History Exam Review PDF

History Exam Review Formation of Canada (1867 – 1914) Canada was confederated on July 1st, 1867, and consisted of 4 provinces, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia - The first prime minister was John A. Macdonald, and the country was first inhabited by a majority of British people,...

History Exam Review Formation of Canada (1867 – 1914) Canada was confederated on July 1st, 1867, and consisted of 4 provinces, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia - The first prime minister was John A. Macdonald, and the country was first inhabited by a majority of British people, with French living in Quebec and aboriginals under the authority of the government In 1896, prime minister Wilfred Laurier began encouraging immigration out west, and the campaign was led by Clifford Sifton, the Minister of the Interior - Canada had an open-door policy; immigration was open to everyone, and the west grew in size by 2 million The British settled in South Africa, which was opposed by Dutch descended Boers, they requested help from Canada - French Canadians didn’t want to fight, Laurier sent only volunteers, 7300 men were trained and sent to help WW1 World War 1 was caused by nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the alliance system - Nationalism was a feeling of loyalty to your people and homeland, imperialism was wanting to expand their empire, militarism was the logic that strength equals safety - Two main alliances: Triple Entente – Russia, Britain and France, Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary - War was caused by assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophia in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian terrorist group Black Hand Britain had control of Canada’s foreign policy at the time, so Canada had to go to war as well - No army so P.M. Borden created the CEF of 25000 men trained at Valcartier Quebec - Sam Hughes, the minister of militia was in charge of the recruitment program Trench Warfare is when sides dig deep trenches to defend from machine gun fire and shells; used to slow German advance - In between the two trenches were an area called no-man’s land, it was a dangerous place where death was very likely if you caught out there. It had wires, mines, enemy fire, exploding shells, and bodies - Conditions were poor in trenches, they were cold, wet, and mud-soaked, as well as infested with lice and rats, resulted in sicknesses like Trench Foot and Trench Mouth spreading quickly Canada participated in 4 major battles, Ypres, the Somme, Passchendaele, and Vimy Ridge The 2nd Battle of Ypres took place in Belgium in 1915 - Canadians had to hold a 3.5km line, and were the only forces able to launch a counterattack - First time poison gas was used, officer Francis Scrimgier came up with a solution, urine-soaked handkerchiefs held to faces, casualty count of 6000+ The Battle of the Somme took place in France in 1916 - 141-day campaign at Beaumont Hamel in France, led by General Douglas Haig, a poor military planner - NFLD regiment fought at Beaumont Hamel, 90% killed on day 1, most disastrous battle of the war The Battle of Vimy Ridge took place in April of 1917, and was the first time all 4 Canadian Divisions fought together - A tactic called a creeping barrage was used, where artillery would fire ahead of troops as they advanced towards enemy lines, which allowed Canadians to reach enemy lines and forced a German retreat, led by Arthur Currie - Only major victory of 1917, won Canada a seat at peace talks as well as a sense of independence 10,602 casualties The Battle of Passchendaele took place in Belgium in 1917 - Battlefield was waterlogged and muddy, many soldiers drowned - Canadians took Passchendaele, then lost the rural village again, 16,000 Canadian casualties 1 Some notable pilots during WW1 include The Red Baron (Von Richthofen), and Canadian aces Billy Bishop and Roy Brown - Black Flight was a Canadian squadron with black planes, they had 10 kills in June of 1917 - Canada played critical roles in the four battles aforementioned above Germany adapted Unrestricted Submarine Warfare in 1917 with their U-Boats - Allies responded by setting up convoy systems, where merchant ships would travel with destroyers for protection - Canadian Patrol Service protected ships, and Canada created 60+ anti sub ships - Lusitania was a liner containing many American citizens that was sunk by a German U-Boat, angering Americans - Britain also had Germany blockaded with an armament of dreadnoughts Halifax was a key shipping port, Imo and Mont Blanc collided there in December of 1917, levelling Halifax Total war involves everyone, not just the soldiers. It takes place on the home front and in battle, and it involves propaganda, rationing, victory gardens, fundraising, and fighting - Victory gardens were planted to grow food for soldiers, and people rationed meat, butter, sugar, and bread so that more could be sent to soldiers. Income tax was also applied, and community fundraisers were held - Children were dismissed from school early and collected thrift stamps. You would buy stamps worth one dollar, and when you had four, you would save it up until the war was done, where the government would you give you the money back plus an extra dollar Propaganda is when ideas, facts, and allegations are spread to further one’s cause towards damaging one of the oppositions - The goal was to raise enlistment while downplaying the dark side of war, half-truths were used to achieve goals Conscription is when all able-bodied men are forced to join the military, due to lack of volunteers and high death rate - Conscription was opposed by French Canadians, who felt second class due to a primarily English directed recruitment and training program, as well as showing no love for the French who abandoned them - Wilfred Laurier, leader of the Liberal Party and another French Canadian also opposed it, because he thought it would tear the country apart, and Henri Bourassa led protests in Quebec In 1917, the Military Service Bill was passed, making conscription the law for men 20-45, with the exception of vital jobs, sick, and conscientious objectors The Military Voter’s Act gave voting rights to soldiers (men and women) believing they would support conscription - In 1917, the Wartime Election Act was imposed, allowing women related to soldiers to vote, as well as nurses Due to much opposition from the liberal parties and French Canadians, all liberals who agreed with conscription joined Borden’s conservative government and became known as the Union Government People who were against the war due to moral/religious beliefs were viewed as slackers and cowards - Groups such as the Doukhobors, Mennonites, and Quakers were exempt from conscription, but lost the right to vote - The Canadian Women’s Peace Party spoke against war These factions were known as pacifists and conscientious objectors Conscription drove a deep rift between the English and French, as most English were pro-conscription, while most French were anti-conscription - Riots occurred in Montreal, and Borden’s government only won three seats in Quebec In 1917, Russia’s people revolt, and Czar Nicholas is deposed of, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin gets Russia to leave the war - Germany launches one final offensive on the western front, and the allies are pushed all the way back to the River Marne in France before they launch a counterattack - Americans bolstered and allied offensive known as the Hundred Day’s Campaign, taking 130km - Germany surrenders of November 11th, 1918 2 John McCrae was a Canadian poet who wrote the poem “In Flanders Field” after his friend died in Belgium On June 28th, 1919, the allied leaders met in Versailles to sign a peace treaty, consisted of 32 countries (including Canada) - Borden insisted Canada be represented independently, given two seats due to war contributions (Vimy) The Big Three consisted of - Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Britain) - Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau (France) - President Woodrow Wilson (USA) President Wilson proposed a League of Nations, an organization to settle future disputes and promote international cooperation, and Canada joins – America doesn’t which dooms it from the start Terms of the Treaty of Versailles: Territory: - Germany is forced to accept the independence of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland - Germany gave up all overseas colonies and lost about 12% of its pre-war territory to various neighbouring powers - France took back the lost Alsace-Lorraine territory and gained control of Saar coal region for 15 years Military: - Germany’s border with France was to be demilitarized - German army reduced to 100,000 troops with no tanks or heavy artillery, navy reduced, air force disbanded Reparations - Germany was expected to pay damages of $32 billion to Britain, France, and Belgium for losses during war War Guilt* - Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for causing the war At the start of WW1, Britain controlled a lot of Canada, but Canada gained a sense of independence from the war - As well, the women’s suffragist movement was organized so that women would have the right to vote, women were beginning to be viewed as equal due to them taking over men’s usual jobs - Among the leaders of this organization was Nellie McClung, who pushed for equal opportunities for women in careers and believed that they should have the same rights as men did In 1916, Manitoba allowed women to vote, Alberta and Saskatchewan soon followed, as did Ontario and B.C. the next year In 1917, the Wartime Election Act was imposed, allowing women related to soldiers to vote, as well as nurses, and in 1920, the Dominion Election Act allowed women to run for elections in parliament Interwar Era (1919-1939) Prohibition is the banning of alcohol production, import, and transport across the country - The WCTU – Women’s Christian Temperance Union played a big part in the banning of it - enacted due to need of grain, liquor not supporting war, and workers being needed to make supplies for war People responded by: - Bootlegging (the making and selling of liquor by small time companies) and running speakeasies (private drinking clubs) - Druggists would file prescriptions for alcohol and people would smuggle (rum run) alcohol into the U.S. The Spanish flu came from Europe, and soldiers carried it home with them and it quickly spread across the Americas - No penicillin or sulpha drugs to fight it, quarantines, 50,00 dead Canadians The Federal Department of Health took control of national concerns (quarantine), co-ordinated with the provinces, and collected statistics 3 There were many economic problems post-war, including inflation, veterans being unable to find work, no protection for workers, and no ability to collectively bargain The Bolsheviks were a Russian group the overthrew the government in 1917 and called for a worldwide workers revolt, bolshevism was communist support of the group On May 1st, 1919, the Building and Metal Trades Councils strike (strikes were to improve working conditions) - Spreads around town, 15 days later, 30,000 people are on strike, creating a general strike The citizens committee of 1,000, composed of business owners, bankers, employers, and politicians opposed strikes, declaring them as communist conspiracies, and banned parades and demonstrations - Conversely, the Central Strike Committee was made of strikers and their families On June 21st, thousands were protesting when the RCMP was called in - Strikers threw stones, turned over car, and RCMP responded by shooting, 1 dead and 30 hurt Strike called off five days later, workers signed yellow-dog contracts making it so they couldn’t join a union Actional Nationale was a French protest group led by Abbe Lionel Groulx - They believed the French culture was in danger, they wanted French ownership in major companies, they opposed foreign investment in Quebec, and they supported rural and traditional values The Maritime provinces demanded that raises, subsidies, lower tariffs, cutting freight rates, and allowing more trade through maritime ports, only minor changes made The Progressives were a group in the Prairies, which wanted to address four main issues - Son’s conscripted in the war, high tariffs, favouring Ontario, collapse of wheat market The National Progressive Party was found by Thomas Crerar, won 65 seats in 21 but disbanded Steps that lead to Canada’s autonomy (Statue of Westminster): - The Halibut Treaty was signed between USA & Canada over fishing rights in the Pacific (1923) - The King-Byng crisis happened when Lord Byng refused King’s request to dissolve parliament for an election (1926) - Balfour report in 1926, recommending some British colonies to be independent Women in the 1920’s were still oppressed for the most part - Agnes Macphail was the only women elected in the ‘21 election, met with harassment and disrespect - Emilly Murphy, who was a female judge, had her authority challenged in court because she was a women The Famous Five consisted of Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Lousie McKinney, Henrietta Edwards, and Irene Parlby - Took the Person’s Case to Supreme Court, before bringing it to Privy Court, where they won the case Flappers were young women who dressed “outrageously”, with hemlines above knees, rolled down stockings, low necklines, cloche hats, and boyish hair The Group of 7 consists of Lismer, Carmichael, Harris, Jackson, Johnston, Macdonald, and Varley - Challenged people to embrace art about Canadian natural beauty, using brilliant colours + thick strokes The 1920’s were known as the jazz age, which stemmed from the African American community in New Orleans - Popular musicians include Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington Prominent figures in sports in the 20’s included Lionel Conacher – multi sport athlete, and Foster Hewitt, the Hockey Night in Canada commentator The British used intermarriage and education to assimilate aboriginals into British culture - Residential schools were funded, run by churches, with children forced to go there and had to be “English”, and being severely abused 4 Xenophobia is the intense dislike of foreigners - Chinese Exclusion act banned all Chinese, other than merchants and diplomats from entering Canada - Canada showed a tap-on tap-off approach to immigrants, more would be let in during good times - Asiatic Exclusion League was a league created by Canada and America to prevent Asian immigration People had money in the 20’s, and began buying more consumer goods; some inventions made in the 1920’s and 30’s include: - Radios: invented in the 1920’s, with crystal, then battery, before battery-less radios invented by Ted Rogers in 1925 - Fredric Banting and Charles Best isolated insulin in 1922 and used it to cure diabetes - Joseph Bombardier attached an engine to a sled to make a snowmobile in 1934 - Henry Ford’s Model T made cars a lot more affordable, due to his use of an assembly line (McLaughlin started a major automobile company in Canada, became General Motors) Massive economic boom in the 1920’s Foreign investment is when a country puts capital into another country’s economy, America did that to the Canadian economy - A branch plant is a company owned by one country, who sets up branches in another to avoid tariffs Branch plants gave Canadians more jobs, money, and economic power, but they gave Americans too much control of Canada’s economy - If America’s economy crashed, so does Canada’s, this happens later during the Great Depression Urbanization is the movement of people from rural to urban areas The Business Cycle is a 4-stage cycle of the economy, made of: prosperity, recession, depression, recovery A stock is a share in the ownership of a company, and it is purchased expecting the company makes profit - Buying on margin was when you purchased stocks with only 10% down (loaned from bank), it backfired, and people went into crippling debt On Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed, investors couldn’t sell stocks, and it forced prices down 6 main causes of the Great Depression: Overproduction + overexpansion Too many products made, Canadians can’t afford them all and there is a surplus, businesses lost money Dependence on Primary Products Foreign countries started exporting same products, and droughts caused crop failure (Dust Bowl), Canada relies on wheat, fish, minerals, pulp, and paper Dependence on America Tied to USA, their economy crashed, branches in Canada closed High Protective Tariffs Countries imposed tariffs on imports to product local products, harmed major exporting countries like Canada due to smaller market Credit Buying Buy now, pay later, but people went broke and went into debt after crash, creditors repossessed goods, so people lost everything Lack of Financial Regulation Too much credit buying, and little bank regulation (U.S.) leading to closures P.M. King said he wouldn’t give a “5-cent piece” to any province that had no liberal government R.B. Bennet elected in ’30, made Central Bank of Canada, Wheat Board, and made unemployment benefits - Promised raised tariffs, finding work, boost manufacturing, and $20 million in relief payment - Had little impact, no uniform relief system, dumped problems on cities, and tariffs crippled trade The government made relief camps for single unemployed men in isolated places to keep unrest in check - Received food, shelter, clothing, and poor pay - Relief is emergency financial aid given to unemployed to prevent starving, but must prove they had lived in same spot for 6+ months In 1935, 1600+ men in B.C. camps headed east for Ottawa to protest, being joined by more along the way - Wanted reforms (minimum wage, and E.I.), stopped in Regina when stopped on June 14 5  - Riots broke out, many injured and one policeman killed, men returned to camp (July 1st) People blamed R.B. Bennett for problems and named many things after him - Bennet Buggies (horse drawn cars), Bennet Boroughs (homeless camps), Bennett coffee (substitute of wheat or barley), Bennett blankets (newspaper), Bennet barnyards (abandoned farms) New Deal was a series of radical social reforms to provide economic relief - Bennett set up Canadian version in ’35, similar to U.S., with E.I., minimum wage, 8-hour days, fair treatment, and profiteer controlling The Welfare state was a belief that society should support its citizens to prevent hardship - No welfare, unemployment insurance, or pensions existed, little done by govt. to end depression Reforms came late, Canada lost faith in Bennett (King and his liberals return to power 173-40) The CCF was founded in 1932 by Woodsworth, who wanted to unite to fight to end suffering of depression - Cooperative represented farmers belief in joint action, commonwealth was hope for new order with equal wealth share, and federation was a party made out of a variety of social groups, became the NDP in ‘61 Social Credit Party was founded by William Aberhart for regional protest in 1935, argued that people should be given cash payments to spend on the economy - Promised 25 dollars/month to every Albertan adult, but couldn’t print more money - Became govt. in 1935 in Alberta, SoCreds stayed in power in Alberta for 35 years, winning in Quebec as well Union Nationale was founded in 1936 by Duplessis to fight the English Business Elite and for Nationalism - Defended French culture, argued English businessmen in Quebec were communists, wanted to secure Quebec’s power to follow its own economic policies, became government of Quebec in ’36 and won 5 times - The padlock law gave rights to padlock premises of subversive organizations, targeting Jewish people, labour organizers, and communists, greatly abused their powers and crushed opponents CRBC (Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission) was made in ’33 to encourage Canadian radio programs and stop American domination of airwaves, many stations were made to improve coverage - CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) was made in ’36 to replace CRBC, brought unity across Canada by bringing everyone together Pogey was a slang term for food, clothing, and shelter provided by relief agencies - People remade clothes, helped neighbours (a hobo is someone who is homeless and wanders the streets) - Didn’t take relief payments (seen as failure), and relief payments were low with costs high World War ll (1939-1945) World War ll was caused by four main factors: - Treaty of Versailles (harsh and unjust), economic problems (massive inflation), great depression and unemployment, and political instability (communists, social democrats, and Nazi’s all had power for parts of the 20’s and 30’s) Fascism is a political idea, in which one ruler (dictator) has absolute power, and can crush oppositions, they use the military to maintain power, as well as censorship - The three main dictators were Mussolini (Italy 1922), Hitler (Germany 1933), and Franco (Spain 1936) - The Nazi Party was an example of a fascist party, led be Adolf Hitler Hitler was born in Austria in 1889, and served in the war; he believed that Germany was destined for greatness Hitler became Nazi party leader in 1919, and garnered support through propaganda, rallies, and youth movements - In 1933, the German parliament caught on fire (Reichstag Fire), and Hitler blamed it on the communists in power, he becomes elected and becomes the Fuhrer (leader) with absolute power 6  - He had full obedience, and outlawed all other political parties and democracy Had a secret police force: S.A.’s or Stormtroopers (Brown Shirts) were armed forces who arrested opponents, they were succeeded by the Schutzstaffle (Protection Squad) in 1934 - The S.S. was responsible for many war atrocities, and within the S.S. was the Gestapo (Secret State Police), who were the spies of the S.S. Nuremberg Law is enacted in 1935, it took away rights and citizenship of Jews, forbid intermarriage, and banned them from public schools, owning land, and talking to a non-Jew - Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) was the first major atrocity against the Jews, resulting in the arrest of 20,000 Jews, 7,000 shops vandalized, and many Jews being horribly beaten Ghettos were areas where Jews were forced to live in, monitored by the S.A. - Concentration camps were prisons where Jews had to perform slave labour in harsh conditions - Jewish refugees fleeing to Canada on the St. Louis were turned because of anti-sematic views in Canada Lead up to the war: Hitler occupies the Rhineland in 1936, and area between France and Germany – the Treaty of Versailles forbid German soldiers from being within 50km, no one stopped them - Hitler annexes Austria in an event known as the Anschluss (German for connection) The Munich Agreement in signed in September 1938, giving Germany control of the Sudetenland (North part of Czechoslovakia), encouraged by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain - Allies (Britain and France) hope it will avoid war, this is known as appeasement In August 1939, Germans and Soviets sign a non-aggression pact, they secretly split Poland – Germany invades Poland on September 1st, 1939 - The Allied Powers consisted of (Britain – and commonwealth, France, U.S.A., and later the Soviets) while the Axis Power consisted of (Germany, Italy, and Japan) Although originally reluctant to go to war, Canada declares war on September 10th, 1939 - Athenia gets sunk but U-Boat - King enacts War Measures Act, ordered more production for equipment, and reintroduced war taxes - Army increased by 50,000 in a month, King wanted a limited role for Canada (supplier) so that no conscription - Canada also contributed ships to protect merchant ships, including corvettes (small, fast ships) Luftwaffe was the German Air Force, it had been rebuilt by Hitler after 1933, thousands of planes bombed Britain – they hit strategic points, as well as churches, hospitals, schools, and homes - became known as the Blitz or Blitzkrieg by the British, which translates to “lightning war” - Canada had no real air force, made the RCAF which merged into the Royal Air Force of Britain The Dieppe raid in 1942 (Operation Jubilee) was to test German defences and take pressure off Russia, contained a 6000 strong force with 5000 Canadians - Was a disaster due to lack of cover or surprise and low ground, 913 deaths and 1950 P.O.W.’s - Major invasion of Europe delayed till 1944, many lessons learned from Dieppe failure The Battle of Ortona was on the mainland Italy, and was fortified by German reinforcements - Canadians had to move from house to house, using a technique called mouse-holing (blast a hole in a house, clear room with grenades, move up to attic, blast a hole into neighbour and repeat) - Ortona taken within a week 7 D-Day (Operation Overlord) was the invasion to establish and grip on the western front again - June 6th, 1944, 100,000 allied troops land on five different beaches in Normandy - Canada is assigned Juno beach, and they take it one day despite landmines, barbed wire, and machine gun fire - Allies used lessons learned from Dieppe at Normandy, and now Hitler is fighting a 3-front war On December 7th, 1941, Japan bombs Pearl Harbour, Canada and America declare war on Japan The Battle of Hong Kong was the first real battle for Canadians - 2,000 soldiers from Canada sent, Japan sent 50,000 men and outnumbered the allies, they surrendered on Christmas of 1941 after 17 days of fighting On August 6th, 1945, the Enola Gay drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and it burns under a mushroom cloud 3 days later, they bomb Nagasaki, total casualties of about 230,000 - Japan surrenders on September 2nd to U.S. General Douglas MacArthur Other notable WW2 figures include: - Winston Churchill (British P.M. for most of the war, rallied Britain to victory) - Bernard Montgomery (British Army Commander, noted for beating Rommel at the 2nd Battle of El Alamein) - Erwin Rommel (German commander, very well respected, nicknamed “Desert Fox”) - Joseph Stalin (Russian dictator, led the fight against Germany, constantly demanded allied attacks on Germany) - Harry Truman (U.S. president in 1945, authorized the dropping of the atomic bombs) - F.D.R. (President of U.S. from 32-45, created Manhattan project and got U.S.A. out of depression) - William Stephenson (Canadian soldier and pilot who was in charge of British Security Coordination in America) - Goerring, Goebbels and Himmler (German leaders who were all tried at the Nuremberg Trials) Notable inventions, creations, or agreements: - Radar (created by British as a detection and targeting system) - BCATP (British Commonwealth Air Training Program was an agreement to train pilots in Canada) - Camp X (Spy camp outside of Oshawa) - 28 Crown Corporations set up by C.D. Howe to produce munitions and war goods - Atomic bomb (created during Manhattan Project, Louis Slotin was a notable scientist involved who made a trigger mechanism) The Holocaust was referred to as the final solution to the “Jewish problem” in Europe - A Nazi plan in 1942, sent ever Jew to prison camps and had them killed - Also contained “undesirables”, anyone who was elderly, disabled, a prisoner or communist, or homosexual was also killed Poor conditions in camp, lived on a bowl of broth and a piece of bread, slave labour for 16hr, people experimented on, some were killed in Polish camps, and all camps were guarded by electric fences and guards In Auschwitz, people were put into gas chambers and killed with Zyklon-B, a gas that killed victims within seconds - 6,000 could be gassed per day, prisoners would then strip the dead of everything, and bodies were cremated (disposed of) in massive ovens At the end of the war, more than 1/3 of Europe’s Jews died, 6 million dead for not being the “master race” - Allied soldiers often cried when they saw the conditions, and some are preserved as memorials Xenophobia is the fear of foreigners - There was great fear of Japanese Canadians due to the war against Japan 8 Japanese Canadians were moved to Internment Camps located in the B.C. interior - All Japanese were deemed too dangerous Poor conditions: many men were used as labour, camps were desolate huts, no electricity or running water, red cross had to help them Conscription split Canada apart in WWl, P.M. King wanted to avoid this - King promised his govt. that he would not conscript Canadians, and despite much argument that he was weak on the issue, he won the 1940 election In 1942, the government held a plebiscite – where all citizens directly vote on a matter of national importance - 65% of Canada voted in favour of letting King back out of promise - Ont., Manitoba, and B.C. voted 80% in favour; Quebec voted 70% against French Canadians once again felt betrayed, and some riots occurred in Quebec City and Montreal - War ends shortly after the decision in 1944, and only 2,500 conscripts actually fight - However, Canadian unity is not broken this time as they were consulted World War ll taught Canada that it had to be involved in the world, it could not be isolationist - Canada emerges as a large military and economic power after the war Postwar/Cold War Era (1950’s/1960’s) Canada made many changes to foreign policy after the war, and the had a strong economy so they helped rebuild Europe - Not as strong as major powers like America or Russia, but stronger than most countries in the world - Known as “middle power”, tried to promote world peace and rights, cooperated with America, and helped less developed nations Canada’s economy thrived, so they created economic ties via foreign aid programs - Joined the American Marshall Plan, to help rebuild Western Europe rapidly - Built up its status as a “peacekeeping” country (it really wasn’t) Igor Gouzenko was a Soviet clerk in the embassy in Ottawa who wanted to join Canada, smuggled 109 secret documents - Had list of Soviet spies including the Canadian Deputy of Defence and M.P Fred Rose, shocked Canadians A Cold War is when two opposing sides try to fight each other without actually fighting - Done through proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, and political pressure At the end of WWll, many countries in Western Europe were democratic, but Stalin kept his troops in Eastern Europe - Wanted those countries as a buffer zone, set up communist puppet governments - The Iron Curtain was the line that separated the democratic west by the communist east, militarized border, coined by Winston Churchill The United Nations is a global organization with the intent of keeping peace using sanctions, and then military force - Previous League of Nations failed because America didn’t join - Point was to settle differences before war could happen again, and to promote human rights and living conditions Collective security is the idea that nations standing together against aggression would discourage others from fighting - The U.N. General Assembly is the main government body, and works like a parliament - The Security Council is for emergencies, with 5 (U.S., U.S.S.R., China, U.K., France) permanent members, and 10 other members that are elected biannually, they have veto power Some U.N. organizations include UNICEF, and the W.H.O. (World Health Organization) Many refugees were displaced during the war, U.N. made that major focus, Canada accepted a lot of immigrants 9  - John Humphrey, a Canadian lawyer set up Human Rights Division in the U.N., and drafted the first copy of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights In 1949, Russia detonates an atomic bomb, now there is an arms race, countries fear U.N. isn’t enough because Russia is on security council NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is founded in 1949, made of 12 countries including Canada, America, and Western Europe, and has a collective security policy - NORAD was an agreement between America and Canada to integrate the two countries’ air defences The Warsaw Pact was a Soviet response to NATO in 1955, consisted of all the satellite countries under Soviet control A proxy war is a war in which major powers fight smaller wars for smaller parties The Korean War happened from 1950-1953, where North Korea (backed by USSR and China) invaded South Korea, and the U.N. sent a military force to drive them out - Canadians defended Kapyong with historically few casualties, defended Seoul - Ends up a stalemate, borders are moved back to the 38th parallel where they originally were, heavily militarized border Suez Canal Crisis happened in 1956, the canal was a vital trade route in Egypt owned by Britain and France - President Nasser of Egypt wanted ownership of it, Britain and France attacked, both the U.S. and Russia threatened to intervene Lester B. Pearson, the future P.M. of Canada and secretary of state of the U.N. convinced them to send a peacekeeping force, and ordered all foreign troops out of Egypt - Sent in the UNEF (United Nations Emergency Force to mediate, led by Canadian general E.L.M. Burns) - Successful, Pearson wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 An ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile) is a missile used for long range nuking of a country - Castro becomes leader of Cuba, and survives an attempt known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow him - In 1962, the U.S. finds out that Russia was stockpiling nuclear missiles near Cuba, they could strike anywhere - President John F. Kennedy blockades Cuba, and photographs those warehouses and stockpiles President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev organizes a phased withdrawal of the missiles, if America removes the ones they have in Israel - 13-day period is the closest the world has ever come to a nuclear war - Canadian Prime Minister Diefenbaker had a slow reaction to this event, and it damaged our relationship with America, and lost him the 1963 election to Pearson In 1947, the Canadian Citizenship Act allowed Canadians to become Canadian citizens - British changed BNA Act so that Canada could change its own constitution, and made the Supreme Court the final court of appeal in Canada - Prior to 1952, Governor Generals were British, in 1952, Vincent Massey became the first Canadian G.G. The S.S. Manhattan, an American Oil Tanker travelled through Canada’s arctic waters without permission - America claims these are international, Canada believes it has sovereignty over it, and claims the arctic - Still major issue to this day Newfoundland was a British colony in 1949, but Britain wanted nothing to with it, citizens issued a referendum (vote) 1. Return to responsible self-governing (they lost this during the Great Depression) 2. Stay as a British colony 3. Join Canada After indecisive results in the first vote, Britain removes option 2, and Newfoundland votes to join Canada 10  - Joey Smallwood was the biggest support of confederation, and was the first premier of NFLD After WWll, many welfare programs were created to support the new baby boom (46-61), population increased by 50% - Many programs introduced, such as healthcare and daycare were introduced, as well as old age security - Tommy Douglas and his government in Saskatchewan were the first to set up a universal health care system Douglas also created the NDP party from the old CCF, which gave organized labour a stronger political voice As well as baby boom, population increased due to the number of refugees and displaced peoples Canada allowed in, as well as war brides, European women who married Canadian soldiers - Immigration still favoured white people; the immigration act of 1952 gave officers power to discriminate - Transforms culture into a multicultural nation In the 1960’s, many people rejected traditional values, counterculture was the cultural standards of youth to counter everything they saw a part of the establishment - Hippies were one example, they preached peace and love while rejecting society, and people protested stuff like discrimination, nuclear weapons, the Cold War, and the Vietnam War Maurice Duplessis was premier of Quebec for many years, and when he died, Jean Lesage took over and reshaped the province - Grew out of traditional values and urbanized Quebec, and wanting the living standard of people to be higher as well as making French culture bigger in Canada Lesage’s government took control of hydroelectric companies, hospitals, schools, and insurance - They demanded more money out of federal programs, and opted out of many to create their own - Tensions still rose between English and French, some wanted a strong Quebec, some wanted it independent Prior to today’s flag, Canada would use the British flag, as well as its red ensign - People felt it was too closely tied to Britain, they wanted a Canadian flag - Originally, there was a maple leaf with three leaves surrounded by 2 blue bars, but it was turned down - The modern flag was first flown on February 15th, 1965 The Bilingualism and Biculturalism commission was to examine relations between the French and English to keep unity - It found that French Canadians felt alienated and second class, with only attachment to Quebec - It was recommended that Canada should be bilingual, and the Official Languages Act of 1969 made it so that people could deal with the government in their own language, and everything from the government would be bilingual, as well as more French exposure for other provinces Modern Era & French/English Relations As boomers grew up, they wanted new political ideas, and that got that from Pierre Trudeau - The admiration and inspiration that the crowds felt was called Trudeaumania He was rebellious, casual, had confidence and wit, he acted like a celebrity and date them (Barbara Streisand), and was a great speaker - He believed he could help Quebec, and wanted to create a society where everyone was equal, but he struggled with economic policy, and a strong force in the face of Quebec separatism - Proposed the “white paper”, which took away special status that Aboriginals had under the Indian Act, and they would receive social benefits form the government, but it was refused as a form of assimilation Women began challenging stereotypes as well, and would no longer be subordinate to men, and positions in cabinet were created as a response to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women Quebeckers thought that the only way to solve their problems was to separate - Many people began demanding immediate independence, and it was argued that that is the only way to be equal 11  - The FLQ (Front De Liberation Du Quebec) was founded in 1963, it was a collection of separatist groups - Used terrorism as a weapon to force independence, put bombs in mailboxes, and exploded them too, 23 members in jail by 1980 In 1967, French president Charles DeGaulle came to visit Canada and gave a speech that ended with “Long Live Free Quebec”, this angered Prime Minister Pearson and harmed relations for the rest of DeGaulle’s term - Rene Levesque was a former politicians, who was a hero to the new generation known as Quebecois instead of French Canadians, he founded the Parti Quebecois which wanted sovereignty for Quebec, but opposed terrorism FLQ kidnapped British trade commissioner James Cross in 1970, and demanded to leverage him for their arrested members - Captured Pierre Laporte, the Quebec labour minister as well, government would not release the prisoners, they instead offer safe passage out of Canada Prime Minister Trudeau deployed troops in Ottawa, Montreal, and Quebec City, and used the War Measures Act to arrest suspected members without warrant, few arrested people were actually charged - When questioned whether he had abused the act, Trudeau said, “just watch me” - At the end, Laporte is dead and killed by FLQ, Cross is found, and his kidnappers can go to Cuba, and FLQ support disappears, crisis is averted by January 1971 when soldiers are withdrawn from Quebec – known as October Crisis October Crisis exposed all the tensions and brought questions about national unity, many felt using the W.M.A. was an overreach - People were scared that French-Canada would not survive, Quebec had lowest birth rate and immigrants learned English because it would open up more opportunities - Bill 22 (1974), made French pretty much mandatory for Quebec, and immigrant children could only learn French, this angered English Canadians and immigrants In 1976, Rene Levesque’s Parti Quebecois won government in Quebec, chances of a split were real - They passed Bill 101 (1977), making French the only language in Quebec, many English speakers left - In 1980, they held a referendum to ask abut independence o Held on Sovereignty Association (Quebec is politically independent but keeps economic ties) o They asked to give a “mandate to negotiate S.A.”, confusing wording, many 60% voted no - In 1995, another referendum was held o Angry about constitutional reforms, supported by Parizeau and Bouchard (French political leaders), and opposed by Canadian prime minister Jean Chretien o Quebec stays by a vote of 50.58% to 49.42%, Quebec barely stays in - Nearly tears Canada apart, Clarity Act is passed giving govt. say on wording of referendums, margin needed to win, and independence after a vote The British North America Act was British, so Canada couldn’t change it, Canada wanted to change (patriate) the constitution, but provinces and government couldn’t agree in talks as it couldn’t balance power - Canada wanted control of its constitution because it believed it would help Quebec stay - The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was built into the constitution, the power to change constitution would be in control of Canada, and the Notwithstanding Clause meant that provinces could pass laws that violate certain Charter rights Only Quebec does not approve because they are left out of final meeting, they feel betrayed and still feel separatist - Governments still make changes, and on April 17th, 1982, the Queen signs the Constitution Act in Ottawa (Constitution Act of 1982), making Canada politically independent The Meech Lake Accords in 1987 were in hopes of making changes to constitution appealing for Quebec, promoted by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (tax guy) - Wanted to give provincial governments a lot more power and recognize Quebec as its own society, but it weaken the government too much, NFLD and Manitoba did not ratify it 12 Quebec feels betrayed because it isn’t passed, and government sets up travel committee (Charlottetown Accord) - They propose to guarantee social programs, a senate reform, make Quebec a distinct society, protect minority rights, and let aboriginals’ self govern - Supported by main political parties, opposed by Reform Party and Trudeau - Referendum is held, and accord is rejected by 54% in 1995 Trudeau wanted a multicultural government, and passed the Citizenship Act in 1978 to abolish discrimination and set guidelines (immigrant point system from grade 9 geo) - Wanted young, skilled workers and help unite families and refugees - Three classes of immigrants, family class, economic class, refugee class Culture included Culture included TV, a hockey series vs Russia, the Montreal Olympics, and music - CRTC (Canadian Radio-Television & Telecommunications Commission) was set up to control broadcasting, wanted more Canadian stuff - Canada won the series vs Russia 4-3 and hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics, putting Quebec into great debt - Music in the 70’s were Rock’n’roll (Led Zeppelin) and disco (Bee Gees), metal, pop, new wave, and hip hop in the 80’s (Metallica, MJ, Duran Duran, and Run-DMC), and grunge and pop in the 90’s (Nirvana and N’Sync) - Notable Canadian music acts include Brian Adams, Shania Twain, Celine Dion, and Neil Young Due to an energy recession crisis, Trudeau created the NEP (National Energy Program) to deal with it - Created Petro-Canada, a government owned business, capped oil prices, and taxed it so revenue could be used Brian Mulroney would become P.M. in 1984, and began to support globalization (connecting people in different places) - He began working to introduce free trade relations with the U.S., but it would dominate the Canadian economy - Free Trade Agreement made in 1987, eliminated tariffs, settled disagreements, less restriction, no cap on energy sales, and eliminated tariffs from agriculture - Opposed heavily but still passed in 1988, Mexico brought in 1992 to create NAFTA Government was spending money on programs and paying with tax, grew in national debt, Mulroney cuts programs - Introduces GST, a 7% tax on everything purchased, became law in 1991 and lost him the 1993 election Politics: The Reform Party (1987) was a western party that felt like they were being ignored, and felt the Conservatives didn’t represent them - Lead by Preston Manning, they turned to reform and won 52 seats in 1993 - Rebranded to Canadian Alliance in 2000 led by Stockwell Day, to make it more appealing to the East, lost the 2000 election - Stephen Harper replaced Day as leader, joined it with the P.C. to make it the Conservative Party of Canada, Harper would later be prime minister from 2006-2015 Bloc Quebecois was a French separatist party led by Lucien Bouchard, who felt betrayed after not getting the Meech Lake Accord to pass - Wanted sovereignty, and looked after interests of Quebec until independent, fought alongside Parti Quebecois for sovereignty in 1995 referendum, won 54 seats in 1993 Brian Mulroney became very unpopular after his introduction of GST, he retired and was succeeded by Kim Campbell (first female prime minister), - In the 1993 election, conservatives only won 2 seats, and Jean Chretien became P.M. for the next 13 years 13 14