mehmed II the Conqueror and his army armed with siege weapons and loaded with gunpowder, made quick work of the walled fortresses of the Byzantines effectively ending their reign. Mehmed II changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul and made it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire (Blakemore, 2019). During his reign, Istanbul’s population steadily grew through the arrival of new citizens such as Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Beck et al., 2012). The influx of these new citizens also brought with them skills in trading, creation of arts, and crafts which gradually made Istanbul an international hub of trade and culture. Religious tolerance was enforced by the Ottoman rulers through the imposition of policies such as the millet system, which allowed limited power to minority groups within the Ottoman dominion to handle local affairs. In contrast, the conscription method known as the Devshirme system was also imposed (History.com Editors, 2020). In this system, Christian subjects were forcibly required to provide the empire with their male children as a tribute (Beck et al., 2012). The children were then forcibly converted to Islam and turned into slaves. Although in effect slaves, the children were given excellent training in the art of combat, military science, and administration. Later in life, they will be assigned in the government service or a career in the Ottoman military which will provide the opportunity to attain great prestige, power, and wealth (History.com Editors, 2020). Ardently loyal to the sultan, the elite Janissaries or military corps, were primarily made up of Christian products of the Devshirme system. Suleyman the Magnificent was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire at its peak. Due to its immense size, the empire needed administrative stability to consolidate political power and wrest control of its various territorial possessions. Through the introduction of a uniform system of civil, criminal, and administrative law, Suleyman the Magnificent created an efficiently streamlined and effective administrative system that controlled taxation and governance (Beck, et al., 2012). These laws ensured that all of his mandates have reverberated throughout the empire which in turn improved the lives of its citizens. According to Beck, Black and Krieger, (2012), through this achievement, Suleyman was also referred to as, Suleyman the Lawgiver. Selim the Grim, grandson of Mehmed II became sultan in 1512 and defeated the Safavids of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 (Beck et al., 2012). Through conquest, he acquired Syria, Palestine, North Africa, and the intellectual capital of the Muslim World, Cairo. He was best known for his invasions and victories over the holiest cities of Islam – Medina, and Mecca. The map below shows the Ottoman Empire at its height: Expansion of the Ottoman Empire Under Selim, the policy of fratricide, or the murder of brothers was practiced (History.com Editors, 2020). The policy requires that a newly crowned Sultan should imprison his brothers, or on the birth of a firstborn son, the Sultan shall order the death of his brothers and their sons. History.com Editors (2020) explains that this cruel system was enforced to ensure that the rightful heir would sit on the throne. Over time, the practice changed, and not every sultan adhered to this. In the later years, the brothers would only be put in prison but not killed. This system eventually caused the decline of the empire due to incapable and weak leadership. However, the Ottoman Empire’s influence lasted until the early 20th century. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Philippine Science High School | Social Science 3 LEARNING GUIDE | Page 2 of 4 Time allotted: 13 minutes Part I. Essay (10 points each) Answer the following questions. Write your answer in not more than 5 sentences. This assessment shall be graded. 1. How did the Ottoman Empire begin? 2. What is the most significant achievement of each of the following sultans of the Ottoman Empire? a. Osman c. Selim b. Mehmed II d. Suleyman 3. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Devshirme System? Rubrics: Accuracy of the explanation of ideas – 4 Points Systematic and logical presentation of ideas – 3 Points Appropriate and correct construction of sentences and grammar – 3 Points Time allotted: 2 minutes The Ottoman Turks are often remembered for their powerful military, ethnic diversity, artistic ventures, religious tolerance, and architectural marvels. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire through their reforms and policies have brought political stability to the region making it one of the most essential political and economic hubs during that period. The Republic of Turkey, a modern secular nation is acknowledged by scholars as primarily the direct successor of the Ottoman influence. For the next lesson, read on another Muslim Empire that emerged at that time – the Safavid Empire. References:  Beck, R., Black, L., Krieger, L., Naylor, C., Shabaka, D. (2012). Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. For more information, references, and guide materials, visit:  Blakemore, Erin. (2019, December 6). Why the Ottoman Empire Rose and Fell. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/modern-history/why-ottoman-empire-rose- fell/  Editors of Encylopaedia Britannica. (2020, March 21). Mongol Empire. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongol-empire  Encyclopedia Britannica. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire [Map]. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire  History.com editors. (2020, February 28). Ottoman Empire. History. https://www.history.com/topics/middle- east/ottomanempire#:~:text=Osman%20I%2C%20a%20leader%20of,Murad%20I%20and%20Ba yezid%20I. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Philippine Science High School | Social Science 3 LEARNING GUIDE | Page 3 of 4 Prepared by: BONIFAR A. BARLUADO, JR. Special Science Teacher III Philippine Science High School – SOCCSKSARGEN REGION CAMPUS Reviewed by: RODIGAR L. ALIMURONG, LPT Special Science Teacher II Philippine Science High School – CENTRAL LUZON CAMPUS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Philippine Science High School | Social Science 3 LEARNING GUIDE | Page 4 of 4