Science Grade 10 Exam Review PDF

Science Grade 10 Exam Review Biology Terms/Definition 1.​ stem cells; A cell that has no set function and can divide to form specialized -​ Stem cells generally occur in clumps that differentiate...

Science Grade 10 Exam Review Biology Terms/Definition 1.​ stem cells; A cell that has no set function and can divide to form specialized -​ Stem cells generally occur in clumps that differentiate into different tissue layers. 2.​ Mutation; A change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral. 3.​ diffusion; diffusion: spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high to an area of low concentration 4.​ osmosis; type of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane (water moves in/out of the cell) 5.​ mitosis; A process of cell division where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It has stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. 6.​ Cancer; Definition: A disease where cells divide uncontrollably and can invade other tissues. 7.​ Tumour (benign/malignant); Benign: Non-cancerous tumours that do not spread. ​ Malignant: Cancerous tumours that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. 8.​ Carcinogen; A substance or agent that can cause cancer (e.g., tobacco smoke, radiation). 9.​ Biopsy; A medical test where a small sample of tissue is taken from the body for examination to diagnose diseases like cancer. 10.​Specialized cells; Cells that have a specific role, such as red blood cells (carry oxygen), neurons (transmit signals), etc. 11.​Blood vessels; Tubes that carry blood throughout the body, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. 12.​Organs; Structures made up of different tissues that perform specific functions (e.g., heart, lungs, liver) 13.​organ systems. Groups of organs work together to perform complex functions (e.g., circulatory system, respiratory system). -know the stages of the cell cycle (and what happens during each stage) Cell Cycle P MAT C – Stage 1 interphase = growth and preparation  – longest normal resting state; preparing – cell duplicates its DNA & copies chromosomes and organelles – new chromosomes have 2 identical strands of DNA – Stage 2 mitosis (Middle) = Division of the nucleus, duplicating the DNA, Replacing the cells – prophase – chromosomes thicken and are visible – nuclear membrane begins dissolving – metaphase – chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell – nuclear membrane dissolves completely – anaphase – chromatids separate & are now called daughter chromosomes – telophase – daughter cells reach opposite sides and lengthen – nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes – Stage 3 cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm & organelles – cell membrane pinched off in the center to produce 2 identical daughter cells that begin the cycle again  -Know why cells divide For growth, repair, and reproduction -know the organelles in an animal cell and a plant cell (and their functions) Parts of a Cell – cytoplasm: jelly-like substance – suspends organelles & is a medium for chemical reactions – cell-membrane: flexible membrane – supports & controls what passes in and out – nucleus: center/brain – contains DNA stored on chromosomes – mitochondria: oval structure – power plant – cellular respiration glucose + oxygen --- carbon dioxide + water + usable energy – endoplasmic reticulum: a network of tubes and pockets – transportation – Golgi bodies: long and thin– make mucous & process materials to be removed – vacuoles: a layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac (PLANTS HAVE ONE LARGE VACUOLE) – storage tank – cell wall (PLANTS ONLY): outside cell membrane; made of cellulose – protection & support – chloroplast (PLANTS ONLY): contains chlorophyll that gives leaves a green colour – involved in photosynthesis (carbon dioxide + water + energy --- glucose + oxygen) -know how to label an animal cell  -know the different types of tissue, and where in the body they are found Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces and lines organs. Connective Tissue: Supports and binds other tissues (e.g., bone, blood) ​ Muscle Tissue: Allows movement (e.g., skeletal muscle, heart muscle). Nervous Tissue: Transmits signals (e.g., brain, spinal cord). -know what cells make up blood; and what their functions are – red blood cells 50% – bright red circular; contains hemoglobin protein (picks up oxygen and carbon dioxide) – white blood cells 1% – fights infection & disease; destroys bacteria & viruses – platelets 1% – aids blood in clotting; seals wounds; stops bleeding – plasma 50% – a protein-rich liquid that blood cells float in -know the levels of organization in animals (hierarchy) 1.​ Cells → 2. Tissues → 3. Organs → 4. Organ Systems → 5. Organism -know the organ systems and the organs that are found in each system (respiratory, digestive, circulatory, nervous, musculoskeletal)S 1. Respiratory System ​ Organs: Nose/Nasal Cavity: Located on the face, it filters, warms, and moistens air. Pharynx: Located behind the nose and mouth, it serves as a passageway for air and food. ​ Larynx (Voice Box): Found in the neck, it helps in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea. ​ Trachea (Windpipe): A tube in the neck that connects the larynx to the bronchi. ​ Bronchi: Two large tubes branching from the trachea into each lung. ​ Lungs: Located in the chest, they facilitate gas exchange—oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is expelled. ​ Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. ​ Function: Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. I support the circulatory system in oxygen transport.  2. Circulatory System ​ Organs: ​ ​ Heart: Located in the chest, it pumps blood throughout the body. ​ ​ Blood Vessels: ​ ​ Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. ​ ​ Veins: Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. ​ ​ Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs. ​ ​ Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells. It plays a key role in maintaining body temperature and pH balance.  3. Digestive System ​ Organs: ​ ​ Mouth: The beginning of the digestive tract, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. ​ ​ Esophagus: A muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach. ​ ​ Stomach: Located in the upper abdomen, it breaks down food using acids and enzymes. ​ ​ Small Intestine: A long, coiled tube where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur. ​ ​ Large Intestine: Absorbs water and forms feces. ​ ​ Liver: Located in the upper right abdomen, it produces bile to help digest fats. ​ ​ Pancreas: Behind the stomach, it produces digestive enzymes and insulin. ​ ​ Gallbladder: Under the liver, it stores and concentrates bile. ​ ​ Function: Break down food into nutrients, which are absorbed into the bloodstream. The system also eliminates waste products.  4. Nervous System ​ Organs: ​ ​ Brain: Located in the skull, it controls body functions, thoughts, and emotions. ​ ​ Spinal Cord: A long, thin, tubular structure running from the brain down the back, transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. ​ ​ Nerves: Bundles of fibres that transmit signals to and from the brain and spinal cord. ​ ​ Function: Controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting electrical signals. It helps in sensing and responding to stimuli.  5. Musculoskeletal System ​ Organs: ​ ​ Bones: The rigid structure of the body, providing support and protection. Examples include the skull (which protects the brain) and the femur (which supports the leg). ​ ​ Muscles: Tissues that can contract to move. Examples include the biceps (arm movement) and the heart (pumps blood). ​ ​ Joints: Where two bones meet, allowing movement (e.g., knees, elbows). ​ ​ Function: Provides structure and support to the body, allows movement, and protects vital organs. It also stores minerals like calcium and produces blood cells in the bone marrow.  -know the equipment used to diagnose injuries/disorders in body systems ​ X-rays: Bones. ​ MRI: Soft tissues. ​CT scans: Organ ​ Ultrasound: Soft tissues and organs -know the functions of the respiratory/circulatory/digestive/nervous/musculoskeletal Let’s explore some common diseases or disorders for each of the five organ systems: 1. Respiratory System Asthma: A chronic condition where airways become inflamed and narrow, causing difficulty in breathing. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases (like emphysema and chronic bronchitis) that block airflow and make breathing difficult. Pneumonia: An infection that inflames the air sacs in the lungs, which can fill with fluid or pus. Tuberculosis (TB): A serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs, caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 2. Circulatory System Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): A condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Atherosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): This occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, usually by a blood clot. Stroke: A condition where the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to die.  3. Digestive System Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, irritating. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A disorder affecting the large intestine, causing symptoms like cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation. Ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or small intestine, often due to infection or prolonged use of NSAIDs. Crohn’s Disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the digestive tract. 4. Nervous System Alzheimer’s Disease: A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. Parkinson’s Disease: A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) covering nerves, causing communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. Epilepsy: A neurological disorder marked by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. 5. Musculoskeletal System Osteoporosis: A condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. Arthritis: Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness, often worsening with age. Muscular Dystrophy: A group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass Tendinitis: Inflammation or irritation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive motion or overuse. -know how organ systems interact within the human body 1. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Interaction Oxygen Transport: The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs, where it diffuses into the blood. The circulatory system then transports this oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. Carbon Dioxide Removal: Carbon dioxide, a waste product from cells, is carried back by the circulatory system to the lungs, where the respiratory system expels it during exhalation.  -​ Example: During exercise, muscles need more oxygen. The respiratory system increases breathing rate, and the circulatory system pumps blood faster to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide efficiently. 2. Digestive and Circulatory Systems Interaction Nutrient Absorption: The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, which are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine. Nutrient Transport: The circulatory system transports these nutrients to cells throughout the body, providing energy and materials for cell repair and growth. -​ Example: After eating, glucose from the digestive system enters the blood, and the circulatory system delivers it to cells, where it’s used for energy. 3. Nervous and Musculoskeletal Systems Interaction Movement Control: The nervous system sends signals to the muscles (part of the musculoskeletal system) to contract and produce movement. Coordination: The brain (nervous system) processes information and coordinates muscle movements to maintain balance and posture. -​ Example: When you decide to pick up a glass of water, the brain sends a signal through nerves to the muscles in your arm and hand to move and grasp the glass. 4. Nervous and Digestive Systems Interaction Regulation of Digestion: The nervous system controls the speed of digestion through the enteric nervous system, which governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract. Stress Response: In stressful situations, the nervous system can slow down digestion to redirect energy to muscles and other essential organs. -​ Example: When you’re nervous, you might experience a “butterflies in the stomach” feeling, which is due to the nervous system affecting digestive processes. 5. Circulatory and Musculoskeletal Systems Interaction Nutrient and Oxygen Supply: The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the muscles, which are essential for their function, especially during physical activity. Waste Removal: It also carries away waste products like lactic acid produced by muscles during exercise. -​ Example: During a run, your muscles require more oxygen and nutrients. The circulatory system increases blood flow to deliver these essentials and remove waste products, helping muscles work efficiently. -be able to explain what cancer is, how it happens and how it is treated Cancer: A group of cells of uncontrollable disease that results in uncontrollable cell division Metastasis- occurs when cancer cells break away from the initial tumour, settle in a new area, and begin dividing uncontrollably. Risk reduction: avoid smoking, healthy diet, exercise & avoid/manage stress Ways to find cancer- X-rays,- Mammograms - MRIs Chemistry Terms/Definition 1.​ atomic number; The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the element’s identity. 2.​ Groups/periods; Groups: Vertical columns in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. Periods: Horizontal rows in the periodic table. Elements in the same period have increasing atomic numbers. 3.​ Pure substance; A material made of only one type of particle. Examples: elements and compounds. 4.​ Mixture; A combination of two or more substances where each keeps its properties. Can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. 5.​ Element; A pure substance made of only one type of atom. Example: Oxygen (O). 6.​ compound; A pure substance composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded. Example: Water (H₂O) 7.​ Solution; A homogeneous mixture where one substance (solute) is dissolved in another (solvent). Example: Saltwater. 8.​ Ion; An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge 9.​ ionic charge; The electrical charge of an ion is determined by the loss (positive) or gain (negative) of electrons.  10.​Ionic compound; A compound formed from positive and negative ions. Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl). 11.​Polyatomic ion; An ion made up of two or more atoms bonded together that act as a single unit with a charge. Example: Ammonium (NH₄⁺). 12.​Molecular compound; A compound where atoms share electrons through covalent bonds. Example: Carbon dioxide (CO₂). 13.​Molecule; The smallest unit of a molecular compound, consisting of two or more atoms covalently bonded. 14.​Acid; A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution. pH less than 7. 15.​base; A substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in a solution. pH greater than 7. 16.​pH; A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. 17.​pH scale; A scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or basic a substance is. 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is basic. 18.​Reactant; Substances present at the start of a chemical reaction. 19.​Product; Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction. 20.​Coefficient; A number in front of a chemical formula that indicates how many molecules or atoms are involved in the reaction. 21.​Corrosion; The gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions with substances in the environment. 22.​Rusting: A type of corrosion where iron reacts with oxygen and water to form iron oxide (rust). -know the subatomic particles (n, p+, e-) Atoms are basin units of matter - They have 3 parts - Protons p+ - Neutrons no - Electrons e- Atoms are neutral because they have the same number of protons and neutrons. -know the difference between physical/chemical properties and physical/chemical changes Physical Change ​ substance/sample that undergoes a change that DOES NOT create a new substance 1)​ Change of state 2)​ Creating a mixture 3)​ Physically breaking something Chemical Change ​ any change that results in the formation of a new substance different than before - look + chemical properties 1)​ New colour 4) Gas is produced 2)​ Heat is given 5) new odour 3)​ Light is given 6) solid material = liquid -know what the reactants and products are in a neutralization reaction In a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt. Reactants: 1.​ Acid (e.g., HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃) 2.​ Base (e.g., NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)₂) Products:  1.​ Water (H₂O) 2.​ Salt (the ionic compound formed from the positive ion of the base and the negative ion of the acid, e.g., NaCl, K₂SO₄) General Equation: Acid+Base→Water+Salt -know the products of complete and incomplete combustion Incomplete combustion happens when there is insufficient oxygen, leading to the production of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon (soot), and water (H₂O). Incomplete combustion is a combustion reaction of hydrocarbons that may produce carbon monoxide, carbon, carbon dioxide, soot, water, and energy; occurs when the oxygen supply is limited. -Butane gas, C, H, (g), is burned as fuel in some portable stoves. If the stove burner is not adjusted properly, or if there is not enough oxygen, incomplete combustion could occur. C,H,(g) + 50,(g) → 2 CO,(g) + 5 H,0(g) + CO(g) + C(s) + energy Complete combustion occurs when there is enough oxygen for a fuel to burn fully, producing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). complete combustion a combustion reaction of hydrocarbons that may produce carbon monoxide, carbon, carbon dioxide, soot, water, and energy; occurs when the oxygen supply is limited The word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy How to tell: ​ Complete combustion: Clean, blue flame, and produces CO₂ and H₂O. ​ Incomplete combustion: Yellow/orange flame (due to soot), and produces CO, soot, or other by-products. -the type of reaction for different chemical equations ​ Synthesis: A + B → AB ​ ​ Decomposition: AB → A + B ​ ​ Single Displacement: A + BC → AC + B  ​ ​ Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB -know why corrosion occurs and some forms of rust prevention ​ Corrosion: Occurs when metals react with oxygen and moisture. ​ ​ Rust Prevention: Painting, galvanizing, or coating metal surfaces to protect them from exposure to oxygen and moisture. -be able to identify reactants and products by chemical formulas and names -be able to write the chemical formulae for ionic, molecular & polyatomic -be able to name ionic, molecular & polyatomic compounds -balancing chemical equations Compounds Rules for Formula Ionic Polyatomic Molecular ​ Metals & Non-Metals ​ Metal & Polyatomic group ​ Two non-metals ​ 2 elements ​ 2 elements NaCL CO2 Criss-cross method Use Prefixes ​ Brackets something Mg(OH)2 Na3PO4 Criss-cross method Chemical Names Ionic Polyatomic Molecular ​ End in “Ide” ​ Most end in “ate” expect ​ No roman numerals hydroxide cyanide and ​ Have prefixes and end in Sodium Chloride ammonium “Ide” Aluminum Carbonate Dinitrogen Monoxide Physics Terms/Definition  1.​ transparent/translucent/opaque; ​ -​ Transparent: Allows almost all light to pass through. Example: Clear glass. -​ Translucent: Allows some light to pass through, but objects are not visible. Example: Frosted glass. -​ Opaque: Does not allow light to pass through. Example: Wood. 2.​ Reflection; The bouncing of light off a surface. 3.​ Absorption; The process where light is absorbed by a surface and converted into other forms of energy (e.g., heat). 4.​ real/virtual image; -​ Real Image: Formed when light rays converge. Can be projected onto a screen. Example: Image formed by a concave mirror. -​ Virtual Image: Formed when light rays appear to diverge. Cannot be projected onto a screen. Example: Image in a plane mirror. 5.​ Luminous; Objects that produce their light. Example: The Sun. 6.​ Visible light; The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye (wavelengths from ~400 to 700 nm). 7.​ Primary colours; Definition: Red, green, and blue (used in light theory). These combine to form all other colours of light. 8.​ Secondary colours; Definition: Formed by combining two primary colours of light (cyan, magenta, yellow). 9.​ Normal; An imaginary line perpendicular to a surface where light is reflected or refracted. 10.​Regular reflection; Definition: Reflection of light off a smooth surface, producing a clear image. Example: A mirror. 11.​Diffuse reflection; Reflection of light off a rough surface, scattering light in all directions. Example: A wall. 12.​Focus; The point where light rays converge or appear to diverge after reflection or refraction. 13.​Refraction; The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different density. 14.​Myopia; Nearsightedness; the inability to see distant objects clearly because the image forms in front of the retina.​​ * Corrected with: Concave lenses. 15.​HyperopiaFarsightedness; the inability to see close objects clearly because the image forms behind the retina.​ ​ * Corrected with: Convex lenses. -be able to describe SALT for objects in plane/concave/convex mirrors (different scenarios)  Plane Mirrors: Convex Mirrors: S: Same size S: Smaller A: Upright A: Upright L: Behind the mirror L: Behind the mirror T: Virtual T: Virtual Concave Mirrors: Beyond C: ​ ​ At C: ​ ​ Between C and F ​ At F​ Inside F S: Smaller. S: Same Size. S: Larger​ S: No image​ S:Larger A: inverted ​ ​ A: Inverted​ A: Inverted​ A: No image​ A:upright L: between C and F L: at C ​ ​ L: Beyond C L: No image​ L:behind the mirror T: real.​ ​ ​ T: real ​​ T: real​ T: No image ​ T:virtual. -know different ways that light is produced Incandescence: Process of producing light from very high temperatures. As an object gets hotter, the light will change from red to orange, to yellow, to white, to blue-white. Electric Discharge: Produced by electric current passing through a gas. Different gasses will produce different ccolours "Neon" signs don't always have the gas neon in them. Neon produces red light, Helium produces gold light, Argon produces a pale violet-blue light, and Krypton produces a greyish-white light. Lightning is also an example of electric discharge. Phosphorescence: This type of light is better known as "glow in the dark" material. Chemicals absorb ultraviolet light and store it for some time before releasing it as visible light. Light from Fluorescence:  Fluorescence occurs when an object absorbs ultraviolet light and immediately releases the energy as visible light. Fluorescent lights use both electric discharge and fluorescence. It is four to five times more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs. These light bulbs are often referred to as CFLs which means compact fluorescent lights. Light from Chemiluminescence: The production of light as a direct by-product of a chemical reaction with little or no heat produced is called chemiluminescence. Examples include light sticks or glow sticks, where two chemicals mix to produce visible light. This can be referred to as “cold light”. Light from Bioluminescence: The production of light in living organisms as the result of a chemical reaction with little or no heat produced is called bioluminescence. This occurs in a wide variety of organisms, including certain bacteria, fungi, marine invertebrates, fish, glowworms, and fireflies. Light from Triboluminescence: The production of light, when certain crystals are scratched, crushed, or rubbed, is called triboluminescence. Some examples include crushing wintergreen-flavoured hard candy, striking two sugar cubes against one another, and rubbing two quartz crystals together. Light from a Light-Emitting Diode (LED): A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic device that allows electric current to flow in only one direction (semiconductor, such as silicon). When an electric current flows in the allowed direction, the LED emits light. -know the difference between reflection and refraction Reflection: Light bounces off a surface. Refraction: Light bends when passing between different mediums (e.g., air to water). -know the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and their applications  -know the colour theories (colour by addition/colour by subtraction) Addition: Combining primary colours of light (red, green, blue) forms white light. Subtraction: Removing wavelengths from white light (e.g., pigments or filters). -know how light refracts when it speeds up/slows down ​ Light slows down in a denser medium (bends toward the normal). ​ Light speeds up in a less dense medium (bends away from the normal). *The higher the Index of refraction the slower it is -know the refraction index calculations n=c/v c/n = v n = index of refraction c = speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 x 10 8 m/s) v = speed of light in a given medium -know the lens and magnification equations -know how to draw ray diagrams in concave, convex and plane mirrors​  ​ ​ ​ Plane Mirrors: ​ ​ Reflect light symmetrically; a virtual, upright image appears behind the mirror. ​ ​ Concave Mirrors: ​ ​ Rays converge; and can form real or virtual images depending on the object’s position relative to the focal point. ​ ​ Convex Mirrors: ​ ​ Rays diverge; always form virtual, upright, and smaller images. -be able to show how light travels through concave and convex lenses -be able to label a refraction diagram