Grade 10 Biology Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

  • Digestion of cell matter
  • Synthesis of ribosomes
  • Production of energy (correct)
  • Storage of proteins

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

  • Anaphase
  • Metaphase (correct)
  • Prophase
  • Telophase

Which organelle is responsible for breaking down or digesting cell matter?

  • Golgi body
  • Ribosome
  • Lysosome (correct)
  • Chloroplast

What is the unique characteristic of stem cells?

<p>They can become any type of cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is found only in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do spindle fibers play during mitosis?

<p>They pull chromosomes apart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many total chromosomes do human body cells contain?

<p>46 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for carrying oxygen in the human body?

<p>Red blood cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of images are produced by convex mirrors?

<p>Virtual and upright (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for magnification in terms of image height and object height?

<p>M = hi/ho (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phenomena is an example of refraction?

<p>Rainbow formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does total internal reflection occur?

<p>At the critical angle or beyond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the index of refraction in a medium?

<p>The speed of light in vacuum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lens type causes light rays to converge?

<p>Convex lenses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a concave mirror?

<p>To form real or virtual images (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Snell's law, what does n represent?

<p>The index of refraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a property of light that describes its behavior as a wave?

<p>Travels as a transverse wave (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicators turns pink in a basic solution?

<p>Phenolphthalein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do acids generally exhibit their chemical properties?

<p>They taste sour and begin with Hydrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If light travels at $3 x 10^8$ m/s in a vacuum, what is its speed in km/h?

<p>1.08 billion km/h (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary colors in the additive color theory?

<p>Red, blue, green (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color is NOT a primary color in the subtractive color model?

<p>Red (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the behavior of light in terms of how it travels?

<p>Travels in straight lines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a light year?

<p>The distance light travels in a year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>Carry oxygenated blood towards the body cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a positive ion?

<p>An atom that has lost one or more electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the chemical formula of a molecular compound?

<p>The combination of two non-metals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of egestion, what is primarily occurring?

<p>Removal of undigested waste (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electric nodes in the heart?

<p>Initiate the heartbeat through electrical signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element in the chemical formula NaCl represents the metal?

<p>Na (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of capillaries?

<p>They are one cell thick and facilitate nutrient exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation of mass state?

<p>Mass is never created or destroyed in a chemical reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which type of chemical reaction does a compound break down into simpler substances?

<p>Decomposition reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the last part of the respiratory pathway before oxygen enters the bloodstream?

<p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Compound Light Microscope

A type of microscope that uses light to magnify objects. It's commonly used in classrooms and labs.

Electron Microscope

A type of microscope that uses electrons to magnify objects. It can see things too small for light microscopes, like viruses.

Scanning Electron Microscope

A type of electron microscope that creates three-dimensional images. Useful for analyzing surface structures of objects.

Mitosis

The process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It's essential for growth and repair.

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where the chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

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Telophase

The stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms around the separated chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides.

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Prophase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes become visible and pair up.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where the chromosomes are pulled apart and moved to opposite sides of the cell.

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Chemical Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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Circulatory System

This system transports blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products.

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Blood Flow Pathway

The pathway of blood flow through the heart and blood vessels, starting with the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, and back to the body.

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Arteries

Carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and cells.

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Veins

Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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Atomic Structure

The structure of an atom consists of three main particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negatively charged.

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Ion

A charged atom that has gained or lost electrons.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond that forms between a metal and a nonmetal, involving the transfer of electrons.

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Molecular Bond

A chemical bond that forms between two nonmetals, involving the sharing of electrons.

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Chemical Reaction: Rearrangement

The rearrangement of atoms within a molecule, but the same types of atoms are present.

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Balancing Chemical Equations

A method used to ensure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of a chemical equation by adjusting coefficients.

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pH Scale

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is a scale from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being the most alkaline.

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Phenolphthalein

A type of indicator that turns pink in the presence of a base.

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Litmus Paper

A type of paper that can be used to test the pH of a solution. It turns red in an acidic solution and blue in a basic solution.

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Light as a Transverse Wave

Light travels as a wave that oscillates perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The highest point of the wave is the crest, the lowest point is the trough, the distance between two adjacent crests or troughs is the wavelength, and the height of the wave from the equilibrium position is the amplitude.

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Wave-Particle Duality of Light

The ability of light to behave both as a wave and as a particle. This duality is a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics.

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Light Year

The distance that light travels in one year. This is used to measure astronomical distances.

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Reflection

Light bouncing off a surface at the same angle it hits it.

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Regular Reflection

When light reflects off a smooth surface, like a mirror, all the reflected rays travel in the same direction.

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Diffuse Reflection

When light reflects off a rough surface, like a wall, the reflected rays scatter in different directions.

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Law of Reflection

The angle at which light hits a surface (angle of incidence) is equal to the angle at which it bounces off (angle of reflection).

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Concave Mirror

A curved mirror that focuses light rays to a point.

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Convex Mirror

A curved mirror that spreads light rays apart.

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Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

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Index of Refraction

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium.

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Study Notes

Grade 10 Biology Exam Review

  • Microscopes:
    • Compound light microscope is used in class
    • Electron microscopes are more powerful, used for small objects
    • Scanning electron microscope is used for 3D objects
    • Parts of a compound light microscope (structure and function)
    • Organelle functions (diagrammed)
    • Cells including animal and plant cells labeled with organelle names
    • Mitochondria: energy production in cells
    • Lysosomes: break down cell matter
    • Golgi bodies: store proteins
    • Ribosomes: make proteins
    • Plant cell organelles: chloroplasts, cell walls, large vacuoles
  • Mitosis:
    • Interphase: normal cellular functions (e.g., growth, DNA replication)
    • Prophase: DNA thickens & chromosomes become visible, pairing up
    • Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
    • Anaphase: chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides
    • Telophase: nuclear membrane re-forms, cytoplasm divides, forming 2 daughter cells
    • Spindle fibers: role in pulling chromosomes apart
    • Human cell chromosomes: 46 total (2 copies of each chromosome)
  • Cell types:
    • Nerve cells: carry electrical signals
    • Red blood cells: carry oxygen
    • Cardiac muscle: heart muscle (beats)
    • Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle movement (controllable)
    • Stem cells: unspecialized cells, differentiate to become other cell types
  • Cell Types Uses:
    • Stem cells can become multiple different types of cells in the body
    • Ethical concerns arise from using stem cells

Body Systems

  • Digestive system:
    • Structures and enzymes (discussed)
    • Mechanical vs. chemical digestion
    • Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

Chemistry

Structure of an Atom

  • Particle Type: Proton (+1, in nucleus, 1 amu), Neutron (0, in nucleus, 1 amu), Electron (-1, circling nucleus, 0 amu)
  • Bohr Diagrams: Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons (uncharged)
  • Ions: Atoms that have lost or gained electrons (atoms with a charge)
  • Ionic compounds: metal and non-metal atoms join due to ionic bond

Chemical Reactions

  • Synthesis: A + B → AB
  • Decomposition: AB → A + B
  • Single Displacement: A + BC → AC + B
  • Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
  • Combustion: Complete and Incomplete
  • Law of Mass Conservation: Reactions do not create or destroy matter
  • Balancing chemical equations: preserving overall mass

Acids and Bases

  • Acids: Taste sour, start with Hydrogen, on pH scale
  • Bases: Taste bitter, feel slippery, end in OH, on pH scale
  • pH scale: Measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.

Light and Optics

  • Properties of Light: Travels as a transverse wave, wave-particle duality, travels in straight lines, a disturbance of electric and magnetic fields
  • Wave Equation: v = fλ (wave speed = frequency × wavelength).
  • Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light: ROYGBIV (Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet).
  • Color Theory: Additive and subtractive color mixing and application

Reflection and Refraction

  • Reflection: Regular and diffuse reflection, law of reflection
  • Refraction: Change in light speed at a boundary (interface of 2 materials), Phenomena that arise due to refraction.
  • Mirrors: Concave (converging), Convex (diverging), characteristics of images generated from mirrors
  • Lenses: Converging (convex), Diverging (concave), ray diagrams of lenses, use of lenses in technology, the human eye, near-sightedness, farsightedness
  • Thin Lens Equations: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di

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Grade 10 Biology Exam Review PDF

Description

Prepare for your Grade 10 Biology exam with this comprehensive review covering key topics such as microscopes and mitosis. You'll explore the structure and function of various cell organelles and the stages of mitosis in depth. This quiz is designed to help reinforce your understanding and readiness for the exam.

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