The Beginnings of Industrialization PDF | History Exam Paper

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This document is a past paper detailing the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England. The text discusses the Industrial Revolution's origins, key inventions, changes in the textile industry, and advancements in transportation. Keywords include Industrial Revolution, textile industry, and England. The paper may be useful for exam revision.

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Page 1 of 6 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The changes that began in Industrial...

Page 1 of 6 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The changes that began in Industrial factors of The Industrial Revolution started Britain paved the way for Revolution production in England and soon spread to modern industrial societies. enclosure factory other countries. crop rotation entrepreneur industrialization SETTING THE STAGE In the United States, France, and Latin America, politi- cal revolutions brought in new governments. A different type of revolution now transformed the way people worked. The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. Before the Industrial Revolution, people wove textiles by hand. Then, machines began to do this and other jobs. Soon the Industrial Revolution spread from England to Continental Europe and North America. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain TAKING NOTES Following Chronological In 1700, small farms covered England’s landscape. Wealthy landowners, how- Order On a time line, ever, began buying up much of the land that village farmers had once worked. note important events in The large landowners dramatically improved farming methods. These innova- Britain‘s industrialization. tions amounted to an agricultural revolution. The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way After buying up the land of vil- 1700 1830 lage farmers, wealthy landowners enclosed their land with fences or hedges. The increase in their landholdings enabled them to cultivate larger fields. Within these larger fields, called enclosures, landowners experimented with more pro- ductive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields. The enclosure movement had two important results. First, landowners tried new agricultural methods. Second, large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farm- ers or to give up farming and move to the cities. Jethro Tull was one of the first of these scientific farmers. He saw that the usual way of sowing seed by scattering it across the ground was wasteful. Many seeds failed to take root. He solved this problem with an invention called the seed drill in about 1701. It allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at spe- cific depths. A larger share of the seeds took root, boosting crop yields. Rotating Crops The process of crop rotation proved to be one of the best devel- opments by the scientific farmers. The process improved upon older methods of crop rotation, such as the medieval three-field system discussed in Chapter 14. One year, for example, a farmer might plant a field with wheat, which exhausted soil nutrients. The next year he planted a root crop, such as turnips, to restore nutrients. This might be followed in turn by barley and then clover. The Industrial Revolution 717 Page 2 of 6 An English ▲ farmer plants his fields in the early 1700s using a seed drill. Livestock breeders improved their methods too. In the 1700s, for example, Robert Bakewell increased his mutton (sheep meat) output by allowing only his best sheep to breed. Other farmers followed Bakewell’s lead. Between 1700 and 1786, the average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds. As food sup- plies increased and living conditions improved, England’s population mushroomed. Recognizing An increasing population boosted the demand for food and goods such as cloth. As Effects farmers lost their land to large enclosed farms, many became factory workers. How did popu- lation growth spur Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England In addition to a large popula- the Industrial tion of workers, the small island country had extensive natural resources. Revolution? Industrialization, which is the process of developing machine production of goods, required such resources. These natural resources included water power and coal to fuel the new machines iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings rivers for inland transportation harbors from which merchant ships set sail In addition to its natural resources, Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization. Businesspeople invested in the manufacture of new inventions. Britain’s highly developed banking system also contributed to the country’s indus- trialization. People were encouraged by the availability of bank loans to invest in new machinery and expand their operations. Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, and a climate of progress led to the increased demand for goods. Britain’s political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors. Though Britain took part in many wars during the 1700s, none occurred on British soil. Their military successes gave the British a positive attitude. Parliament also passed laws to help encourage and protect business ventures. Other countries had some of these advantages. But Britain had all the factors of pro- duction, the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required. They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth). Inventions Spur Industrialization In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry. Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, linen, and cotton. This industry was the first to be transformed. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth. Changes in the Textile Industry As you will learn in the feature on textile tech- nology on page 719, by 1800, several major inventions had modernized the cotton industry. One invention led to another. In 1733, a machinist named John Kay made a shuttle that sped back and forth on wheels. This flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece 718 Chapter 25 Page 3 of 6 Textiles Industrialize First The Industrial Revolution that began in Britain was spurred by a revolution in technology. It started in the textile industry, where British Cotton Consumption, 1800–1900 inventions in the late 1700s transformed the manufacture of cloth. Cotton Consumption (in thousands of metric tons) 1000 The demand for clothing in Britain had greatly increased as a 900 result of the population boom caused by the agricultural revolution. These developments, in turn, had an impact worldwide. For 800 example, the consumption of cotton rose dramatically in Britain 700 (see graph at right). This cotton came from plantations in the 600 American South, where cotton production skyrocketed from 500 1790 to 1810 in response to demand from English textile mills. 400 300 John Kay’s flying ▲ 200 shuttle (below) speedily carried 100 threads of yarn 0 back and forth 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 when the weaver Source: European Historical Statistics, 1750–1975 pulled a handle on the loom. The flying shuttle greatly increased the productivity of weavers. Patterns of Interaction Technology Transforms an Age: The Industrial and Electronic Revolutions Inventions in the textile industry started in Britain and brought about the Industrial Revolution. This revolution soon spread to other countries. The process of industrialization is still spreading around the world, especially in developing countries. A similar technological revolution is occurring in electronics today, transforming the spread of ▲ Flying information around the world. shuttle 1. Synthesizing How might the technological innovation and industrialization that took place in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution have provided a model for other industries? See Skillbuilder Handbook, Page R21. 2. Recognizing Effects Research the textile industry today to learn how it has been affected by new technology, including computerization. Prepare a two-paragraph summary on the effects of the new technology. 719 Page 4 of 6 Inventions in America In the United States, American inventors worked at making railroad travel more comfortable, inventing adjustable upholstered seats. They also revolutionized agriculture, manu- facturing, and communications: 1831 Cyrus McCormick’s reaper boosted American wheat production. 1837 Samuel F. B. Morse, a New England painter, first sent electrical signals over a telegraph. 1851 I. M. Singer improved the sewing machine by inventing a foot treadle (see photograph). 1876 Scottish-born inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. INTERNET ACTIVITY Create a photo exhibit on American inventions of the 19th century. Include the name of the inventor and the date with each photograph. Go to classzone.com for your research. of wood to which yarn was attached, doubled the work a weaver could do in a day. Because spinners could not keep up with these speedy weavers, a cash prize attracted contestants to produce a better spinning machine. Around 1764, a textile worker named James Hargreaves invented a spinning wheel he named after his daughter. His spinning jenny allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time. At first, textile workers operated the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny by hand. Then, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769. This machine used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels. In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce the spinning mule. The spinning mule made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines. Run by waterpower, Edmund Summarizing Cartwright’s power loom sped up weaving after its invention in 1787. What inventions The water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom were bulky and expen- transformed the textile industry? sive machines. They took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house. Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called factories. Factories needed waterpower, so the first ones were built near rivers and streams: PRIMARY SOURCE A great number of streams... furnish water-power adequate to turn many hundred mills: they afford the element of water, indispensable for scouring, bleaching, printing, dyeing, and other processes of manufacture: and when collected in their larger channels, or employed to feed canals, they supply a superior inland navigation, so important for the transit of raw materials and merchandise. EDWARD BAINS, The History of Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (1835) England’s cotton came from plantations in the American South in the 1790s. Removing seeds from the raw cotton by hand was hard work. In 1793, an American inventor named Eli Whitney invented a machine to speed the chore. His cotton gin multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned. American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810. 720 Chapter 25 Page 5 of 6 Improvements in Transportation Progress in the textile industry spurred other industrial improvements. The first such development, the steam engine, stemmed from the search for a cheap, convenient source of power. As early as 1705, coal miners were using steam- powered pumps to remove water from deep mine shafts. But this early model of a steam engine gobbled great quantities of fuel, making it expensive to run. Watt’s Steam Engine James Watt, a mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, thought about the problem for two years. In 1765, Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more effi- ciently while burning less fuel. In 1774, Watt joined with a businessman named Matthew Boulton. Boulton was an entrepreneur (AHN truh pruh NUR), a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. He paid Watt a salary and encouraged him to build better engines. Water Transportation Steam could also propel boats. An American inventor named Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt. He built a steamboat called the Clermont, which made its first successful trip in 1807. The Clermont later ferried passengers up and down New York’s Hudson River. In England, water transportation improved with the creation of a network of canals, or human-made waterways. By the mid-1800s, 4,250 miles of inland chan- nels slashed the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished goods. Road Transportation British roads improved, too, thanks largely to the efforts of John McAdam, a Scottish engineer. Working in the early 1800s, McAdam equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top, he placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock. Even in rainy weather heavy wagons could travel over the new “macadam” roads without sinking in mud. Private investors formed companies that built roads and then operated them for profit. People called the new roads turnpikes because travelers had to stop at toll- gates (turnstiles or turnpikes) to pay tolls before traveling farther. The Railway Age Begins Steam-driven machinery powered English factories in the late 1700s. A steam ▼ First-class engine on wheels—the railroad locomotive—drove English industry after 1820. passengers on the Liverpool- Steam-Driven Locomotives In 1804, an English engineer named Richard Manchester Trevithick won a bet of several thousand dollars. He did this by hauling ten tons of Railway in the iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive. Other British engi- 1830s rode in covered neers soon built improved versions of Trevithick’s locomotive. One of these early cars; all others, in open cars. The Industrial Revolution 721 Page 6 of 6 railroad engineers was George Stephenson. He had gained a solid rep- utation by building some 20 engines for mine operators in northern England. In 1821, Stephenson began work on the world’s first railroad line. It was to run 27 miles from the Yorkshire coal fields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea. In 1825, the railroad opened. It used four locomotives that Stephenson had designed and built. The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad News of this success quickly spread throughout Britain. The entrepreneurs of northern England wanted a railroad line to connect the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester. The track was laid. In 1829, trials were held to choose the best locomotive for use on the new line. Five engines entered the competition. None could compare with the Rocket, designed by Stephenson and his son. Smoke poured from the Rocket’s tall smokestack, and its two pis- tons pumped to and fro as they drove the front wheels. The locomo- tive hauled a 13-ton load at an unheard-of speed—more than 24 miles per hour. The Liverpool-Manchester Railway opened officially in 1830. It was an immediate success. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain The invention and perfec- tion of the locomotive had at least four major effects. First, railroads ▲ George Stephenson’s spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport mate- Rocket rials and finished products. Second, the railroad boom created hundreds of thou- sands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners. These miners provided iron for the tracks and coal for the steam engines. Third, the railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities. Synthesizing Finally, by making travel easier, railroads encouraged country people to take dis- How did improvements in tant city jobs. Also, railroads lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside. Like transportation pro- a locomotive racing across the country, the Industrial Revolution brought rapid and mote industrializa- unsettling changes to people’s lives. tion in Britain? SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. Industrial Revolution enclosure crop rotation industrialization factors of production factory entrepreneur USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 2. Which of the events listed do 3. What were four factors that 6. EVALUATING Was the revolution in agriculture necessary you think was the most contributed to industrialization to the Industrial Revolution? Explain. important? Explain. in Britain? 7. MAKING INFERENCES What effect did entrepreneurs have 4. How did rising population help upon the Industrial Revolution? the Industrial Revolution? 8. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you agree or 1700 1830 5. What American invention aided disagree with the statement that the steam engine was the British textile industry? the greatest invention of the Industrial Revolution? Why? 9. WRITING ACTIVITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Write a letter, as a British government official during the Industrial Revolution, to an official in a nonindustrial nation explaining how the railroad has changed Britain. CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING AN ILLUSTRATED NEWS ARTICLE Find information on a recent agricultural or technological invention or improvement. Write a two-paragraph news article about its economic effects and include an illustration, if possible. 722 Chapter 25

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