Bio Grade 10 Final Exam Guide PDF

**Topics to Study for Unit 1** 1. **SI Prefixes** - Be able to convert between SI prefixes (e.g., kilo-, centi-, milli-). - **Example**: 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters. 2. **Magnification and Resolution** - **Magnification** = Image size / Actual size. - Distingui...

**Topics to Study for Unit 1** 1. **SI Prefixes** - Be able to convert between SI prefixes (e.g., kilo-, centi-, milli-). - **Example**: 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters. 2. **Magnification and Resolution** - **Magnification** = Image size / Actual size. - Distinguish between magnification (enlarging the image) and resolution (clarity of detail). 3. **Monomers and Polymers** - Monomers: Single units (e.g., glucose). - Polymers: Chains of monomers (e.g., starch). 4. **Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, and Proteins** - Identify elements, monomers, building blocks, functions, and examples. - **Carbohydrates**: Monosaccharides → energy. - **Lipids**: Fatty acids → insulation, energy storage. - **Proteins**: Amino acids → enzymes, structural functions. - **Nucleic Acids**: Nucleotides → genetic information. 5. **Water Properties** - Structure: Two hydrogens, one oxygen (H₂O). - Properties: High heat capacity, solvent ability, cohesion, adhesion. **Topics to Study for Unit 2** 1. **Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells** - **Eukaryotic**: Have a nucleus and organelles (e.g., plant and animal cells). - **Prokaryotic**: No nucleus (e.g., bacteria). 2. **Cell Organelles** - Know the functions (e.g., nucleus: DNA storage, mitochondria: energy production). - Contrast plant vs. animal cells (e.g., chloroplasts in plants). 3. **Cell Transport** - Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules. - Osmosis: Water diffusion across a membrane. - Facilitated diffusion: Uses protein channels. - Active transport: Requires energy to move substances. 4. **Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic Environments** - **Hypotonic**: Water enters the cell (swells). - **Hypertonic**: Water leaves the cell (shrinks). - **Isotonic**: Water moves equally in and out. 5. **Homeostasis** - Maintain stable internal conditions (e.g., body temperature, glucose levels). - Negative feedback: Reverses changes (e.g., insulin response). - Positive feedback: Amplifies changes (e.g., childbirth contractions). **Topics to Study for Unit 3** 1. **DNA Replication** - **Steps**: 1. Helicase unwinds DNA. 2. DNA polymerase adds complementary bases. 3. Ligase seals fragments. - **Complementary Base Pairs**: A-T, C-G. - **Semi-Conservative**: Each new DNA strand has one old and one new strand. 2. **DNA vs. RNA** - DNA: Double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, A-T and C-G. - RNA: Single-stranded, ribose sugar, A-U and C-G. 3. **Central Dogma of Biology** - **Replication**: DNA → DNA. - **Transcription**: DNA → RNA. - **Translation**: RNA → Protein. 4. **Chromosomes, Genes, DNA, and Proteins** - Chromosome: DNA structure carrying genes. - Gene: Segment of DNA coding for a protein. - Protein: Functional molecules (e.g., enzymes). **Topics to Study for Unit 4** 1. **Cell Cycle and Mitosis** - **Phases**: - G1: Growth. - S: DNA replication. - G2: Preparation for division. - Mitosis: Division into two cells (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase). - **Cytokinesis**: Division of cytoplasm. 2. **Chromosome Structure** - DNA coils around proteins (histones) to form chromosomes. 3. **Mutations** - Errors during mitosis can cause mutations, potentially leading to cancer. **Genetics** 1. **Key Terms** - Chromosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gene, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype. 2. **Mitosis vs. Meiosis** - Mitosis: Produces identical cells. - Meiosis: Produces haploid gametes (variation via crossing over). 3. **Punnett Squares** - Used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes. - Identify dominant or recessive traits. **Skills** - Analyze diagrams with academic language. - Interpret and graph data with labeled axes. - Support claims with evidence and reasoning. Resources: [**https://quizgecko.com/learn/ubyusa**](https://quizgecko.com/learn/ubyusa)