Grade 10-12 Civic Education Notes PDF

REPUBLI COFZAMBI A SENI ORSECONDARYSCHOOLCIVIC EDUCATI ON GRADE10-12NOTES. 2ND EDI TION- 2020. NORTHERNPROVI...

REPUBLI COFZAMBI A SENI ORSECONDARYSCHOOLCIVIC EDUCATI ON GRADE10-12NOTES. 2ND EDI TION- 2020. NORTHERNPROVI NCE. PREPAREDBY: MrChi inda.L. ( SESO)Soci alSci ences-Nor ther nPr ovi nce. Mr s.KundaV. K. ( H.O. D)Soci alSci ences-KasamaGi rl sSec. School. Mr.Mwal eB. S. ( H.O. D)Soci alSci ences-Chi lekwaMwamba DaySec.School. ©2020-Nor ther nPr ovi nce. CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 1 Allri ght sr eserv ed.Nopar toft hispubli cat ionmaybereproducedorst or edi nany ret ri evalsy st em wi thoutt heexpl i citper missi onoft heProv incialEducat ionOffi ce. PREFACE Thedevelopmentoft hi st eachi ng/lear ningmateri alwasnecessi tat edbecauseof poorper formanceoflearnersinpubl icexaminat ionsinNor ther nProvincewhi chhas beenasourceofconcernforsometimenow. Thepr ovinci aleducationofficei nNorthernProvi ncegeneratedst r ategi estoensur e thatl earnersatalll evels can perform bett erin publ icexami nati ons and t he product i onoft eaching/lear ningmater ial si soneoft he strat egiesintheprovincial strategic plan whi ch ai ms at i mpr oving t he st atus quo in as faras leaner performancei sconcer ned. Iti shopef ult hatthi steaching/ l ear ningmateri alwi llprovi dethebasi sformeani ngf ul experienceandef fect iveteaching/ lear ningthatwi llform asoli dfoundat ionf orour pupilperformanceinourprovince. ………………………………… Gr aceKandekeSi nkol ongo.( Mrs) Pr ovi nci alEducat ionof fi cer. NORTHERNPROVI NCE. SYLLABUS OUTLI NE FOR CI VIC CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 2  EDUCATI ON GRADES10-12. GRADE 10. 10. 1.I NTRODUCTI ONTOCI VICEDUCATI ON. 10. 2.CONSTI TUTI ON. 10. 3.GOVERNANCE. 10. 4.CI TIZENSHI P. 10. 5.I NTRODUCTI ONTOHUMANRI GHTS. 10. 6.CORRUPTI ON. 10. 7.CULTURALSTUDI ES. 10. 8.SUBSTANCEABUSE. GRADE11. 11.1.THEZAMBI ANBI LLOFRI GHTS. 11. 2.CI VILSOCI ETYANDMEDI AINGOVERNANCE 11. 3.ECONOMI CANDSOCI ALDEVELOPMENT 11. 4.ZAMBI A’SLEGALSYSTEM. 11. 5.GENDEREQUI TYANDEQUALI TY. 11. 6.ACULTUREOFPEACE. 11. 7.SOCI ALCHALLENGES.[ CHI LDABUSE] GRADE12. CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 3 12. 1.I NTERNATI ONALHUMANRI GHTSI NSTRUMENTS. 12. 2.RI GHTSOFACHI LD. 12. 3.FAMI LYLAW. 12. 4DEVELOPMENTPLANNI NG. 12. 5.POVERTYREDUCTI ONI NZAMBI A. 12. 6.ENVI RONMENTALEDUCATI ON. 12. 7.GLOBALI SSUES GRADETEN CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 4 I NTRODUCTI ONTOCI VICEDUCATI ON. WHATI SCI VICEDUCATI ON?  I tistheawarenessoft hepubl ici nCiv i cmat t erssuchasgov ernance,Pol i tics, WorkCul tur e,HumanRight sandSoci o-economici ssues.  I tisthei mpar t ingofknowl edge, abi l ityandcapaci tyofCi ti zenst omakesenseof t heirPol i tical wor l d.  I tisthei mpart ingofknowledget opeopl eoni ssuesper tai ningt onat ionalaf fai rs whichhi ngeongover nance.  ThismeansthatCivi ceducationmayal soref ertotheactivepar ti cipat ionand engagementi nself -gover nancebyt heci ti zensofthecount ry.I tcov erstheri ghts, duti es,obl i gat ionsandresponsibi l iti esofci ti zens. I MPORTANCEOFCI VICEDUCATI ON  I thel pst ofor m compet ent ,act iveandr esponsi bleci ti zens.  I tenabl esci ti zenst obeawar eoft hei rfundament alr ight sandf reedoms.  I tenablesci ti zenstopartici patei nv ol unt aryorganizat ionssuchaswor ker s uni ons, women’sassoci ati ons,communit yorgani sat ions,etc.  I thel psci ti zenstoacqui repr ofi ciencyi nmoni tor ingandcor rect ingpol i ciesand l awsoft hei rcountr y.  I thel pst ofaci l itat ethedev elopmentofknowl edge, ski l lsandv aluesi npupi l s.  I tenabl es to pr oduce knowl edgeabl elear ners who ar e aware,can make deci sions, judgeandactbasedonhumanri ghtsandsoci alr esponsi bil i ties.  I tenabl esciti zenstobeanalyt ical,innov ative,creat iveandconst ruct ivemi nd whi chwil lcher ishandsaf eguar di ndiv iduall ibert iesandhumanright s.  Ithelpstoproducelearnerswhocanexpressone’ sowni deasf reel y,ex erci se tol eranceforotherpeople’ sviewsandmai ntai ndisci pli neandhar dwor kfort he sakeofpersonalandnational devel opment.  Itenables pupi lsto cont ri butetot he pr omoti on ofdemocr at icvalues and sustenanceofdemocr at icsyst emsbymakingthem under stand,cheri shand defenditsequal i ty.  I tenabl es pupi l sto under stand,cher ish,pr omot e and pr otectt he equal i ty CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 5  bet ween men and women,human r ight s,t he r ule ofl aw,r epr esent ati ve gover nanceet c.  Itenables pupi lsto cont ri butetot he pr omoti on ofdemocr at icvalues and sustenanceofdemocr at icsyst emsbymakingthem under stand,cheri shand defenditsequal i ty.  I tenables pupi lst o under stand,cher ish,pr omote and pr otectthe equal i ty bet ween men and women,human r ight s,the r ule oflaw,represent ati ve gover nanceetc. THECONSTI TUTI ON.  AConst i tut ioni sasyst em oflaws, customsandpr inci plesusuallywri ttendown, accordi ngtowhi chacountryoranor ganizati oni sgoverned.  Cust omsr efertoacceptedtradi tionsandhabi tsoft hepeopl einasoci et y.A consti tut ionistheSupremeLawt owhi challotherlawsar esubordinat e.  Anat ionneedsaconst i tut ioninordertor egulatetheactivi ti esofitsciti zens. TYPESOFCONSTI TUTI ONS  Wr it tenconst i tuti onsandunwr i tt enconst i tuti ons. 1.WRI TTENCONSTI TUTION  Thisis a const i tuti on in which mostoft he provisi ons orcont ent s ar e document edi nasi ngl ef or mal writ tendocument.  Iti sasetofr ulesthatthecit izensofanat i oncontr ibut et o,di scussandagreet o begovernedby.  Countri es with wr i tten consti tuti ons incl ude Zambia,Bot swana,Tanzani a, Namibi a, Sout hAf r ica,andAmer ica. Adv ant agesofaWr i tt enConst ituti on  I tisusuallydrawnupwi t hgreatcareanddeli berat ions  I tisclearanddef i nit e.  Theyar establ eandst eady.  Theyar efr eef r om mani pulati onbyt heJudi ciar y.  I taffordspr ot ecti ontot heindivi dualsandguarant eepeopl e’ sri ght s. Di sadv antagesofaWr i ttenConsti tuti on  Theyarenoteasi lyadaptabl et oemer genci esandchangingneedsinsoci et y.  Itt endst ocompressi ntoonedocumental lt heideal sandpoliti calpr inci plesofa nati on.  Iti sdiff icul ttoamendwhenr igidi tyandconservat ism ar ecarri edtoofar. CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 6 2.UNWRI TTENCONSTI TUTION  ThisisaConst it uti ont hathasmostofi tsprovisi onsnotfoundinasingle documentbuti nacol l ecti onofdocuments,stat utesandtr aditi onalpr act ices thataregener all yacceptedasgover ninganati on.  TheBr i ti shconsti tut ionisonesuchexampl e. Adv ant agesofUnwr i ttenConst it uti on  I tiseasilyadaptabl etochangingcondit ionsofadynamicsociet y.  I tcanbebentt omeetnati onal emer gencieswit houtbreaki ngtheirf ramework.  I t provides legalmeans f or sati sfyi ng popul ar passions and prev enti ng rev olut ions. Di sadv antagesofUnwr i ttenConstit uti on  Iti sunst ableasitcanbebentort wistedeasily.  Itcanbechangedoramendedaccor di ngt oi ndi vi dualsorparty ’swi shesand desir es.  Iti sv aguebecausei tisuncl earandi ndef ini te.  Itrequir esahi ghdegr eeofpoliti calconsci ousnessinordertounder standi t amongt hepeopl e.  Iti stakenf orguaranteedthati texists,ev ent houghitisnotwri tt en.  Itcaneasilybemani pulat edbytheJudi ci ary FORMSOFCONSTITUTIONS Thet woty pesofconst it uti onscanei therbeFl exi bleorRi gid. 1.FLEXIBLECONSTI TUTION  Thisisaf orm ofaconst i tut ionthatcaneasilybeamendedorchangedbyt he maj or it yofeli gibleci ti zenswithoutcall i ngforar ef erendum.  ARef erendum isasituati onwhenci ti zensareaskedt ovoteYESorNOonan importantnat ionali ssue,suchasv ot ingwhethertoaboli shthedeat hsent enceor not. 2.RIGI DCONSTI TUTION  Thisisaf or m ofaConst i tuti onthatcannoteasi lybeamended.  Thist y peofaconst itut ionisusuall yamendedbyadi ff erentbodysuchasthe Nat i onalConstituti onConf erence(NCC)asi st hecasei nZambia,andalso throughaConst i tuentAssembl y(C. A)andaRef erendum,whichhaveaspecial statusthanordinaryinst itut ionsorParl iament. STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHEZAMBI ANCONSTI TUTI ON  TheZambianConst it uti onbegi nswi thaPreambl ewhi chi sani ntr oduct iont othe CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 7  document.  The pr eamble stat es,‘ We,t he people ofZambi a by ourr epr esent ati ves, assembl edinourParliament,havi ngsolemnl yresolv edt omai ntainZambi aasa soverei gnDemocr at icRepubl i candt hatZambi ashallforev err emainaunitar y, i ndivisi ble,mult ipart yandDemocr ati cSov erei gnSt at e;doher ebyenactandgive ourselv est hi sConstituti on’. STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHE1996ZAMBI ANCONSTI TUTI ON PART TITLE CONTENT i. NATI ONAL SOVEREIGNTY  Decl ar ati onofZambi aasaSov ereignstat e. ANDTHESTATE ii.  Deal swi tht hequal if icationf orZambi anci tizenship CITIZENSHIP and condi ti ons whi ch can l ead t o wi thdrawalof Zambi anci tizenshi p. i ii. PROTECTI ON OF THE  Deal swi tht heRi ghtsandFr eedomsofi ndi vi duals FUNDAMENTAL RI GHTS whichar epr ot ect ed.St atingt hepr otectionofr ights AND FREEDOMS OF THE andf reedomsofi ndividual s. I NDI VIDUAL i v. THEEXECUTI VE  Deal swi thel ect i on,t enur eofof f iceandr emov alof thepr esidentf rom of f ice;f unct ionsoft hepr esi dent, Minister s and Deput y Mi ni ster s,Secr et aryt ot he Cabinet ,Attor neyGener al,Sol icitorGener al,Di r ector ofPubl i cPr osecut ionsandAdv isoryCommi ttee. v THELEGI SLATURE  Deal swi thqual ifi cat i onsf orel ect i ont ot heNat i onal Assembl y; l egi slative power s, member ship of parl iamentandcomposi ti onofnat i onalassembl y. Vi i THEJUDI CATURE  Deal swi thcour t sandappoi ntmentofj udges,Hi gh court, Supr eme Cour t , Chai rman and Deput y ChairmanofI ndust ri alRel ationsCour t. Vi i DEFENCE AND NATI ONAL  Deal s wi t ht he f unctions oft he Zambi a Def ense SECURI TY Forces,t he Zambi a Pol ice Ser vi ce,t he Pr i sons Serviceandt heZambi aSecur i tyI ntell i genceSer v ices. Vi i LOCAL GOVERNMENT  Deal s wi t ht he st r uct ure and f unctions of l ocal SYSTEM counci ls. CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 8 i x DIRECTI VE PRI NCIPLES OF  Deal s wi th dev elopment of nat i onal , pol i cies, STATE POLICY AND THE i mpl ement at i on of nat ionalpol i cies,maki ng and DUTIESOFACITIZEN enactmentofl aws; andappl i cat i onoft heconst ituti on andanyot herl aw. x FINANCE  Deal swi tht axat ion,wi t hdrawalofmoni esf r om t he generalrev enues,f inanci alrepor t s,r emuner ati onsof offi cers,publ icdebtandt heAudi torGener al. xi SERVICECOMMISSIONS  Deal s wi th commi ssions, pensi on l aws and protecti on. xi i HUMAN RI GHTS  Deal s wi tht he est ablishment ,the i ndependence, COMMI SSI ON functi ons,power s,composi ti on and pr ocedur es of HumanRi ght sCommi ssion. xi ii CHIEFS AND HOUSE OF  Deal swi thi nst itutionsofchi efs,HouseofChi efs,it s CHIEFS functi onsandcomposi ti on. xi v MISCELLANEOUS  Resi gnati ons, re-appoint ments, concur r ent appointment s. THESTRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHE2016AMENDEDCONSTI TUTION PART TI TLE CONTENT i. SUPREMACY OF THE  Thi sConst it utioni st hesupr emel awoft heRepubl icof CONSTITUTION. Zambi aandanyot herwr ittenl aw, customar ylawand customar ypract i cet hati si nconsistentwi thitspr ovisi ons i sv oidtot heext entoft hei nconsi stency.  ThisConst it utionshal lbi ndallper sonsi nZambi a,St ate organsandStatei nsti tut ions.  Amatterr elat ingtothi sConst it uti onshal lbehear dbyt he Const it uti onalCourt. i i. NATI ONAL VALUES, Thenat ionalval uesandpri nci plesare: PRI NCIPLESAND ECONOMIC POLI CIES. (a)mor ali tyandethi cs;( b)pat riot ism andnat ional uni ty; (c)democracyandconst i tut ionalism;(d)humandigni ty, equi ty, socialj usti ce,equal ityandnon-discri minati on;( e)good governanceandintegri tyand( ; f )sust ai nabledevel opment i ii.  Dealswi t ht heprot ectionoft hef undamentalright sand BI LLOFRI GHTS. fr eedomsofi ndi vi dualciti zens.St at ingandpr otect ionof ri ghtsandf r eedomsofi ndi vi dual s. .Dealswiththequal if icati onforZambi anci ti zenshipand condit ionswhichcanleadtowi thdrawalofZambian CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 9  i v. CI TIZENSHI P ci ti zenshi p  Aper sonbornoutsi deZambi aisaci ti zenbydescentif, at thedateofthatperson’ sbir th,atl eastoneparentoft hat personisorwasaci ti zenbybirt hordescent. v. REPRESENTATI ON OF THE  Theelect oralsyst emsprov idedfori nArti cle47forthe PEOPLE. [ ELECTORAL el ecti onofPr esi dent ,MemberofParl iamentorcounci ll or SYSTEMS] shal lensure: (a)t hatciti zensarefreetoexerci setheirpol it icalr ight ( s;b) univ ersaladultsuff ragebasedont heequali tyofav ot e;(c)fai r repr esentati onoft hevar iousint erestgroupsinsociet y;(d) genderequit yi ntheNati onalAssemblyorcouncil  Deals wi t h quali fi cat ions forel ect ion t ot he Nati onal Assembly;legisl ati vepower s,member shi pofpar l i ament andcomposi t ionofnationalassembly v i. LEGI SLATURE.  Thelegi slati veauthori tyoftheRepublicder ivesf rom t hepeopl eofZambi aandshal lbeexer cisedi na mannert hatpr otect sthi sConst it uti on  Dealswit hel ecti on,tenureofofficeandremovaloft he presi dentfr om of fi ce;functi onsoft hepr esident, Mi nist ers andDeputyMi nist ers,Secretar yt otheCabinet ,Attorney v ii. EXECUTI VE. General ,Soli citorGeneral,Di rectorofPubli cProsecut i ons andAdv i soryCommi tt ee.  Theexecuti veaut horit yoftheSt atevestsi nthePr esi dent and,subj ecttothisConst i tuti on,shallbeexerci sed di rectl ybythePr esidentorthroughpublicoff icer sorot her personsappoi ntedbyt hePresident.  Deal swi t hcourtsandappoint mentofj udges, Highcour t, Supr emeCour t, ChairmanandDeputyChai rmanof I ndustr ialRel ati onsCourt. v ii i. JUDI CIARY  I nexer cisi ngj udi cialaut hori ty, thecour tsshal lbegui ded byt hefoll owi ngpr incipl es: (a)j ust iceshal lbedonetoall ,wi thoutdi scr imi nat i ( on;b)j ust ice shal lnotbedel ayed;( c)adequat ecompensati onshal lbe CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 10  awarded,wher epay abl ( e;d)alt ernati vef ormsofdi spute resol uti on,i ncl udingtradit ional disputer esol uti onmechani sms, shall bepromoted,  Thedif fer entl evelsofgovernmentshal lobser veand adher etothefol lowingpr incipl es: GENERAL PRI PLES OF ( NCI a)goodgov ernance, t hroughdemocr ati c,ef fectiv eandcoherent i x DEVOLVEDGOVERNANCE. governancesystemsandi nst itut ions;(b)respectforthe consti tuti onaljur isdicti onofeachl evel ofgovernment;(c) autonomyoft hesub- st ructur es;and( d)equitabledist ri buti onand appli cati onofnat ionalResourcestothesub- struct ures PROVINCES, DISTRI CTS,  ThePresi dentmay,subjecttot heappr ovaloftheNat ional x WARDS AND PROVI NCIAL Assembly ,creat eordivideaProvi nceormergetwoor ADMINISTRATI ON. moreProvi nces,asprescri bed.  AProv ince,di str ictandwar dshal lbedel i mit ed, as pr escr ibed.  Deal swi tht heest abl i shmentofl ocal gov ernmentsy stem Wher e: ( a)f unct ions, responsi bil i tiesandr esour cesf rom t he xi LOCALGOVERNMENT. national Gov ernmentandpr ovi ncialadmi ni str ati onare transferredt othelocalauthori ti esi naco- ordi natedmanner;(b) co-oper ativ egov er nancewi t hthenat ionalGov er nment , provinci al admi nistrati onandl ocalauthori ti esi spr omotedtosupportand enhancet hedev elopmentalrol eofl ocal gover nment;(c)the capaci t yofl ocalauthor it iestoini tiate,plan,manageandexecut e polici esi nr espectofmat ter sthataf fectthepeoplewi thintheir respect i vedi stri ctsisenhanced  Inst it uti onofchi efs, Houseofchi efs, funct ionsand xi i CHI EFTAI NCYANDHOUSEOF compositi on CHI EFS.  Theinsti tuti onofchief taincyandtradi tional inst it utions areguaranteedandshallexisti naccordancewiththe cult ure, cust omsandtradit ionsofthepeopletowhom theyapply. CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 11  Thegui dingv aluesandpr inci plesoft hepubl i cser vice xi ii PUBLI CSERVI CE. i ncl udet hefoll owing: ( a)maint enanceandpr omotionofthe highestst andardsofprofessi onalethi csandintegr it y;eff ecti ve andeconomi cuseofnationalr esour ( ces;b)eff ecti ve,imparti al, fairandequi tabl eprovisi onofpublicserv i ( ces;c)accountabi li ty foradminist rat iveact s  Anemployee,i ncl udi ngapubl i coff icerandConst it uti onal PENSI ONBENEFI TS. of fi ceholder, hasari ghtt oapensi onbenefi t. xi v  Apensi onbenefitshal lnotbewi thhel doral ter edt othat empl oyee’ sdisadvantage. xv DEFENCE AND NATI ONAL  Dealswi ththefuncti onsoft heZambiaDefenseForces, SECURI TY. theZambiaPoli ceSer v ice,theCor rect ionalSer viceand theZambiaSecuri tyIntel li genceServi ces.  TheDef enceFor ceandnat ional secur it yser vices Shall :( a)benat ional isti c,patri otic, professional , di sci plinedandcompet ent ;(b)benon- part isan;(c)notfurt herthe i nter estsorcauseofapar ti cularorganisati on;and( d)notact agai nstapol i ti cali nter estorcauseper mi t tedinthisConstit uti on orasprescri bed.  Thegui dingpr inci plesofpubl i cfi nancei ncl udet he xv i PUBLI C FI NANCE AND BUDGET. f oll owi ng: (a)t ranspar encyandaccount abi l ityi nthe dev elopment orf ormul ationofmacro-economi cframewor ks,socioeconomic pl ansandt ;( hebudget b)promoti onofapubli cfinancesystem. xv ii CENTRALBANK.  Thef unct ionsoft heBankofZambi aar eto: (a)issuethecurr encyoft c;( heRepubl i b)deter mi nemonetar y pol icy;and ( c)regul atebanki ngandfinanci alser vices, banks, CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 12  Fi nanci alandnon- banki ngi nst it uti ons, aspr escr ibed  Acommi ssi onshall:( a)besubj ectonlytothis SERVI CES, COMMI SSI ONS Consti tutionand xv ii i AND OTHER I NDEPENDENT OFFI CERS. thelaw; ( b)bei ndependentandnotbesubj ecttothecontrolofa per sonoranaut hor i tyi ntheper for manceofi tsfuncti ons;(c)act wit hdi gni ty,pr of essi onali sm, propr iet yandi ntegri ty( ;d)benon- par tisan;and (e)bei mpart ialintheexerci seofi t saut hor it y  Landshal lbehel d,usedandmanagedi naccor dancewi th the LAND, ENVI RONMENT AND xi x NATURALRESOURCES. foll owingpr i nciples:(a)equi t ableaccesst ol andandassoci at ed resources;(b)secur i tyoft enuref orlawfullandhol ders;(c) recogniti onofindi genouscul tural r it es;(d)sust ainableuseof and ( l e)t r anspar ent,effecti veandef fi cientadmi ni strat ionof l and; ( f)effecti veandef fici entset tl ementofl anddi sput ( es;g) ri verfrontages,islands,lakeshor esandecol ogicall yaswel las cult urall ysensitivear eas.  Theoffi ciall anguageofZambi aisEngli sh. (i ) Al anguage, ot herthanEngli sh,maybeusedasa medi um ofi nstruct ionineducat ionali nstit utionsor forlegi slat ive, admi ni str ati veorjudi cialpurposes,as xx GENERALPROVI SIONS. prescri bed. ( ii ) TheStateshal lrespect ,pr omoteandprot ectt he di ver sityofthel anguagesoft hepeopleofZambi a. NOTE: Thi sconst it uti onhas20par tsorsect ions. HI STORYOFCONSTI TUTI ONMAKI NGPROCESSI NZAMBI A CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 13   WhenZambi agoti ndependenceon24th Oct ober,1964,itinheri tedt heNor t hern Rhodesiaself-gover nmentconst it uti onof1963.  Thepr ovi sionsi nthatconst i tuti onweremeantt osafeguar dthei nt erest sof whit eset t lers.  Theref ore,si nce 1964 to 2016,Zambia has had five Constitut ionalRev iew Commi ssi ons( CRCs)withtheviewofimprovi ngitsconsti tuti on. CONSTITUTIONREVIEW COMMI SSIONSINZAMBIASI NCEINDEPENDENCE  TheConst i tut ionalRev iew Commissi onsi nZambiaar eusuall ynamedaf tert he chai rper sonsofthecommission. 1.CHONACONSTI TUTI ONREVI EW COMMI SSIONOF1972  Thiswast hefirstConst ituti onalRev iew Commi ssionandi trecommendedt he establi shmentofaOnePar tySt at e.  Thismeantt hatal lotherpol it icalparti eswer ebannedandnotal l owedtoexist exceptUNI P(Uni tedNat ionalIndependencePar t y )whichPresidentKaundawas heading.Itbecamei l legal t of orm anyotherpolit ical par ty.  Thisrecommendat i onwasadopt edi n1973andt hiswast hebeginni ngoft he SecondRepubl ic.  Aconst it utionthatout l aws( banns)t heformationofpol i ti calparti esdoesnot encourage f r ee el ectoralpar tici pation and infringes on peopler i ghts and fr eedomssuchasFr eedom ofAssoci ati on,Freedom ofConsci ence,et c. 2.MVUNGACONSTI TUTIONREVIEW COMMI SSIONOF1991  Thiswast hesecondConst i tut ionalReview Commi ssi onanditr ecommended t hatZambiashoul drevertt o,orreint roducemul t ipar tydemocr acy.  Thismarkedthebegi nningoftheThirdRepubli c. 3.MWANAKATWECONSTI TUTI ONREVI EW COMMI SSIONSOF1995  Thiswast hethir dConst i tut ionalRevi ew Commi ssionanditsmainamendment totheZambi anconstit utionwast heparent ageofper sonscont estingpresidency ofZambia.  Itrecommendedt hatonl ypersonswhosepar entswer ebothbor ni nZambi a could be el igibl e( all owed)t o stand forpresidency.As a result,the then presi denti alaspir antDr.KennethKaundawasaut omat i cal lydi squalif iedsincehis parentswerenotbor ninZambi a. 4.MUNG’OMBACONSTI TUTI ONREVI EW COMMI SSI ONOF2005 Thi sisthef ourt hConsti tut ionalRev iew Commissi onandi tsr ecommendat ions werenotadopted. CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 14 5.ANNELSI LUNGWETECHNI CALCOMMI TTEEONTHECONSTI TUTIONOF 2012.  Themember softhiscommi t teewereappointedbyPr esi dentMi chael Chil ufy aSat ain2012, undert heInquir iesAct.  Thei rmai nterm ofref erencewast ousethereport sf r om t heprevious Consti tuti onalReviewCommi ssi onstocomeupwi t honef inal document.  Thei rfinaldraf tconstit uti onispartl ywhatculminatedi nt ot he2016 AmendedConst i tuti on. 6.THETECHNI CALCOMMI TTEEONTHE2016CONSTI TUTION.  Thiswasagr oupofexper tsont heconstitut iontaskedt ocomewi t hthedraft constit utionf rom ther ecommendat i onsoft hepr evi ousConst itut ionalRevi ew Commi ssions.  Someoft her ecommendat i onsinclude:  Ther unningmat etobedi rectl yel ect edbythepeopl e, [ VicePr esi dent].  Dual citi zenshi p,whereaZambi ancoul dhavetwonat ional it ies.  Nocr ossi ngov erofthefloor.  Thef i ftypl usoneper centf oronet owi nt hegener alelecti ons.[ Presi denti al el ectionsonl y]  Theirrecommendat i onsledt otheenact mentoft hecur r entAmendedZambi an Constituti onort heConstituti onAmendmentActNumber2of2016. CONSTITUTI ONMAKI NGANDADOPTI ONPROCESSES CONSTI TUTI ONMAKI NGPROCESS  Thi si sal egallyaccept ablepr ocesswhi chacount ryusest omakei tssupreme l awoft helandorconst it ution.  Aconst it utioncanbemadet hroughaConst i tuentAssembl yandConst i tuti onal ReviewCommi ssion[CRC] ACONSTI TUENTASSEMBLY  isa bodyofr epresentativesel ected byt heirr espect i vei nter estgr oupst o for mul ate,amendoradoptaconst i tut i onofacount ry  Repr esent ativesar edr awnf rom Chur ches,l earningi nsti tuti ons,Tr adeUnions, theCi vilSociety,Studentbodi esandSpeci ali nt erestgroups ACONSTI TUTI ONALREVI EW COMMI SSI ON  Thi si sagr oupofpeopl eappoi nt edbyt hePr esidentt ocol l ectv i ewsf rom the gener al publi conwhatshoul dbecont ainedi nt heconst itut ion.  InZambi a,theEx ecutivewi ngofgov ernmenti ni t iatesthemaki ngoftheNat i onal Const it ut i on.  Ther epublicanpr esidentusi ng theI nqui r iesAct sappoi nt saConst it uti onal Review Commi ssiont ocol lectv i ewsf rom ci tizenst hroughsi tti ngsconduct ed CI VICEDUCATI ONCOMMONNOTES NORTHERNPROVI NCE-REVI SED2020 15  countrywi dewer eci ti zensmakesubmi ssi onsorall yori nwri ti ngasgr oupsor i ndividuals.  Thereafter,theConst it uti onalRev iewCommi ssi onpr oducesadraf tconsti tuti on. The Inqui r ies Actisal aw which gi ves t he presidentpowerto appointa commi ssionofenquiry. CONSTI TUTI ONADOPTI ONPROCESS  Thisisaprocessofappr ovi ngthecopyofadraf tconst it uti onsothati tbecomes anoffici aldocument.  Therearet womainmethodswhichareusedtoadoptaconst it uti onandt hese are; THROUGHPARLI AMENT  Undert hi smet hod,t hedraftconstit uti onissubmitted t o Parl i ament ,whi ch debatesthedr aftConst it uti onbeforeadopti ngan