Civic Education Grade 10-12 Textbook PDF

CIVIC EDUCATION REVISED NOTES GRADES GRADE 10.................................................... 1 GRADE 11......................................................71 GRADE. 12.....................................................163 GRADE TEN INTRODUCTION TO CIVIC EDUCATION. WHAT IS CIVIC EDUCATION? It is the awareness of the public in Civic matters such as governance, Politics, Work Culture, Human Rights and Socio-economic issues. It is the imparting of knowledge, ability and capacity of Citizens to make sense of their Political world. It is the imparting of knowledge to people on issues pertaining to national affairs which hinge on governance. This means that Civic education may also refer to the active participation and engagement in self-governance by the citizens of the country. It covers the rights, duties, obligations and responsibilities of citizens. IMPORTANCE OF CIVIC EDUCATION It helps to form competent, active and responsible citizens. It enables citizens to be aware of their fundamental rights and freedoms. It enables citizens to participate in voluntary organizations such as workers unions, women’s associations, community organisations, etc. It helps citizens to acquire proficiency in monitoring and correcting policies and laws of their country. It helps to facilitate the development of knowledge, skills and values in pupils. It enables to produce knowledgeable learners who are aware, can make decisions, judge and act based on human rights and social responsibilities. It enables citizens to be analytical, innovative, creative and constructive mind which will cherish and safeguard individual liberties and human rights. It helps to produce learners who can express one’s own ideas freely, exercise tolerance for other people’s views and maintain discipline and hard work for the sake of personal and national development. It enables pupils to contribute to the promotion of democratic values and sustenance of democratic systems by making them understand, cherish and defend its equality. It enables pupils to understand, cherish, promote and protect the equality between men and women, human rights, the rule of law, representative governance etc. It enables pupils to contribute to the promotion of democratic values and sustenance of democratic systems by making them understand, cherish and defend its equality. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 1 It enables pupils to understand, cherish, promote and protect the equality between men and women, human rights, the rule of law, representative governance etc. THE CONSTITUTION A Constitution is a system of laws, customs and principles usually written down, according to which a country or an organization is governed. Customs refer to accepted traditions and habits of the people in a society. A constitution is the Supreme Law to which all other laws are subordinate. A nation needs a constitution in order to regulate the activities of its citizens. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 2 TYPES OF CONSTITUTIONS Written constitutions. Unwritten constitutions. WRITTEN CONSTITUTION This is a constitution in which most of the provisions or contents are documented in a single formal written document. It is a set of rules that the citizens of a nation contribute to, discuss and agree to be governed by. Countries with written constitutions include Zambia, Botswana, Tanzania, Namibia, South Africa, and America. Advantages of a Written Constitution It is usually drawn up with great care and deliberations It is clear and definite. They are stable and steady. They are free from manipulation by the Judiciary. It affords protection to the individuals and guarantee people’s rights. Disadvantages of a Written Constitution They are not easily adaptable to emergencies and changing needs in society. It tends to compress into one document all the ideals and political principles of a nation. It is difficult to amend when rigidity and conservatism are carried too far. UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION This is a Constitution that has most of its provisions not found in a single document but in a collection of documents, statutesand traditional practices that are generally accepted as governing a nation. The British constitution is one such example. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 3 Advantages of Unwritten Constitution It is easily adaptable to changing conditions of a dynamic society. It can be bent to meet national emergencies without breaking their framework. It provides legal means for satisfying popular passions and preventing revolutions. Disadvantages of Unwritten Constitution It is unstable as it can be bent or twisted easily. It can be changed or amended according to individuals or party’s wishes and desires. It is vague because it is unclear and indefinite. It requires a high degree of political consciousness in order to understand it among the people. It is taken for guaranteed that it exists, even though it is not written. It can easily be manipulated by the Judiciary FORMS OF CONSTITUTIONS The two types of constitutions can either be Flexible or Rigid. FLEXIBLE CONSTITUTION This is a form of a constitution that can easily be amended or changed by the majority of eligible citizens without calling for a referendum. A Referendum is a situation when citizens are asked to vote YES or NO on an important national issue, such as voting whether to abolish the death sentence or not. RIGID CONSTITUTION This is a form of a Constitution that cannot easily be amended. This type of a constitution is usually amended by a different body such as the National Constitution Conference (NCC) as is the case in Zambia, and also through a Constituent Assembly (C.A) and a Referendum, which have a special status than ordinary institutions or Parliament. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE ZAMBIAN CONSTITUTION NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 4 The Zambian Constitution begins with a Preamble which is an introduction to the document. The preamble states, ‘We, the people of Zambia by our representatives, assembled in our Parliament, having solemnly resolved to maintain Zambia as a sovereign Democratic Republic and that Zambia shall forever remain a unitary , indivisible, multiparty and Democratic Sovereign State; do hereby enact and give ourselves this Constitution’. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE ZAMBIAN CONSTITUTION PART TITLE CONTENT i. NATIONAL Declaration of Zambia as a Sovereign state. SOVEREIGNTY AND THE STATE ii. Deals with the qualification for Zambian CITIZENSHIP citizenship and conditions which can lead to withdrawal of Zambian citizenship. PROTECTION OF THE Deals with the Rights and Freedoms of FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS individuals which are protected. Stating the AND FREEDOMS OF THE protection of rights and freedoms of individuals. INDIVIDUAL iv. THE EXECUTIVE Deals with election, tenure of office and removal of the president from office; functions of the president, Ministers and Deputy Ministers, Secretary to the Cabinet, Attorney General, Solicitor General, Director of Public Prosecutions and Advisory Committee. v THE LEGISLATURE Deals with qualifications for election to the National Assembly; legislative powers, membership of parliament and composition of national assembly. Vii THE JUDICATURE Deals with courts and appointment of judges, High court, Supreme Court, Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Industrial Relations Court. Vii DEFENCE AND Deals with the functions of the Zambia Defense NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 5 NATIONAL SECURITY Forces, the Zambia Police Service, the Prisons Service and the Zambia Security Intelligence Services. Vii LOCAL GOVERNMENT Deals with the structure and functions of local SYSTEM councils. ix DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES Deals with development of national, policies, OF STATE POLICY AND implementation of national policies, making and THE DUTIES OF A enactment of laws; and application of the CITIZEN constitution and any other law. x FINANCE Deals with taxation, withdrawal of monies from the general revenues, financial reports, remunerations of officers, public debt and the Auditor General. xi SERVICE COMMISSIONS Deals with commissions, pension laws and protection. xii HUMAN RIGHTS Deals with the establishment, the independence, COMMISSION functions, powers, composition and procedures of Human Rights Commission. xiii CHIEFS AND HOUSE OF Deals with institutions of chiefs, House of CHIEFS Chiefs, its functions and composition. xiv MISCELLANEOUS Resignations, re-appointments, concurrent appointments. HISTORY OF CONSTITUTION MAKING PROCESS IN ZAMBIA When Zambia got independence on 24th October, 1964, it inherited the Northern Rhodesia self-government constitution of 1963. The provisions in that constitution were meant to safeguard the interests of white settlers. Therefore, since 1964 to 2016, Zambia has had five Constitutional Review Commissions (CRCs) with the view of improving its constitution. CONSTITUTION REVIEW COMMISSIONS IN ZAMBIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE The Constitutional Review Commissions in Zambia are usually named after the chairpersons of the commission. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 6 CHONA CONSTITUTION REVIEW COMMISSION OF 1972 This was the first Constitutional Review Commission and it recommended the establishment of a One Party State. This meant that all other political parties were banned and not allowed to exist except UNIP (United National Independence Party) which President Kaunda was heading. It became illegal to form any other political party. This recommendation was adopted in 1973 and this was the beginning of the Second Republic. A constitution that outlaws (banns) the formation of political parties does not encourage free electoral participation and infringes on people rights and freedoms such as Freedom of Association, Freedom of Conscience, etc. MVUNGA CONSTITUTION REVIEW COMMISSION OF 1991 This was the second Constitutional Review Commission and it recommended that Zambia should revert to, or reintroduce multiparty democracy. This marked the beginning of the Third Republic. MWANAKATWE CONSTITUTION REVIEW COMMISSIONS OF 1995 This was the third Constitutional Review Commission and its main amendment to the Zambian constitution was the parentage of persons contesting presidency of Zambia. It recommended that only persons whose parents were both born in Zambia could be eligible (allowed) to stand for presidency. As a result, the then presidential aspirant Dr. Kenneth Kaunda was automatically disqualified since his parents were not born in Zambia. MUNG’OMBA CONSTITUTION REVIEW COMMISSION OF 2005 This is the fourth Constitutional Review Commission and its recommendations were not adopted. 5. CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT ACT NUMBER 2 OF 2016. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 7 This Constitutional Review Commission was made up of experts and some of the recommendations include the running mate, Dual citizenship, No crossing over of the floor and the fifty plus one percent for one to win the general election. CONSTITUTION MAKING AND ADOPTION PROCESSES CONSTITUTION MAKING PROCESS This is a legally acceptable process which a country uses to make its supreme law of the land or constitution. A constitution can be made through a Constituent Assembly and Constitutional Review Commission[CRC] A CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY is a body of representatives elected by their respective interest groups to formulate, amend or adopt a constitution of a country Representatives are drawn from Churches, learning institutions, Trade Unions, the Civil Society, Student bodies and Special interest groups A CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW COMMISSION This is a group of people appointed by the President to collect views from the general public on what should be contained in the constitution. In Zambia, the Executive wing of government initiates the making of the National Constitution. The republican president using the Inquiries Acts appoints a Constitutional Review Commission to collect views from citizens through sittings conducted country wide were citizens make submissions orally or in writing as groups or individuals. Thereafter, the Constitutional Review Commission produces a draft constitution. The Inquiries Act is a law which gives the president power to appoint a commission of enquiry. CONSTITUTION ADOPTION PROCESS This is a process of approving the copy of a draft constitution so that it becomes an official document. There are two main methods which are used to adopt a constitution and these are; NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 8 THROUGH PARLIAMENT Under this method, the draft constitution is submitted to Parliament, which debates the draft Constitution before adopting and sending it to the president for assent (signing). Zambia used this method for the first three Constitutional Review Commissions. THROUGH A CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (CA) A Constituent Assembly is a body of representatives elected by their respective interest groups to formulate, amend or adopt a constitution of any country. Representatives may be drawn from churches, learning institutions, trade unions, civil society, etc. The most important thing is that every citizen regardless of gender, religion, ethnicity, creed, sex, age and beliefs identifies with the interests being expressed by a member or members of a Constituent Assembly. This is the best way of adopting a constitution as it is more representative than parliament. It is independent and also free from control of the government or any person. Countries like India, Namibia, Ethiopia, South Africa, America, adopted their constitutions through this process. National Constitutional Conference (NCC) is similar to Constituent Assembly except that under the National Constitutional Conference, the adoption is done by parliament, which can decide either to adopt or reject the draft constitution. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CONSTITUTION It must be clear as the language used in the document must not be too technical for ordinary citizens other than lawyers to understand and interpret it. Must protect the Rights and freedoms of citizens. Must cater for the interests of various groups in society. Must protect and respond to the social, economic and political needs of citizens. Must be stable and stand a test of time (useful over a long period of time). It must not easily be changed at the pleasure of any president who comes into power. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 9 It must be neither too rigid to prevent change nor too flexible to encourage tampering with the basic principles. IMPORTANCE OF A CONSTITUTION It also sets out the composition and functions of the wings of government. It ensures democratic governance. It gives equal opportunities for individual development. It is owned and guarded by citizens. It promotes and protects the Rule of Law. It safeguards the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. SAMPLE QUESTIONS What is a Constitution Review Commission? Outline two things that could happen if a Constitution does not stand the test of time. Differentiate a flexible Constitution from a Rigid Constitution. With clear examples discuss the characteristics of a good Constitution. Describe the main characteristics of the Zambian constitution. State the features of a good constitution. Why is a constitution important to a nation? compare and contrast written and un written constitution 9..Example what is meant by constituent Assembly? 10. Outline what could happen if the constitution does not stand a test of time. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 10 GOVERNANCE Governance is the way people are ruled with or without their consent. GOVERNANCE IN PRE-COLONIAL ZAMBIA Governance is as old as humanity. All societies on earth have had at least one form of government or another. It therefore follows that Zambians too had some form of government in the pre-colonial era were kings ruled the kingdoms. TYPES OF GOVERNANCE Good governance Bad governance Good governance Means a government which is legitimate, competent, accountable, and respects human rights and the rule of law NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 11 IMPORTANCE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE It enables citizens to enjoy human rights and freedoms It makes the government accountable to the and people Makes governments operations transparent It enables citizens enjoy equal rights and freedoms before the law. It enables citizens to fully participate in electing leaders of their own choice. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE Citizen Participation All people take an active role in the affairs of their community and country. They elect their leaders as well as standing for public office and mobilizing for social action in a democratic way. Respect for human rights All forms of human rights are recognized promoted and respected e.g. right to vote. Separation of powers This is the principle that states that the three major organs of the government namely the, Legislature, executive and the Judiciary must work independently but provide Checks and Balances. Meaning each organ of the government should share powers with other branches and operates within the constitution of the country. Independence of the Judiciary The judiciary is vested with the responsibility of interpreting and enforcing the law free from interference by the Executive and the legislature. Once appointed, they should not be easily dismissed. Political tolerance People with different political opinions must be able to freely express themselves and their opinions should be respected. Political violence against people who support different political parties should not be tolerated. Accountability and Transparency NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 12 Accountability means that leaders should be answerable to the people who elected them into office. Transparence requires that public resources must be used for government and community programs and activities in consultation with the people. Regular free and fair elections Elections must be held at agreed intervals. Periodic free and fair elections are conducted. For example in Zambia General elections are held every five years. Every citizen who has reached the voting age should register and vote. Universal suffrage,Franchise (right to vote). The rule of law The Rule of Law means that those in power should rule the country in accordance with the constitution and the other laws of the country. All people in the country are subject to the same laws and should be held accountable if they break them. Rule of law avoid anarchy in society. Existence of political parties A political party is voluntary associations was people share common values and wish to form an alternative government of the country. During elections political parties sponsor candidates for the office of the president, members of parliament and ward councilor. Functions of Political parties Educate people on their rights and obligations. Point out the shortcomings of the government in power Provide alternative programme through manifestos Provide checks and balances Facilitate peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 13 Existence of civil Society Civil society need to exist as they provide checks and balance since they are non-military, non- governmental organizations and individual who make it their business to promote and defend basic ideals of good governance outside government. Fairness The government should make sure that no one is excluded from access to any public service for any reasons e.g. race, colour creed, gender and mental or physical disability. Government workers should be recruited and promoted openly on merit and they should carry out the functions of the government impartially. Helpful and caring Government should be helpful and take care of the interests of the citizens both at home and abroad. Public services should be treated with courtesy and sure that public servants are properly trained in public relations with clearly defined standards of behaviour. BAD GOVERNANCE Bad Governance is a government which is not legitimate, competent, and accountable and does not respect human rights and the rule of law. It is a government which rules against the wishes of the people. E.g. dictatorship. CHARACTERISTICS OF BAD GOVERNANCE Restriction on Political parties People are forced to vote for certain candidates whenever elections are held. Opposition parties are not allowed to exist or strictly controlled by the government NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 14 Lack of separation of powers The three organs of the government do not work independent such as the operations of the Judiciary and the legislature should not be interfered by the executive. Lack of press freedom The press is controlled by the government and often report favorably on government policies. Opposing view is not allowed in public media. Violation of Human Rights There is no respect for Human rights. People who oppose the government can be tortured and detained without trial or can be killed Judiciary not independent The Judiciary is not independent from the Executive and the legislature. There is little respect for the rule of law and there is no fair trial. Arbitrary arrests There are arbitrary arrests of suspected dissidents who are critical of the government. The secret police spies on the citizens Lack of freedom of association and Assembly Voluntary associations such as civil societies do not operate freely. Those which do not conform to government policies can be banned Neglect of public welfare Government Leaders do not care for the welfare of the people. There is corruption, Nepotism and other forms of abuse of office Use of force The government uses force to remain in power and other methods such as constitution amendments and postponement of election dates NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 15 Irregular and Unfair elections Elections are not held regularly. If held they are not free and fair. There is vote rigging Lack of Citizen Participation The government decides for the people. People become servants instead of masters of the government. The government claims to know what is good for the people. People are rarely consulted and their concerns are often ignored Electoral systems Electoral systems are methods through which the governed choose their leaders or representatives TYPES OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS SINGLE MEMBER PLURALITY SYSTEM (SMPS) OR FIRST PAST THE POST (FPTP) It is commonly known as Winner Takes all. In this system the country is divided into electoral constituencies. Any candidate who gets the highest number of votes wins the election even if the candidate gets the vote above the other Disadvantage The candidate can be rejected by most of the electorate but still manage to win an election by minority votes SINGLE MEMBER MAJORITARIAN SYSTEM (SMMS) The winner of an election must win an absolute majority of votes in the constituency. This means that a candidate should win over 50% of the votes cast in an election. Where the candidate fails to get 50 +1 percent, the two top candidates should go for an Election Re-run PROPORTION REPRESENTATION SYSTEM (PRS) NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 16 In this system representatives to the legislature are chosen according to party regional or ethnic Proportions. The most common Proportional Representation system is the party list system (PLS). The whole country forms a single constituency. After elections parliamentary seats are shared among the political parties according to the proportion of (percentage) of total votes they have scored. For Instance If Part A won 42 percent of the votes cast then 42% of the seats will go to party each party nominates Members of parliament from among its members to represent in the legislature. The leader of the party which gets the highest proportion of seats in the legislature forms government. Disadvantage The members of parliament are not answerable to the electorate but to their political parties which nominated them. MIXED MEMBER PROPORTIONALITY SYSTEM This is a combination of First Past the Post (FTP) and the Proportional Representation System. This system allows for some members of parliament to be elected through the FPTP system while others occupy legislative seats through the party List System ELECTIONS IMPORTANCE OF ELECTION Oblige candidates to explain to citizens why they should be elected They make political parties accountable to the people Provide a mechanism of peaceful transfer of power Offer regular opportunities for people to change government Provide the peace and stability necessary for development NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 17 CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTIONS IN GOOD GOVERNANCE Periodic This means that elections should be held at prescribed intervals Competitive Elections must take place in a conducive political environment where all candidates can compete freely and fairly Inclusive The definition of the eligible voter must be broad enough to include a large proportion of adult population Decisive Democratic elections determine the leadershi0p of government. The winning candidate or should not be prevented from taking office THE ZAMBIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM The 2016 amended constitution of Zambia prescribes the Single member majoritarian system (SMMS). The Electoral Commission of Zambia (ECZ) conducts elections in Zambia The Electoral code of Conduct instrument number 90 of 2006 The electoral code of conduct of 2006 is a set of rules and principles that regulates the conduct of all stake orders before, during and after elections. The code does not allow any form of intimidation violence, bribery, vote buying corruption and office inducement as means of winning elections. The code also does not allow the use of government facilities and transport for campaign purpose. TYPES OF ELECTIONS IN ZAMBIA 1. Primary Elections These are held whenever democratic political parties want to choose candidates to stand in presidential, Parliamentary and local government elections 2. Presidential, Parliamentary and local Government Elections NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 18 These are also known as General or tripartite Elections. They are held every five years to elect the president, members of parliament and ward councilors as stipulated in the Zambian constitution To stand in the presidential elections, the candidate must be sponsored by a political party. In the parliamentary and local government elections the candidate can either be sponsored by the party or stand as an independent By Elections By elections are held when a counselor or Member of Parliament or the president dies, or resigns from the party or is expelled from the party or six imprisoned for more than six months VOTERS RIGHTS IN GOOD GOVERNANCE Seek information freely Have access to voter education Attend party campaigns without fear Express opinions freely and peacefully Vote for candidates of their choice Vote in secrecy Vote without intimidation or fear Be assisted if one has a disability Complain about irregularities Be excused from work to go and vote Be protected by law and police ELECTION RIGGING (CHEATING) Opposition parties are not allowed to organize meetings freely Opposition parties are not given enough time on media to express their views and plans Members of the opposition parties are detained or put in prison in order to silence them The press are not free to express views or give information that is critical of the ruling party A party allows its members to physically assault supporters of other political parties NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 19 There is no transparency in the counting, transportation, transmission and announcement of election results from the polling. If voting time is cut short in constituencies where ruling party is unpopular extended where it is popular When voter votes twice When a candidate gives money, beer and other materials to voters win their support When the party in power uses government resources to campaign. For, example civil servants government vehicles and materials. Election results are announced while voting is still going on in other places. DANGERS OF ELECTION RIGGING They may lead to costly election petition and by-elections. People may lose faith in democracy There may be increased voter apathy as people lose confidence in elections The government may lose support of the people Strikes and demonstrations may be organized to protect against the false results If prevented from forming government that has lost the elections may use weapons to fight against the government, thereby bringing about a civil. a rigging government may face international sanction and isolation THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM Before independence in 1964 the British colonial Administration ruled the country through the central government and native auth0rities. Duties performed by Native Authorities Collection of taxes like poll tax and hut tax. They also issued licenses such as dog license, bicycle license and store license tom people. From 1964, the Ministry of Local Government became responsible for the administration of all local authorities in the country which included chiefs appointed by the Minister of Local NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 20 Government. These councils were to provide a limited range of basic essential service. In 1965, the local government act number 69 was amended to establish a basically uniform pattern of local authorities throughout Zambia. Under the Act, there were city councils, Municipal councils Town councils and rural councils. In 1980, the local government Decentralization act was enacted. UNIP assumed full responsibility Reasons for decentralization reduce delays as the most decisions could be made on the spot to headquarters Make plans and programs more relevant to local needs and conditions Improve coordination between different government agencies in an area Reduce the burden on senor staff at national level so as to improve their performance The composition of District councils District governor- chairperson District political secretary District women’s chairperson Two trustees Ward councilors Members of parliament from areas One representative of chiefs elected by chiefs in the district One representative from each of the security forces One representative from each Trade Union The District council Administration was headed by the district executive secretary and supported by nine secretaries. These were secretaries for political, administration Social Security, finance, and development, commercial, legal and industrial affairs In 1991, the decentralization Act was amended. The new Act introduced three types of local councils namely city, Municipal, and District councils. This system has continued up to date. The MMD government wanted to give more autonomy to councils so that there was less dependence NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 21 on central government for funds. It also made councils to operate freely from political interference since all councilors were elected by the people. The current composition of local councils Mayor of the council Deputy mayor or Deputy council; chairperson Ward councilors Area member of parliament 3 chiefs representative 1 representative from the Labour Movement The town clerk or the district Secretary (Ex official members) Mayors and Town clerks are found in city and municipal councils, whereas chairpersons and district Secretaries are found in District councils. The administrative structure is headed by the town clerk or the District Secretary. He/ she are assisted by Directors such as:- Director health Director finance Director engineering Director works Functions of the local council Provide clean and safe water Provide accommodation and plots for development Maintaining the environment awarding trading licenses to people Provide street lighting Maintaining streets and roads Maintaining grave yards Controlling livestock movement Constructing and maintaining markets Town planning Sewage disposal Providing recreation facilities such as swimming pools and parks NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 22 Providing public health facilities and control of epidemics such as cholera Providing education facilities such as schools Collecting levies Making by laws ROLE TRADITIONAL LEADERS IN GOVERNANCE Queens, Kings, chiefs, Village heads and elders are the people who are referred to as Traditional Leaders. During the colonial era (1890-1964) the colonial power recognized the importance of involving traditional leaders in governance. Britain adopted a policy known as indirect rule which meant governing the people through their traditional structures. House of Chiefs The house consists of 30 chiefs from each of then the ten provinces. The term of office for the elected chiefs is three years but a member can be re-elected for a second term. The house elects a chairperson and the vice who take an oath of allegiance (Loyalty to the president). Functions of the house of chiefs To discuss any bill affecting customs and traditions of people before such bill is introduced in the National Assembly. To initiate discussions and pass decisions on matters concerning customary law and customs. To discuss and decide on any matters referred to the house by the president. To submit the resolutions of the house to the president, who would in turn submit them to the National Assembly for consideration SHORTCOMINGS OF THE HOUSE OF CHIEFS The house of chiefs has been criticized as a mere costly talking shop because it play an insignificant advisory role and it has no real influence on issues of development and governance The 1996 amended constitution of Zambia of does not allow chiefs to join a political party or to contest an election NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 23 SAMPLE QUESTIONS Discuss the characteristics of bad governance. Define governance. Outline the features of good governance? Describe the different electoral systems. What can happen elements of good governance are not observed? Describe the electoral system used in Zambia. Give example of election rigging in Zambia. Explain with practical examples the major role of local council in Zambia. Outline what could happen if the constitution does not stand a test of time. Differentiate good governance from bad governance. State the characteristics of elections in good governance. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 24 CITIZENSHIP A citizen is a member of state who enjoys all the rights and privileges granted by it. Citizenship is the relationship between the state and an individual in which an individual owes allegiance to the state and in turn receives state protection from the state. The idea of citizenship originated from Greece LEGAL AND MORAL ASPECTS OF CITIZENSHIP Legal Aspects A citizen is recognized by law and his or her rights are enshrined in the laws of the land. Every citizen has the protection of the state whether home or abroad. A citizen who fails to comply with the legal aspects of citizenship is liable for prosecution. Moral Aspects The Moral aspects of citizenship acknowledge the value of self-discipline and self-control. A morally upright citizen has a sense of responsibility to fulfill all his or her obligations to the state and the various social groups that he/she belongs. He/she is not only responsible to his or her family but also to his or her community and the state. Alien NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 25 An Alien is person living in a country which is not his or her own. An alien owes allegiance to another. Aliens enjoy civil but not political rights. An alien may be deported from the host state for misconduct or committing a serious crime. KINDS OF CITIZENSHIP Natural citizenship Type of Naturalized citizenship Rule ofJus Sanguinis- blood relation and descent decides citizenship. rule ofJus Soli citizenship is acquired on the basis of place of birth The rule of Jus Sanguinis is order than that of Jus Soli and many countries follow this principle.eg Zambia. But countries like America and Britain follow the principles of Jus soli. Naturalized Citizenship A foreigner may acquire Citizenship of a host country. PRESCRIBED CONDITIONS FOR ONE TO ACQUIRE NATURALIZED CITIZENSHIP Rule of residence: This state that a foreigner is required to live in the host country for uninterrupted minimum period of residence by which a foreigner becomes eligible apply for citizenship is ten years. The principle of declaration on a prescribed form: This requires a foreigner to fill in prescribed application forms and provide necessary documents declaring his or her intention of applying for citizenship. Renunciation of previous citizenship: This requires an applicant to give up his or her previous citizenship and take an oath of allegiance to the country of which one intends to Marriage: A spouse can acquire citizenship of a wife or husband. This requires one to renounce the previous citizenship. However, one can opt to maintain his or natural citizenship even when living in a spouse’s nation. Naturalization can be partial or complete. When a foreigner obtains the full share of enjoyment of the rights and privileges of that of a natural citizen of his or her adoptive country and there is no discrimination of any sort, Naturalization is said to be complete. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 26 If there is differentiation in enjoyment of rights and privileges between the natural citizen and naturalized citizen we call that as Partial. QUALIFICATIONS FOR ZAMBIAN CITIZENSHIP Article 4, 5 and 6 stipulates the following conditions for one to be a citizen: Article 4. A person who stayed in Zambia before the commencement of this constitution. Any person, who was entitled to citizenship of Zambia before the commencement of this constitution subject to the performance of any conditions following the happening of a future event, shall become a citizen upon performance of such conditions. Article 5. A person born or outside Zambia after the commencement of this constitution shale come a citizen of Zambia. Article 6 Any person who:- Has attained the age twenty one years and Has been resident in Zambia for a continuous period of not less than ten years can apply and be registered as a Zambian Citizen Special groups Refuges these are people who came to seek freedom and safety within her/ his or outside country because of different reasons. Persons with disabilities. The government should institute measures that enables persons with disabilities to lead a normal life The aged people over sixty years need special care, love and security as they are senior citizen. Unemployed youths the government should put in training facilities which so that youths are provided with necessary skills. Orphans The government should offer social security alleviate to the suffering of these people. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 27 Symbol of the Zambian Citizenship The Green National Registration is the symbol of Zambian citizenship. This is issued by the National Registration office under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Minimal age for to acquire the NRCs 16 years. LOSS OF CITIZEN Acquisition of new citizenship of another country by naturalized citizen; Deserting from Military service by a naturalized citizen when called upon by the state; Committing a serious crime or engaging in unacceptable activities by a naturalized citizen In some countries, a person can also lose the status of being a citizen if one Accepts foreign decorations of titles Is continuously absent from the home state for a long period of time Takes up employment under the foreign government Gets Married (woman) to a foreigner such as a person acquires the citizenship of the husband. A naturalized citizen can lose citizenship if that person is expelled from the country of residency by the state. This kind of expulsion is known as Forced Repatriation. However, if the naturalized citizen wishes to revert to his or her natural citizenship and goes back to the country of origin, this is known as Voluntary repatriation. QUALITIES OF A GOOD CITIZEN Living up to democratic principles: This requires the willingness to participate in the affairs of the state such as exercising the right to vote Contribution to National Development : This is the readiness to render every kind of service to the nation Self-control: This is the ability to control oneself and respect others in order to avoid conflicts. Conscience: This is the sense of responsibility and service towards the community. Courage: This is the strength to stand up for ones convictions when conscience demands it. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 28 Respect for the law: This is the willingness to work through peaceful legal means to change unjust laws. Perseverance: This is the willingness to work under difficult circumstances in order to accomplish worthwhile goals Empathy: Having concern or compassion for the well-being of others especially the vulnerable in society. Patriotism: This involves a sense of love and loyalty to the state by observing values and principles’ of one’s country DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CITIZEN Be patriotic and loyal to Zambia and promote its well-being; To contribute to the well-being of the community where that citizen lives including observance of health control; Promote democracy and the rule of law Foster national Development; Vote in national unity and live in harmony with others Vote in National and local government elections; Provide defense and military service when called upon; carry out with discipline and honesty legal public functions Pay all taxes and dues legally due to the state Assist in the enforcement of the law at all times PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITIES Taking care of oneself Supporting ones family Adhering to morals, principles and values of one’s society Respecting the rights and interests of others CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES Obeying the law Paying taxes Respecting the rights of others Being concerned about public issues NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 29 Participating in civic activities such as voting Performing public service Observing and maintaining the security of the nation OBSTACLE TO GOOD CITIZENSHIP Indifference: When Citizens are indifferent to their rights and duties and are too concerned with their personal safety and security, democracy cannot thrive. Self Interest: an individual who is motivated by self-interest avoids public responsibilities or simply ignores the general welfare of his or her society Allegiance to political Parties: A bad citizen is one that puts the interest of apolitical party he/she is affiliated to above national interests. Poverty: A poverty stricken citizen is not interested in national affairs. Ignorance: An informed or ignorant person often fails to differentiate between wrong and right. Defects in the electoral system: If large sections of society are unrepresented in electoral system, this can make them lose interest in the affairs of the state as they may not feel a sense of belonging Reports of Corruption in the Media: Print and electronic Media such as the newspapers, radio television, internet may twist the truth and misinform the public to such an extent the citizens are not able to access issues correctly and knowledgably. The complex of our society; In many cases individuals toady belong to various types of citizenship such as Christian, Local National Eco citizenship and global Citizenship. It may be difficulty to harmonize interest of one citizenship with those of another for example Eco- citizenship with Christian citizenship. WAYS OF PROMOTING GOOD CITIZENSHIP Administrative improvement There should be restructuring of political and social institutions to keep pace with the times and wishes of citizens. Short tenure of office for elected officers will lead to frequent elections that will bring about accountability in leaders. Broadening franchise which will increase citizen’s awareness of their rights NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 30 Moral remedies: Citizens need to be spiritually and mentally motivated for them to take an active interest in public affairs through educational opportunities. Stability and Justice: Establishment of security, stability and justice which should measure leaders and the citizens SAMPLE QUESTIONS State any two qualifications for Zambian citizenship. Name two kinds of Citizenship. What are the symbols of Zambian citizenship? Give four qualities of a good citizen. State the rules that regulate Natural citizenship. Under the rule of naturalised citizenship, what does the rule of resident state? Explain why human rights can be said to be universal. Identify the obstacles of the good citizen. Discuss the qualities of a good citizen. Describe ways of promoting good citizen. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 31 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights are entitlements that one has because he or she is a human being. Entitlements are claims or freedoms Human rights are universal legal guarantees and freedoms that every human being has and must enjoy simply by being a human They protect individuals or groups of people from actions that might interfere with or stop one from enjoying them They are claimed from the society in which people live. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Human rights have always existed as they are inherent, universal and inalienable This means that human rights do not belong to any particular group of people, race or nationality. Some of the documents mentioning individual human rights in the past are: The Magna Carta of 1215. The Charter of Mande of 1222. The English Bill of Rights of 1689. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 32 The French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizens of 1791. The US Constitution and Bill of Rights of 1791. The Magna Carta was the earliest document in the World in which human rights were recognized. The Charter of Mande was the earliest document to outline individual human rights which were guaranteed by Soundiata Keita, King of the Empire of Mali, also called Mande. It is also called the Oath of Mande and was proclaimed at his Coronation as an official document containing principles upon which the empire should be ruled. However, all the above listed documents were not universal in nature because they often excluded women, children, slaves and persons of certain social, religious, economic or political groups. THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS- 1948. This is a set of principles of which the United Nations members commit themselves to provide all people of the world with human dignity. The documents set minimum standards of how individuals, institutions and governments should treat people as well as a guarantee of freedom and justice for people throughout the world. It was adopted on 10th December, 1948 by member states of the United Nations which meant that how a government treated its own citizens was no longer a domestic issue, but one of international concern. However, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not legally binding because it is only a declaration, which means a pronouncement which may be effected or not. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 33 THEY ARE INALIENABLE. This means that human rights cannot be taken away or separated or given away from a human being. (Inseparable from the human beings). THEY ARE INDIVISIBLE. This means that human rights cannot be divided because all rights are equally important. THEY ARE INHERENT. This means that human rights exist independently of the will of an individual or a group of persons. THEY ARE UNIVERSAL. This means that human rights are the same and apply to all people of the world regardless of race, sex, colour, ethnicity, religion, political, geographical, beliefs, nationality or social status. CATEGORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS International human rights have been categorized into: Civil and Political rights Economic, Social and Cultural rights Collective rights At global level, human rights are classified into three categories according to their evolution or development process, and the different categories are referred to as ‘generations’. These generations are not in order of importance but in the order in which they were recognized historically in the development of human rights. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS They are called First Generation Rights. These are first generation rights because they were the first Rights to be recognized as rights of the individual. They are found in part iii the Zambian Constitution which includes: Right to life Right to personal liberty NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 34 Protection of freedom of expression Freedom from torture and inhuman treatment Freedom of opinion Protection from slavery or forced labour Protection of freedom of conscience Protection of freedom of assembly and association Protection of the freedom of movement Protection from discrimination on grounds of race, age, sex, ethnicity, religion,etc ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Economic and Cultural rights are called “Second Generation Rights” This category consists of rights that are economic, social and Cultural in Nature. Their realization brings about Social justice, dignity and equity Right to food Right to employment Right to social Security Right to education Right to health ( Medical Care) Right to clean environment Right to development Right to adequate housing COLLECTIVE RIGHTS These are also known as ´Third Generation Rights’ and are the most recently identified rights. The term collective rights refer to the rights of Peoples’ to beprotected from attacks on their group identify and group interest. These rights are best described as solidarity rights because they require international cooperation and aim at community- building; Right to self determination Right to economic and social Development NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 35 Right to a healthy environment Right to Natural resources Right to peace Right to communicate Right to Participation in cultural Heritage Right to intergenerational equity and sustainability. SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS Human Rights focus on the dignity of the human being. Attitudes such the ones below must be developed by everyone in order to promote human rights: Respect for every one’s life, their physical and mental integrity, freedom, property, privacy including one’s own Respect for differences either in sex, ethnicity, language, colour, age, religion, cultural aspects, opinion, and identity of others and one’s own. Taking up ones responsibility in society: Rights come with responsibilities and responsibilities start with respecting other people’s rights Respecting the fact that people have legally established claims and entitlements. Recognizing Accountability and responsibility in relationship between the individual, institution or state that has a duty to fulfill the right. Rights- holders need to be empowered in order for them to claim their rights and take part in public decision making. Participation is an important Human Right. People of both sexes and all ages have the right to participate in every area of their lives. SUMMARY OF A SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Everyone: Is born in freedom, equality and dignity. Has the right not to be discriminated against on any basis. Has the right to life and to live in freedom and safety Has the right to liberty or freedom NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 36 Has the right to security of person as no one should be tortured or suffer from cruel and inhuman treatment. Has the right to equality before the law and equal protection. Has the right recognition before the law Has the right to effective remedy Has the right not to be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. Has the right to full and fair hearing before an impartial and independent tribunal Has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty Has the right to marry Has the right to asylum Has the right to freedom of movement Has the right to Nationality Has the right to privacy. Has right to own property Has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and expression Has the right to freedom of opinion and expression Has the right to freedom of assembly and association Has the right to take part in government, access to public services and to vote. Has the right to social security. Has the right to work Has the right to rest and leisure Has the right to an adequate standard of living Has the eight to education Has the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community Is entitled to a social and international order to realize the rights and freedoms Has duties to the community Must interpret this declaration in a way that cannot endanger any of the rights and freedoms of others. SAMPLE QUESTIONS What are Human Rights? Discuss any characteristics of Human Rights? Describe the categories of Human Rights? Identify ways in which Human Rights are violated? How does the right of habeas corpus help a person and contribute to respect of human rights. Distinguish rights from responsibilities. Outline some social, economic and cultural rights. Human rights are universal, Explain Identify ways in which human rights are involved. Discuss the significance of human rights. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 37 CORRUPTION Corruption: is the giving of money, valuables or rendering a service to someone in return for a favour other than a casual gift. According to the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of Zambia, Corruption is defined as “Soliciting, accepting, obtaining, giving or offering gratification by way of a bribe or any other personal temptations or inducement or misuse and abuse of public office for personal gain or benefit.’’ NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 38 Casual gift is any ordinary gift offered to a person in hospitable manner, without any demand for a favour. Gratification means any corrupt payment made whether in cash or kind as a result of the corrupt misuse of public funds or property. Forms of Gratification Cash. This involves giving or accepting money in return for a favour. Service ( kick back) it involves the rendering of a service in return for a favour Payment in kind, where one demands a favour for an action done. E.g. demanding for sex in return for employment offer. Loans and advances. This involves a corrupt payment in form of a loan or an advance salary AII involves forms of violation of human rights and lack of transparency and accountability in the use of public funds and resources. CATEGORIES OF CORRUPTION Petty Corruption Widely practiced in Zambia and usually involves small payments called bribes. A bribe is an offer or money offered to obtain favour. (nchekelako). Grand Corruption Involves substantial amounts of money. It is usually practices by high level officials and associated with awarding government contracts Political corruption It is associated with the electoral process. It is usually practiced by those contesting political power. For example: Donation of money to influence the voters choice Cash or material distribution to influence voters Provision of beer, to influence voters choice NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 39 Provision of services e.g. road maintenance at the time of elections Social Causes of Corruption Personal greedy and dishonest Leaders in key positions are not capable of inspiring and influencing the conduct of the highest moral standards Weak enforcement or absence of code of conduct Punishment for offenders is weak Large numbers of people compete for insufficient services e.g. few schools places Economic cause of corruption Shortages of goods and services Unequal distribution of wealth and resources Awarding of government loans to some preferred individuals at the exclusion of others Low salaries and wages in comparison to the cost of living Poverty, when people are poor they are desperate a OTHER CAUSES THAT LEAD TO CORRUPTION AND RELATED CRIMES Unnecessary Long procedures ( red Tape) may demand for a kick back in return for an action Lack of political will: Some governments lack political will to deal with corruption firmly. Lack of transparency and accountability: when a government lacks checks and balances, there is mismanagement and misuse of public funds Abuse of power: if there’s excessive power in the hands of an individual may hinder investigations in corrupt practices. Lack of independence of the Judiciary: Courts may not act independently on matters of corruption. Public Reaction: The public think corruption is normal because of the economic hardships. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 40 Lack of press freedom: Government owned media in Africa is not free to expose corrupt activities in their own countries EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION Birth of capitalist policies- makes few corrupt officials rich at the expense of Society Awarding of job to unqualified Personnel enables those who pay bribes to win favours to which they are not entitled. This causes widespread bitterness on deserving personnel or groups. Loss of respect for the rule of law Interferes with enforcement of the law and respect for the rule. Low standard of living- perpetuates human suffering through escalating poverty levels of the ordinary citizenry Hampers Economic Development Corrupt nation never prospers economically as it will always have high debt and become impossible to save. IMPACT OF CORRUPTION IN ZAMBIAN SOCIETY Corruption scourge has had a negative impact on the Zambian Society. High Levels if corruption inflate prices of goods and services. This has brought untold misery to many people particularly the poor. AFFECTED AREAS ON CORRUPTION Law enforcement Agencies: Police have sometimes failed to maintain law and order because of corruption. The Judicial System: Corrupt practices prevent justice. Case records disappear, trials are delayed and the outcome of cases no longer depends on the sufficiency of the evidence available. Electoral process: Leaders and political parties who do not deserve to win the elections may come into power because they dish out money and materials Security of the Nation: Offices like immigration Office allows alien criminals with ill intentions to enter in Zambia. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 41 The Economy: There are money laundering activities, tax evasion, and other economic issues which lead to economic instability. Education System: Bribes are paid in whatever form by candidates to be admitted into a learning institutions of learning instead of being admitted on merit. Administration of land matters: land has usually been unfairly distributed especially by the ministry of Lands and council officials. As a result, unplanned or prohibited settlements are a common sight in moist urban areas in Zambia. Government Purchases: Tender procedures are may sometimes not be followed when awarding contracts. Potential suppliers are being disqualified simply because they have not received a bribe from them. INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) The Anti-Corruption is the official institution established by the government to fight corruption. It was established in 1980 and became operational in 1982. The ACC is an Autonomous body. Autonomy: means self-governing The Anti-Corruption Commission Uses the following methods in its fight against corruption Corruption Prevention The Commission examines practices and procedures in private and public sectors to facilitate the discovery of corrupt practices. It also ensures that any work, methods or procedures prone to corruption are revised. The Corruption Prevention Department (CPD) conducts managerial accountability Workshops in both public and private institutions. Community Education Community Relations Department is responsible for educating the community on matters relating to corruption. In this way the department reveals evils and dangerous effects of corrupt practices on society. Investigation and Prosecution NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 42 Commission receives and investigates complaints of suspected corrupt practices and where evidence is established, prosecution follows. OTHER GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION Zambia Public procurement authority (ZPPA) Was established in 1983 as Zambia National Tender Board The objective To control and regulate procurement of goods and service in government ministries and department’s s well as parasternal organizations. The board ensures that procurement is done in a transparent and accountable manner. Parliament The role of the parliament is make laws and play a watch dog role in providing checks balances. E.g. the Public Complaint Committee scrutinizes the auditor Generals Reports on misuse, misapplication and embezzlement of public funds. Auditor General’s Office The office is charged with the responsibility of ensuring that public funds allocated to parliament are expended for the intended purpose. The Auditor general’s office audits accounts relating to the general revenue of the republic. Investigator General’s Office The investigator General is also known as Ombudsman. He is the head of the Commission for investigations. The Investigator General works with a team of officers who carry out investigation on complaints about corruption. After investigation is complete, the investigator General advises the police or the court on the action to take. Anti- Money Laundering Unit This is under the department of Drug Enforcement Commission. It was established in 2001 to monitor and investigate money laundering activities in Zambia. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 43 Money laundering is the act of receiving, possessing, concealing, disguising, disposing of or bringing into the country any property money inclusive derived or realized directly or indirectly from illegal or criminal activities. Zambia Police The Zambia police have been charged with a very important role of in the fight against corruption. The police investigate and arrests people involved in corrupt practice CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION Foundation for Democratic Process (FODEP) It was established in 1991 with the objective of promoting democracy in Zambia through programmes of Civic Education and promotion of human Rights and election Monitoring. Transparency International Zambia The Overall objective is to develop sustainable capacity in the Civil Society, Media, public and private sectors, in order to effectively fight corruption and promote high integrity and good governance in Zambia. National Movement against Corruption (NAMAC) The movement has embarked on a wide campaign for the eradication of corruption in Zambia. It demands high levels of integrity, transparency and accountability and seeks genuine participation in the affairs of our nation. Media The role of the role of the media is to dig deeper and carry out research on any cases of corruption. This is called investigative journalism. They investigate corrupt practices and present findings to the public Investigative Journalism- Mean’s careful inquiry into work of writing for edition and publications. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 44 Individuals, Groups in Society must fight against Corruption The following are some of the ways by which individuals and groups can participate in the fight against corruption:- By changing their attitudes from tolerance to total rejection of corruption Accessing information on procedures on how to deal with corruption cases Reporting Corrupt Officers to institutions that are combating corruption e.g Police. Anti- corruption Commission and Transparency International. Supporting the organization fighting corruption Society must demand integrity and high sense of morality from public office bearers They must not keep silent when they feel a corrupt practice has been committed SAMPLE QUESTIONS What is Corruption? Describe the types of Corruption. State the causes of Corruption Describe the effects of Corruption on the Zambian people. Illustrate the role played by institutions that fight against corruption in Zambia. Identify the role of public officers, the community and the youth in fighting corruption Mbita was arrested for using various forms of gratification in order to corrupt people. Give any examples of the gratification which he could have been using in his activities. The media has the important rolein fight against corruption. Identify theroles of the media can use to fight corruption. Mention two ways of adopting the constitution in Zambia and which one do you think is the best. INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL STUDIES. Culture refers to the whole way of life of a group of people. It is also the sum total of behavior which people have learned over a period of time and defines ways by which people do things. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 45 1. Language Language is the most obvious difference between cultures. It defines a cultural group even though the same language may be used in different countries. Language includes unspoken language such as gestures, which mean different things in different languages 2. Religion Religion is a major cultural component and religious taboos, customs, holidays and rituals dictate the behavior of a given society. For example, Hindus do not drink beverages and can only eat meat slaughtered in a certain way called “Halal” because of religion 3. Values and attitudes These are a society’s belief system as well as a society’s heart and they are the least likely to change. They change very slowly and a society’s belief system guides its attitude to what is considered right and wrong and it is the basis of a society’s way of life. Most belief systems are based on society’s central religion Education Education is an important part of culture since cultured is learned behavior. There are three types of learning that takes place in society. The first type is informal learning in which a child learn by imitating the behavior of its family members, friends or in homes where there is a T.V the characters portrayed in the films. The other type is formal learning in which adults and older siblings teach young family member how to behave in certain situations. The third type of learning is technical learning in which teachers instruct the child in an educational environment about what should be done, how to it should be done and why it should be done. Social organization: NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 46 This is the way a society organizes itself. It relates to how a society defines relationships, social institutions such as marriages and status system such as the role of women and children Technological and Material culture: These refers to society‘s ability to create, design, and use things. Technology and material culture relates to the way society organizes its economic activities. Law and Politics: These are rules and structures that regulate the behavior of society. The legal rules attract punishment when contravened. The laws protect members of society to live in peace, free from fear and inhuman treatment Aesthetics The society’s perception of what is considered beautiful in art and in persons. It dictates what is acceptable or appealing in that culture. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Culture is dynamic: This means that culture is not constant as it is always evolving and changing. Change in technology is easily accepted rather than change in the value system of society. For example, the use of cell phones has been accepted as part of Zambian way of life and yet these were not there until the mid-1990s Culture is learnt: It is passed on from generation to generation. It is taught to an individual by society in which the individual is born in. The way to speak, what to eat, how to heat, how to relate to others, what to believe in is taught. Culture is cumulative: NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 47 Every human generation can discover new things and invent better technologies which become part of culture. The new cultural skills and knowledge are added onto what is learned in previous generations. Cultural is comprehensive: It is the sum total of a society’s way of life, therefore it is comprehensive as it requires various aspects which gives meaning to life. Culture is shared : The members of a culture share a set of ‘ideals, values, and standards of behavior” and this set of shared ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture Culture is based on symbols. In order for a culture to be transmitted successfully from one generation to the next, a system of symbols is created and translates the ideals of the Culture to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion, and money. Culture is integrated: This means that culture must be integrated in order for it to be transmitted successfully from one person to another. People are not usually aware of their culture until they come into contact with other culture: This means that people are unaware of their culture because they are so close to it to know it so well. People do not know all their culture: No one knows everything about his or her own culture. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 48 Culture gives a society a range of permissible behavior patterns. Culture commonly allows a range of ways in which men can be men and women can be women. Culture also tells people of how different activities should be conducted such as how one should act as a husband , wife parent etc Cultures no longer exists in isolation: Even small out of the way ethnic societies are now being integrated to some extent into the global economy. THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE Culture contributes to re enforcing of one’s identity and the ability to critically reflect on that identity. Cultural heritage is understood to mean archives, pieces of art, and places of worshipped monuments. No development without culture. If culture is interpreted as a whole of beliefs, habits and customs of a society, hence, culture is the foundation that supports every development. The status of culture has evolved dramatically since the adoption of Article 27 of the Universal declaration of Human Rights which affirmed, for the first time. All around the world, the intrinsic virtues and the impact of culture on an individual and community development are being questioned, studied, measured and hopefully, rediscovered. TYPES OF CULTURE 1. MASS CULTURE. This is the culture produced from machines and consumed on a large scale, for example, recording industry, television, or video cassettes. It is spread through electronic media and other high technology. 2. POPULAR CULTURE NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 49 This is the culture which is a product of changing needs and innovations in people’s life styles. It is usually on high demand especially from the youth who have new music, fashion other products in the field of entertainment. 3. FOLK CULTURE It is also referred to as residual culture that is, remains of the past. An example of folk culture was the program of folk music which the Zambian National Broadcasting Corporation [ZNBC] played some time back 4. IDEAL CULTURE: It refers to some kind of dreams and aspirations of where a given people would wish to be. Every society views itself views itself in a positive way and has the highest virtues and standards by which it appears to be. 5. REAL CULTURE This refers to the actual behavior of people in society such as sleeping at a funeral house until the day of burial. 6. SUB CULTURE PEOPLE A sub culture is a way of life or behaving which a small group of people belonging to the same culture may portray. It may arise because of different occupations in society which results in differences in power and prestige 7. COUNTER CULTURE This represents behavioral patterns, activities or styles of life portrayed by a group of individuals who are generally opposed to the generally accepted standard of behavior. Such individuals may refuse to submit to the ways that things are expected to be done and they may develop their own life styles. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 50 8. CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY This refers to a society that contains a variety of groups of different races, beliefs, religions and nationalities. The republic of South Africa is a good example. Cultural heterogeneity promotes cultural pluralism, which recognizes and respects the contributions of various cultures to the whole society. 9. CULTURAL HOMOGENIETY This refers to a common culture of people of a similar race, beliefs, religion and nationality. For example, North African countries such as Tunisia, Egypt, Libya etc. that have more than 90% of the people of the same race, share the same religion and nationality maybe classified as homogenous. ZAMBIA’S SOCIETAL CORE VALUES Every cultural group has core values which provide a standard measurement by which it is regarded. The word core means Centre and value means the quality of being useful. Core values are shared values which are cherished in any society. ZAMBIA’S CORE SOCIETAL VALUES OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY Authority is power invested in a group or an individual who is responsible for other people or manage institutions. Persons with authority include civic, political, school, church, police, family and peer group leaders. TOLERANCE It is the quality of allowing opinions, beliefs, customs and behavior of other people to also prevail even when one is not in agreement with them. MUTUAL RESPECT NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 51 This is the value of treating each other with consideration. Mutual respect also works on the idea that if one does not respect other people, that person will not be respected. RESPECT FOR PRIVACY Every person requires time to be on his or her own, away from others. Privacy also has to do with keeping private, the information a person does not want to reveal. HONESTY Honesty is the quality of telling the truth, not cheating and not stealing. It is a quality of being trustworthy and straightforward. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION It is the right of a person to be heard as long as what they are saying is within the law. INTEGRITY This is the quality of being honest and morally upright. It goes beyond just being honest as it includes all qualities of goodness. COMMITMENT TO THE DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS OF DISPUTES It is the recognition that sorting out tension, disputes and differences is best done through dialogue and the acceptance of the majority’s view. It is a commitment to peaceful resolutions of any form of conflict. RESPONSIBILITY Responsibility means doing what one is expected to do without being told, supervised or forced. SOCIAL JUSTICE This is treating everyone in the community fairly. COOPERATION It is the working together for the common good of everyone in the community. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 52 LOVE Love is the quality of goodwill towards every person. It is a warm kind of feeling and fondness to other human beings. 13.PEACE This is freedom from stress and physical threat to ones’ wellbeing including war, captivity and confinement. LOYALTY Loyalty is the faithfulness and truthfulness to people, groups or organizations that one is a member of. TRUST Is the confidence, belief in the goodness, strength and reliability of oneself and others ATTAINMENT OF SET GOALS This is personal undertaking in whatever one is undertaking. HARD WORK This is the ability to accomplish difficult tasks as opposed to idleness. NATIONALISM This is a feeling of oneness by a group of people with the same origin and culture. PATRIOTISM This is loving one’s country and willing to sacrifice for its well-being. SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT This is a belief in science and technology as tools to make progress and improving in one’s social and income problems. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 53 CULTURAL PRACTICES IN ZAMBIA Respect for Elders This is a belief that anyone elder than oneself should be accorded respect in speech and treatment regardless of status, race or blood relationship. Elderly people are referred to as father or mother or grandmother of grandfather. Extended Family System This is the family system that not embraces the nuclear family but also uncles, cousins, aunties, in laws, nephews and nieces. In Zambia, the term ‘Mother’ is extended to one’s ‘mothers’ sisters and ‘father’ to one’s ‘father’s brothers Rites of Passage These are rituals that one undergoes to mark important changes in a person’s position in society. These rites of passage include such rituals such as naming of a new born, initiation, marriage, death and after death ceremonies.eg IsamboLyamfwa is a ceremony performed after death. Traditional Ceremonies Many traditional ceremonies are held to commemorate past events. Other functions of traditional ceremonies include; Expressing, reflecting and reinforcing cultural relationships and values. Observing certain rituals Connection to the ancestors Assertion of local traditional leadership. Reconciling inter group conflicts. Celebrating past war victories. Harvest ceremonies. Religious festivals. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 54 Ceremonies which move the rhythm of nature such as rising of new moon, flooding cycles such as Kuomboka Ceremony. COMMON PUBLIC CEREMONIES IN ZAMBIA Kuomboka Ceremony of the Lozi people. Umutomboko Ceremony of the Lunda people of Luapula. Ukusefya pa Ng’wena ceremony of the Bemba people Kulamba ceremony of the Nsenga people. Shimunenga ceremony of the Ila people. Nc’wala ceremony of the Ngoni people. LikumbiLya Mize ceremony of the Luvale people. Malaila ceremony of the Kunda people. KulambaKubwalo ceremony of the Lenje people Traditional Attires Some Zambian cultures display unique style of dressing. These include the Lozi, men wear a Siziba (Kilt) while women wear a Musisi. The Chewa’sNyau dancers also exhibit different attire from the LuvaleLikishi dancers. The Arts Art is expressed in dance, music, paintings, folklore, crafts, etc. Zambians have songs and dances for most occasions. Even most Zambian paintings depict real life situations. Hospitality Traditionally, Zambians are hospitable people because welcoming people and visitors is a very important Zambian societal value and is cherished and practiced. APPRECIATION OF THE CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN ZAMBIA Zambia can be classified as having a broad homogeneous culture, in terms of race and religion. But there exists a variation of ethnic diversity in terms of language, traditions and customs that give it a heterogeneous characteristic. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 55 Therefore, in appreciating the cultural diversity that exists in Zambia, people should be mindful of the following aspects that have a bearing on cultural diversity. STEREOTYPING This is when one makes an opinion on another purely on the basis of group membership.eg regarding all females as weak or all young people as irresponsible PREJUDICE. Prejudice is an irrational, illogical hatred and suspicion of a particular group, which can be based on gender, age, ethnicity, religion, place of residence or occupation. Stereotyping and Prejudice lead to discrimination. ETHNOCENTRISM This is the belief that one’s own culture is the best and judging other peoples culture by its standard. People tend to view the customs of others in the light of their own beliefs and values. CULTURAL RELATIVISM This means the absence of direct and indirect discrimination in all areas of life. It is also a deliberate attempt to view the world as seen by members of other societies. It is based on the belief that each group’s way of life is logical to that group’s response to survival issues. Assimilation is a situation when people from minority groups and different classes of society are accepted in major social institutions. Amalgamation is a process of blending minority and majority groups through social bonding such as marriage. PROMOTION OF ZAMBIA’S CULTURAL PRACTICES Zambia’s cultural heritage NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 56 Zambia’s cultural heritage includes both tangible and intangible works of artists, architects, musicians, scientists and writers. These works are demonstrated through languages, rites, beliefs, historic sites, monuments, literature and works of art, archives and libraries. Culture and democracy The enshrinement of an individual’s culture, traditions, customs and language in the national constitution reinforces Zambia’s signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Articles 27. This is because democratic practices without effective exercise of cultural rights promote true democracy. INSTITUTIONS THAT PRESERVE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ZAMBIA MUSEUMS These are administered by the National Museums Board and are responsible for: Collection of artifacts. Restoration of artifacts. Display of artifacts of historical, cultural, scientific, technological and economic significance to the nation. National heritage conservation commission It administers immovable heritage such as sites and monuments. Its headquarters are in Livingstone and in Livingstone and it has offices in Kasama, Solwezi and Lusaka. National arts council It promotes artistic and intellectual creativity and Art Education. It recognizes that freedom of opinion and expression is essential for reactive activities of artists and intellectuals alike. INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL COOPERATION NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 57 It is done through International Cultural Exchanges and encounters. This contributes to the promotion of global peace, respect, mutual understanding and cooperation. Zambia is a member of the following multilateral Cultural Organizations: World Crafts Council [WCC] International Council of Museums [ICOM] International Theater Institute [ITI] Southern African Development Community [SADC] International Centre for Bantu Civilization [CICIBA] World Intellectual Property Organization [WIPO] ADMINISTRATION AND COORDINATION OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS IN ZAMBIA The Cultural Sector cuts across a number of line government ministers, which has affected effective communication for efficient running of cultural affairs. Such ministries includes: The Ministry of Community Development, Mother and Child Health[ Department of Cultural Services/ National Arts Council of Zambia Ministry of Home Affairs[ National Archives Ministry of General Education[ Training of artists in Colleges Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs, Administration of Chiefs’ Affairs and Traditions SAMPLE QUESTIONS 1.Culture diversity in Zambia has resulted into ethnic grouping which celebrate traditionalceremonies: What is cultural diversity? Mention any three cultural practices in Zambia Why are tradition ceremonies important? State five reasons. Outline the components of culture. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 58 Identify institutions that preserve cultural heritage in Zambia. With clear examples identify factors that affect the appreciation of cultural diversity in Zambia. Discuss the characteristic of culture. List down the societal core valves and explain each one of them. Give reasons why culture is important. Mention six common cultural practices in Zambia. Discuss global culture. Identify institutions that preserve cultural heritage in Zambia. SUBSTANCE ABUSE Substance means material or type of matter Abuse means use something wrongly Substance abuse means taking something often that your body does need and for wrong reasons. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES 1. Over the counter substances NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 59 These are substances which can easily be bought over the counter and used for medical purpose such as panadol, aspirin, cafenol, fansidar and vemox. Controlled Substances These are substances that can be obtained if one has a prescription. These substances can be dangerous if not used properly. E.g. Morphine, valium, cocaine and marijuana CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES ACCORDING TO THEIR EFFECTS Depressants- These are substances that slow down the action of the central nervous system. They are also known as Sedatives or hypnotics. E.g. Alcohol, mandrax and valium. They decrease awareness and tension. But when taken in larger amounts, they lead into coma. Stimulants. These are substances that stimulate the central nervous system and speed up the body processes. The most common stimulant is caffeine found in tea coffee, chocolate and coca cola. Hallucinogens these are substances which distort the way the brain translates impulses or messages from sensory organs producing perceptual changes. The brain may produce images with no basis in reality called hallucinations. These substances in this category include.Lysergic acid diethylLSD, cocaine, magic mushrooms, and ecstasy. Narcotics or opiates. These are substances that make the senses dull and relieve pain by depressing the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain responsible for consciousness including perception, memory and learning. Inhalants or solvents. These are drugs found in house hold products such as glue, deodorants like perfume sprays and fuel gasses. The capillary surface of the lungs allows quick absorption of the substance. Entry into the brain is fast and intoxicating effects are intense. SUBSTANCES AND THEIR EFFECTS ALCOHOL Alcohol is a pure colorless liquid present in drinks. People take alcohol for pleasure. Most of the medicines contain a percentage of alcohol Alcohol abuse is when one drinks too much alcohol too often. Addiction taking something that one cannot stop cannot stop. NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 60 Alcoholic is person who is addicted to alcohol. Alcoholism is a severe and potentially fatal condition caused by physical dependence on alcohol. It impairs physical and mental health. BEVERAGES AND THEIR PERCENTAGE Beverage Percentage of Ethanol % Mosilarger 4.5 Ohlssons larger 5 Castle lager 5 Chibuku 46 Wine 12 20 Kachasu (traditional 25 65 Spirits 3345 The strength of any alcoholic beverage depends on the percentage concentrate of ethanol per volume meaning the more ethanol the more effects it has to an individual. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL Increase blood pressure and heart beat Causes violent behavior Affects the brain, it distorts the one way thinks, speak and acts. Causes cirrhosis. The liver becomes fatty and enlarged causing inflammations. Hypothermia feeling warm even when in reality one is losing heat. Distorts perception of time and space and have a double vision (unclear objects). TOBACCO Tobacco is made up of some chemicals which are poisonous when one smokes as it enters the bloodstream. Carbon monoxide-It is deadly gas that affects the bloods ability to carry oxygen around the body. Tar -Contains a number of substances that can cause cancer NORTHERN PROVINCE, CIVIC EDUCATION NOTES, 2016 Page 61 Nicotine is the very powerful drug that makes the heart beat faster. EFFECTS OF TOBACCO Bronchitis Emphysema- Lung disease which affects breathing. Heart disease nicotine increases the heart beat and so wears down the heart. Cancer – smoking causes about 90% of deaths from cancer Blood clots and stomach ulcers. damage the unborn babies Shortness of breath Colds, flu and other inf

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