Grade 10 Biology Exam Review PDF

**Grade 10G Exam Review:** **Part 1: Biology** - Microscopes - Compound light microscope -- type used in class - Electron microscope -- powerful -- used for very small objects or details - Scanning electron microscope -- used for 3 dimensional objects or livi...

**Grade 10G Exam Review:** **Part 1: Biology** - Microscopes - Compound light microscope -- type used in class - Electron microscope -- powerful -- used for very small objects or details - Scanning electron microscope -- used for 3 dimensional objects or living things - Parts of compound light microscope -- Structure name and function, diagram - Organelles (Name and Function) -- cell membrane, ribosomes, golgi body, \...etc. - Label organelles in animal and plant cell - Mitochondria -- important organelle -- used to make energy by the cell - Lysosome -- organelle used to break down or digest cell matter - Golgi bodies -- store protein - Ribosomes make proteins - Organelles only in plant cells -- chloroplasts, cell wall, large vacuole - Mitosis (Cell division) -- Stages of mitosis and general details of stage - Interphase -- normal life processes, growth, DNA replication - Prophase -- DNA thickens, becomes visible, Chromosomes pair up - Metaphase -- Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell - Anaphase -- Chromosomes pull apart and begin to move to opposite sides. Spindle fibers help to pull chromosomes - Telophase -- nuclear membrane reforms around separated chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides and cell membrane pinches off into 2 new daughter cells - Humans body cells have 46 chromosomes total but we have 2 copies of each -- so only 23 unique chromosomes (one from each parent) - Sex cells (sperm or egg) only have 23 chromosomes (one copy of each) - Cell Types - Nerve cell - carry electrical signals - Red blood cells -- carry oxygen - Cardiac Muscle -- beats (heart muscle) - Smooth muscle -- involuntary (you don't control it -- stomach, pupil) - Stem Cells -- Unspecialized cells that can become any or many cells in our body - Uses - Ethical concern - Body Systems - Digestive System -- Know all structures and enzymes discussed - Mechanical digestion vs. chemical digestion - Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion - Circulatory System - Functions /role - Flow of blood through heart and blood vessels (pathway and structures) - Diagram of the heart (label) - Pulmonary circuit involves the lungs and right side of heart - Systemic circuit involves sending blood out to body (left side of heart) - Blood vessels -- name, size, and function - Arteries (large, muscular, carry oxygenated blood towards the body cells) - Capillaries (small, one cell thick, carry blood to cells, 10^th^ of mm) - Veins (carry deoxygenated blood back to heart, have valves, rely on skeletal muscle contractions) - Heart murmur caused by leaky valves - Electric Nodes cause heart to beat by communicating with both nervous system and hormones - Respiratory System - Structures and function (in order) of all structures - Nasal cavity -- pharynx -- larynx (voice box) -- trachea (covered by tissue flap called epiglottis) -- left or right bronchus -- bronchioles -- alveoli -- oxygen absorbed by hemoglobin of red blood cell in capillary beds of lungs and carried to heart than body - Main role of respiratory system **[Part 2: Chemistry]** - Structure of the atom Particle Type Charge Location Mass --------------- -------- ------------------ ------- Proton +1 In nucleus 1 amu Neutron 0 In nucleus 1 amu Electron -1 Circling Nucleus 0 - Bohr diagrams - Atoms normally have the same number of protons and electrons and have no overall charge - Atomic \# = \# protons = \# electrons - An ion is any atom that has gained or lost electrons - Atoms that gain electrons become negative ions (non metals) - Atoms that lose electrons become positive ions (metals) - Ionic compounds form between metal and a non-metal and are held together by ionic bonds - Molecular compounds form between 2 non-metals and are held together by molecular bonds (H~2~O, CO~2~) - Writing chemical formulas -- (MgCl~2~, Al~2~S~3~) - May use Lewis diagrams to help - Naming ionic compounds - Write the name of the metal (first element) as it is and drop the ending of the second element (non metal) and add 'ide' in its place - Polyatomic Ions - Group of non-metals that stick together and behave as a single atom in many situations - To name polyatomic compounds you write the name of the metal first then the name of the polyatomic ion follows - Counting Atoms - Example: C~6~H~12~O~6~ = 24 atoms total ( 6 C, 12 H, 6 O ) - Types of chemical reactions - Synthesis: A + B AB - Decomposition: AB A + B - Single displacement: A + BC AC + B - Double displacement: AB + CD AD + CB - Combustion: - Complete: Fuel + Oxygen CO~2~ + H~2~O + energy - Incomplete: Fuel + Oxygen (limited) CO~2~ + H~2~O + CO + C + energy - Law of conservation of Mass - In any chemical reaction mass is never created or destroyed. It is only rearranged (no new atoms -- same ones in new arrangement) - Balancing chemical equations - Use balancing t-chart - Practice!! - Acids and Bases - pH scale - Phenolpthalein indicator -- turns pink in base - Litmus paper -- RBB BAR - Acids - Taste sour - Begin with Hydrogen - Bases - Taste bitter - Feel slippery - End in OH **[Light and Optics]** - Properties of light (electromagnetic radiation) - Travels as a transverse wave - Properties (label a wave -- crest, trough, wavelength, amplitude) - Can also behave as a particle (wave-particle duality of light) - Travels in straight lines (linear propagation) - Is a disturbance in the electric and magnetic fields - Light is also called electromagnetic radiation - Travels at 300 000 km/s or 3 x 10^8^ m/s in a vacuum (believed nothing can go faster than light) - Light is created by vibrating electrons - What is a light year - Electromagnetic Spectrum -- names of parts of spectrum - Different types of light have different frequencies and wavelengths - Visible spectrum -- small part of the electromagnetic spectrum - ROYGBIV - Wave equation - v = f ƛ (wave speed = frequency x wavelength) -- units! - Convert from m/s to km/h -- x 3.6 - Km/h to m/s -- divide by 3.6 - Wifi, Bluetooth, cellular signals, microwaves - Colour theory - Additive (mixing light together) - Primary colours -- red, blue, green - Secondary colours -- cyan, magenta, and yellow - RGB theory - Uses - Subtractive (absorbing and reflecting light off objects) - Primary colours -- Cyan, magenta, yellow - Explains how/why we see objects as certain colours - CMYK and uses - Sources of light - Incandescent, bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, Triboluminescence, fluorescent, LED, Sun, Lightning, phosphorescent (glow) - Transparent, translucent, opaque - How do we see colour? Physics and biology - Reflection - Regular reflection (mirrors) - Diffuse reflection (other objects) - Law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) - Mirrors - Regular mirror - Concave (converging mirror) - Convex mirrors (diverging) - Ray diagram for an object in a concave mirror and convex mirror - **Characteristics of images formed in mirrors (inverted, larger, smaller, real, virtual)** - **Concave mirrors can produce various types of images (see chart)** - Convex mirrors produce only virtual images which are upright and smaller than the object - Magnification - M = hi/ho or M = di/do (works for both mirrors or lenses) - **Refraction** - **What is refraction** - **What causes refraction (changing of light speed at the interface or boundary between 2 mediums)** - **Examples of refraction phenomenon (rainbows and dispersion, mirages, shimmering stars, heat shimmer, penny in a mug, straw 'breaking')** - **Index of refraction** - **n = c / v** - **Ray diagrams to show refraction of a light ray moving from one medium into another** - **Optical density** - **Total internal reflection (what is it, when does it occur, application -- fiber optics)** - **Occurs at or beyond the critical angle** - **Snell's law** - **n~1~sinƟ~1~ = n~2~sinƟ~2~** - **Lenses** - Converging lenses (convex) cause light rays to come together - Diverging lenses (concave) cause light rays to spread apart - Ray diagrams for lenses - The human eye -- parts found on diagram and function - Near and far sightedness, astigmatism, colour blindness (deficiency) - How do we correct it? - Thin lens equation - 1/f = 1/d~o~ + 1/d~i~ - Uses of lenses in technology (know one well!) - Glasses, cameras, telescopes, magnifying glasses, projectors, binoculars. Solar ovens, lasers