GHist Module 2, Unit 2 PDF

COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01...

COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 1 of 11 Unit 2: Cavite Incident of 1872: Mutiny or Revolution The Cavite Incident of 1872, whether it was a mutiny or a revolution, is one of the controversies in Philippine history. The said event resulted in the growth of nationalism among Filipinos, which unified the movements against Spanish colonial rule after being colonized by the Spaniards for more than three centuries. Engage Below is a famous image of three historical figures in the Philippines. Your task is to identify who they are (enumerate their names) and their role in Philippine history. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Explore The following are the various versions of the Cavite Incident of 1872. As you read the various records concerning this event (there are other narratives, and you may also read and analyze them), you will realize that the controversy lies as to whether the Cavite Incident of 1872 was a revolution or a mutiny. While reading the texts, please note the necessary details on whether the Cavite Incident of 1872 incident was a mutiny or a revolution. Highlighting the causes and the activities that took place during and after the said event is also encouraged. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 1  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 2 of 11 Jose Montero Y Vidal’s version of the Cavite Incident of 1872 Source: Vidal, J. M. in Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary Sources of Philippine History. vol. 7. Metro Manila, Philippines: National Book Store Inc. (pp. 269-273) 1With the establishment in Spain of a government less radical than the one that appointed La Torre, the latter was relieved from his post. 2His successor, D. Rafael de Izquierdo, assumed control of the government of these islands April 4, 1871. 3The most eventful episode in his rule was the Cavite revolt of 1872. 4The abolition of the privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of exemption from the tribute was, according to some, the cause of the insurrection. 5There were, however, other causes. 6The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne; the propaganda carried on by an unbridled press against monarchical principles, attentatory of the most sacred respects towards the dethroned majesty; the democratic and republican books and pamphlets; the speeches and preachings of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain; the outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal policy of the senseless Governor whom the Revolutionary government sent to govern the Philippines, and who put into practice these ideas were the determining circumstances which gave rise, among certain Filipinos, to the idea of attaining their independence. 7It was towards this goal that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of the native clergy, who out of spite toward the friars, made common cause with the enemies of the mother country. 8At various times but specially in the beginning of the year 1872, the authorities received anonymous communications with the information that a great uprising would break out against the Spaniards, the minute the fleet at Cavite left for the South, and that all would be assassinated, including the friars. 9But nobody gave importance to these notices. 10The conspiracy had been going on since the days of La Torre with utmost secrecy. 11At times, the principal leaders met either in the house of the Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, or in that of the native priest, Jacinto Zamora, and these meetings were usually attended by the curate of Bacoor (Cavite), the soul of the movement, whose energetic character and immense wealth enabled him to exercise a strong influence, 12The garrison of Manila, composed mostly of native soldiers, were involved in this conspiracy, as well as a multitude of civilians. 13The plan was for the soldiers to assassinate their officers, the servants, their masters, and the escort of the Captain-General at Malacañang, to dispose of the governor himself. 14The friars and other Spaniards were later to have their turn. 15The preconcerted signal among the conspirators of Cavite and Manila was the firing of rockets from the walls of the city. 16The details having been arranged, it was agreed that the uprising was to break out in the evening of the 20th of January, 1872. 17Various circumstances, Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 2  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 3 of 11 however, which might well be considered as providential, upset the plans, and made the conspiracy a dismal failure. 18In the district of Sampaloc, the fiesta of the patron saint, the Virgin of Loreto, was being celebrated with pomp and splendor. 19On the night of the 20th, fireworks were displayed and rockets fired into the air. 20Those in Cavite mistook these for the signal to revolt, and at nine-thirty in the evening of that day two hundred native soldiers under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid rose up in arms, assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded his wife. 21The military governor of Cavite, D. Fernando Rojas, dispatched two Spaniards to inform the Manila authorities of the uprising but they were met on the way by a group of natives, belonging to the Guias established by La Torre, who put them instantly to death. 22At about the same time, an employee of the arsenal, D. Domingo Mijares, left Cavite in a war vessel for Manila, arriving there at midnight. 23He informed the commandant of Marine of what had occurred, and this official immediately relayed the news to Governor Izquierdo. 24Early the next morning two regiments, under the command of D. Felipe Ginoves, segundo cabo, left for Cavite on board the merchant vessels Filipino, Manila, Isabela I and Isabella II. 25Ginoves demanded rendition and waited the whole day of the 21st for the rebels to surrender, without ordering the assault of their position in order to avoid unnecessary shedding of blood. 26After waiting the whole day in vain for the rendition of the rebels, Ginoves launched an assault against the latter's position, early in the morning of the 22nd, putting to the sword the majority of the rebels and making prisoners of the rest. 27On the same day an official proclamation announced the suppression of the revolt. 28As a result of the declarations made by some of the prisoners in which several individuals were pointed out as instigators, Don Jose Burgos and D. Jacinto Zamora, curates of the Cathedral, D. Mariano Gomez, curate of Bacoor (Cavite), several other Filipino priests, D. Antonio Maria Regidor, lawyer and Regidor of the Ayuntamiento, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Consejero de Administración, Pedro Carillo, Gervasio Sanchez and Jose Mauricio de Leon, lawyer Enrique Paraiso and Jose and Pio Basa, employees, and Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno and several other Filipinos, were arrested. 29The council of war, which from the beginning took charge of the causes in connection with the Cavite uprising, passed the sentence of death on forty-one of the rebels. 30On the 27th of January the Captain-General fixed his “cumplase” on the sentence. 31On the 6th of the following month, eleven more were sentenced to death, but the Governor General, by decree of the day following, commuted this sentence to life imprisonment. 32On the 8th, the sentence of death was pronounced on Camerino and ten years imprisonment on eleven individuals of the famous “Guias de la Torre," for the assassination of the Spaniards who, on the night of January 20th, were sent to Manila to carry news of the uprising. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 3  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 4 of 11 33The same council of the 15th of February, sentenced to die by strangulation the Filipino priests, D. Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora and D. Mariano Gomez, and Francisco Saldua; and Maximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraiso and Crisanto de los Reycs to ten years imprisonment. 34Early in the morning of the seventeenth of February, an immense multitude appeared on the field of Bagumbayan to witness the execution of the sentence. 35The attending force was composed of Filipino troops, and the batteries of the fort were aimed at the place of execution, ready to fire upon the least sign of uprising. 36Gomez was executed first, then Zamora, then Burgos, and lastly, Saldua. 37On the 3rd of April, 1872, the Audiencia suspended from the practice of law the following men: D. Jose Basa y Enriquez, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, D. Antonio Regidor, D. Pedro Carillo, D. Gervasio Sanchez and D. Jose Mauricio de Leon. 38Izquierdo had requested the sending to Manila of Spanish troops for the defense of the fort as most of those found here were natives. 39In pursuance of Izquierdo’s request, the government, by decree of April 4, 1872, dissolved the native regiment of artillery and ordered the creation of an artillery force to be composed exclusively of Peninsulares. 40The latter arrived in Manila in July, 1872. 41On the occasion of the arrival of the troops, the Sto. Domingo Church celebrated a special mass at which high officials of the Government, the religious corporations, and the general public, attended, upon invitation by the Governor and Captain- General of the Philippines. Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera’s version of the Cavite Incident of 1872 Source: Pardo de Tavera, T. H. in Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary Sources of Philippine History. vol. 7. Metro Manila, Philippines: National Book Store Inc. (274-280) 1The arrival of General Izquierdo (1871-1873) was the signal for a complete change in the aspect of affairs. 2The new governor soon made it clear that his views were different from those of La Torre – that there would be no change in the established form of government – and he at once announced that he intended to govern the people “with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other.” 3His first official act was to prohibit the founding of a school of arts and trades, which was being organized by the efforts and funds raised by natives of standing in the community, but the founding of which did not tally with the views of the religious orders. 4Governor Izquierdo believed that the establishment of the new school was merely a pretext for the organization of a political club, and he not only did not allow it to be opened but made a public statement accusing the Filipinos who had charge of the movement. 5All of those who had offered their support to ex-Governor La Torre were classed as personas sospechosas (suspects), a term that since that time has been used in the Philippine Islands to designate any person who Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 4  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 5 of 11 refused to servilely obey the wishes and whims of the authorities. 6The conservative element in the islands now directed the governmental policy, and the educated Filipinos fell more and more under the displeasure and suspicion of the governor. 7The peace of the colony was broken by a certain incident which, though unimportant in itself, was probably the origin of the political agitation which, constantly growing for thirty years, culminated in the overthrow of the Spanish sovereignty in the Philippine Islands. 8From time immemorial the workmen in the arsenal at Cavite and in the barracks of the artillery and engineer corps had been exempt from the payment of the tribute tax and from obligation to work certain days each year on public improvements. 9General Izquierdo believed the time opportune for abolishing these privileges and ordered that in the future all such workmen should pay tribute and labor on public improvements. 10This produced great dissatisfaction among the workmen affected and the men employed in the arsenal at Cavite went on a strike, but, yielding to pressure and threats made by the authorities, they subsequently returned to their labors. 11The workmen in the Cavite arsenal were all natives of that town and of the neighboring town of San Roque. 12In a short while the dissatisfaction and discontent with the government spread all over that section and even the entire troops became disaffected. 13On the night of January 20, 1872, there was an uprising among the soldiers in the San Felipe fort, in Cavite, and the commanding officer and other Spanish officers in charge of the fort were assassinated. 14Forty marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillerymen under Sergeant La Madrid took part in this uprising, and it was believe that the entire garrison in Cavite was disaffected and probably implicated. 15But if the few soldiers who precipitated the attack believed they would be supported by the bulk of the army and that a general rebellion against Spain would be declared in the islands, they were deceived. 16When the news of the uprising was received in Manila, General Izquierdo sent the commanding general to Cavite, who reinforced the native troops, took possession of the fort, and put the rebels to the sword. 17Sergeant La Madrid has been blinded and badly burned by the explosion of a sack of powder and, being unable to escape, was also cut down. 18A few of the rebels were captured and taken to Manila and there was no further disturbance of the peace or insubordination of any kind. 19This uprising among the soldiers in Cavite was used as a powerful lever by the Spanish residents and by the friars. 20During the time that General La Torre was chief executive in the Philippine Islands the influential Filipinos did not hesitate to announce their hostility to the religious orders, and the Central Government in Madrid had announced its intention to deprive the friars in these islands all powers of intervention in matters of civil government and of the direction and management of the management of the university. 21Moret, the colonial minister, had drawn up a scheme of reforms by which he proposed to make a radical change in the colonial system of government which was to harmonize with the Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 5  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 6 of 11 principles for which the revolution in Spain had been fought. 22It was due to these facts and promises that the Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of their country, while the friars, on the other hand, feared that their power in the colony would soon be completely a thing of the past. 23The mutiny in Cavite gave the conservative element – that is, those who favored a continuation of the colonial modus vivendi – an opportunity to represent to the Spanish Government that a vast conspiracy was afoot and organized throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying the Spanish sovereignty. 24They stated that the Spanish Government in Madrid was to blame for the propagation of pernicious doctrines and for the hopes that had been held out from Madrid to the Filipino people, and also because of the leanings of ex-Governor La Torre and of other public functionaries who had been sent to the Philippine Islands by the Government that succeeded Queen Isabella. 25The fall of the new rulers in Spain within a few days, as well as other occurrences, seemed to accentuate the claims made by the conservative element in the Philippine Islands regarding the peril which threatened Spanish sovereignty in the islands; it appeared as thought the prophecies were about to be fulfilled. 26The Madrid authorities were not able to combat public opinion in that country; no opportunity was given nor time taken to make a thorough investigation of the real facts or extent of the alleged revolution; the conservative element in the Philippine Islands painted the local condition of affairs in somber tints; and the Madrid Government came to believe, or at least to suspect, that a scheme was being concocted throughout the islands to shake off Spanish sovereignty. 27Consistent with the precedents of their colonial rule, the repressive measures adopted to quell the supposed insurrection were strict and sudden. 28No attempt appears to have been made to ascertain whether or not the innocent suffered with the guilty, and the only end sought appeared to be to inspire terror in the minds of all by making examples of a certain number, so that none in the future should attempt, nor even dream of any attempt at secession. 29Many of the best known Filipinos were denounced to the military authorities, and they, the sons of Spaniards born in the islands and men of mixed blood (Spanish and Chinese), as well as the Indians of pure blood, as the Philippine Malays were called, were persecuted and punished without distinction by the military authorities. 30Those who dared to oppose themselves to the friars were punished with special severity; among others may be mentioned the priests Burgos, a half-blood Spaniard, Zamora, a half-blood Chinaman, and Gomez, a pure-blood Tagalog, who had vigorously opposed the friars in the litigation over the curacies in the various provinces. 31The three priests mentioned were condemned to death by a military court-martial; and Antonio Ma. Regidor, a lawyer and councilman of Manila, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, lawyer and member of the administrative council, P. Mendoza, curate of Santa Cruz, Guevarra, curate of Quiapo, the priests Mariano Sevilla, Feliciano Gomez, Ballesteros, Jose Basa, the lawyers Carillo, Basa, Enriquez, Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno, and many others were sentenced to life Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 6  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 7 of 11 imprisonment on the Marianas Islands. 32The Government thus secured its object of terrorizing the Filipino people, but the punishments meted out were not only unjust but were from every point of view unnecessary, as there had not been the remote intention on the part of anyone to overthrow the Spanish sovereignty. 33On the contrary, the attitude of Moret, Labra, Becerra, and other high officials in the Madrid Government had awakened in the breasts of the Filipinos a lively friendship for the home government, and never had ties which bound the colony to Spain been as close as they were during the short interval between the arrival of General La Torre and the time when General Izquierdo, in the name of the home government, was guilty of the atrocities mentioned above, of which innocent men were made victims. 34A careful study of the history and documents of that time brings to light the part which the religious orders played in that sad drama. 35One of the results of the so-called revolution of Cavite was to strengthen the power of the friars in the Philippine Islands in such manner that the Madrid Government, which up to that time had contemplated reducing the power of the religious orders in these islands, was obliged not only to abandon its intention, but to place a yet greater measure of official influences at the service of the friars, and from that time they were considered as an important factor in the preservation of the Spanish sovereignty in the colony. 36This influence was felt throughout the islands, not only were the friars taken into the confidence of the Government, but the Filipino people looked upon the religious orders as their real masters and as the representatives, powerful and unsparing, of the Spanish Kingdom. 37But there were other results following upon the unfortunate policy adopted by Governor Izquierdo. 38Up to that time there had been no intention of secession from Spain, and the only aspiration of the people was to secure the material and educational advancement of the country. 39The Filipino people had never blamed the Spanish nation for the backward condition in which the islands existed, nor for the injustices committed in the islands by the Spanish officials; but on the contrary it was the custom to lay all the blame for these things on the individual officers guilty of maladministration, and no attempt had been made to investigate whether or not the evils under which the islands suffered were due to fundamental causes. 40The persecutions which began under Governor Izquierdo were based on the false assumption that the Filipino people were desirous of independence, and although this was an unfounded accusation, there were many martyrs to the cause, among whom were found many of the most intelligent and well-to-do people, without distinction of color or race or nationality, who were sentenced to death, to imprisonment, or were expatriated because they were believed to aspire to the independence of these islands. 41The fear which the people felt of the friars and of the punishments meted out by the Government was exceeded only by the admiration which the Filipino people had for those who did not hesitate to stand up for the rights of the country. 42In this manner the persecutions to which the Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 7  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 8 of 11 people were subjected served as a stimulus and an educative force, and from that time the rebellion was nursed in secret and the passive resistance to the abuses of the official power became greater day by day. 43No attempt was made to allay the ill-feeling which existed between the Filipinos and the Spaniards, especially the friars, caused by the mutiny in Cavite and the cruel manner in which the punishment was meted out. 44Many years would have been necessary to heal the wounds felt by the large number of families whose members were made victims of the unjust sentences of the military court-martial. 45Nothing was done by the Government to blot out the recollection of these actions; on the contrary, it appeared to be its policy to continually bring up the memory of these occurrences as a reminder to the malcontents of what they had to expect; but the only thing accomplished was to increase the popular discontent. 46It was from that time that every disagreement between the Spaniards and Filipinos, however trivial, was given a racial or political character; every time a friar was insulted or injured in anyway it was claimed to be an act of hostility to the Spanish nation. Official Report of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite Incident of 1872 Source: Izquierdo, R. in Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary Sources of Philippine History. vol. 7. Metro Manila, Philippines: National Book Store Inc. (pp. 281-286) 1From the summary of information received – that is, from the declaration made before the fiscal – it seems definite that the insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native clergy, by the mestizos and native lawyers, and by those known here as abogadillos. 2Some are residents of Manila, others from Cavite, and some from the nearby provinces. 3The instigators, to carry out their criminal project, protested against the injustice of the government in not paying the provinces for their tobacco crop, and against the usury that some (officials) practise in (handling) documents that the Finance department gives crop owners who have to sell them at a loss. 4They encouraged the rebellion by protesting what they called the injustice of having obliged the workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute starting January 1 (1872) and to render personal service, from which they were formerly exempted. 5To seduce the native troops they resorted to superstitions with which the indios are so prone to believe; persuading them that the rest or the clergy who backed the uprising would celebrate daily for its success. 6Thus, the rebellion could not fail because God was with them; and those who would not revolt they would kill immediately. 7Taking advantage of the ignorance of those classes and the propensity of the Indio to steal, they offered (to those who revolted) the wealth of the Spaniards and of the regular clergy, employment and ranks in the army; and this effect they said that fifteen native battalions would be created, in which the Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 8  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 9 of 11 soldiers who revolted would have jobs as officers and chiefs. 8The lawyers and abogadillos would direct the affairs of government, of the administration and of justice. 9Up to now it has not been clearly determined if they planned to establish a monarchy or a republic, because the Indios have no word in their language to describe this different form of government, whose head in Tagalog would be called hari; but it turns out that they would place at the head of the government a priest; and there were great probabilities – nay, a certainty – that the head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora, parish priests of S. Pedro of Manila. 10All the Spaniards, including the friars, would be executed except for the women; and their belongings confiscated. 11Foreigners would be respected. 12This uprising has roots, and with them were affiliated to a great extent the regiments of infantry and artillery, many civilians and a large number of mestizos, indios and some illustrados from the provinces. 13To start the revolution, they planned to set fire to the district of Tondo. 14Once the fire was set and while the authorities were busy putting it out, the regiment of artillery with the help of the part of infantry would seize Fort Santiago of this Capital (they would then) fire cannons to inform the rebels of Cavite (of their success). 15The rebels in Cavite counted on the artillery detachment that occupied the fort and on the navy helped by 500 natives led by the pardoned leader Camerino. 16This person and his men, located at the town of Bacoor and separated from the fort of San Felipe by a small arm of the sea, would cross the water and reach the fort where they would find arms and ammunition. 17The rebels (in Cavite) made the signals agreed upon by means of lanterns, but the native civilians (in Bacoor) although they tried it, failed because of the vigilance of the (Spanish) navy that had placed there a gunboat and armed vessels. 18Loyalists who went to arrest the parish priest of Bacoor found an abandoned vessel loaded with arms, including carbines and revolvers. 19The uprising should have started in Manila at midnight abetted by those in Cavite, but the rebels of this city went ahead of time. 20The civil-military governor of Cavite and the commanders of Regiment 7 took very timely precautions; they knew how to keep the soldiers loyal (although these had been compromised) and behaved with valor and gallantry, obliging the rebels to take refuge in the fort of San Felipe. 21Such is your Excellency, the plan of the rebels, those who guided them, and the means they counted upon for its realization. 22For a long time now, through confidential information and others of a vaguer character, I have been told that since 1869 – taking advantage of a group that had left behind plans for an uprising, but was not carried out because of the earthquake of 1862 – there existed in Manila a junta or center that sought and found followers; and that as a pretext they had Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 9  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 10 of 11 established a society for the teaching of arts and trades. 23Months ago, I suspended it indirectly, giving an account to Your Excellency in my confidential report No. 113 dated August 1, (1871) to which Your Excellency has not yet replied. 24It has also been said that this center or junta received inspiration from Madrid, where newspapers of advanced ideas flourish; to sustain them subscriptions are (locally) solicited; in effect, newspapers such as El Eco Filipino were sent here from Madrid which were distributed by persons now imprisoned, whose articles thundered against everything that can be found here. 25As in the case of my worthy predecessor, I have continuously received anonymous letters, but because I was confident that I could put down and punish any uprising, I gave no credit (to these reports) in order not to cause alarm; and instead continued a vigilant watch wherever possible within the limited means at my command. 26I had everything ready (for any untoward possibility), taking into account the limited peninsular force which composes the army. Explain Nationalism started to grow and spread from the West to the rest of the world from the 1700s-1800s. Advancements in Science during the Industrial Revolution contributed to the spread of the ideas of nationalism, democracy, and liberalism around the world, which in turn inspired the colonies to aspire for self-determination and progress. The 19th century Philippines saw developments (e.g., trade, social class, education, and secularization of parishes) that paved the way for the growth and development of Filipino nationalism. The decline of the galleon trade paved the way for the creation of a new middle class called Illustrados, who were able to study in Europe. Moreover, the secularization movement continued to grow to call for more rights for the secular priests to head the parishes. Fr. Burgos, Fr. Gomez, and Fr. Zamora were prominent figures of the secularization movement. One of the events that sparked Filipino nationalism was the Cavite Incident of 1872, which took place on January 20, 1872. Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo removed the privileges of the native soldiers, e.g., their exemption from paying taxes (tributes) and forced labor. This historical event led to the execution of the three priests, namely: Fr. Jose Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez, and Fr. Jacinto Zamora, and others, as well as the deportation of some prominent Filipinos. Later, Jose Rizal dedicated his El Filibusterismo to the three priests. For more information about the Cavite Incident of 1872 and Fr. Jose Burgos, you are highly encouraged to watch the following videos: Links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CwmcUCwuv8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSegelwITdY Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 10  COURSE LEARNING PACKETS TEMPLATE Document Code FM-STL-014 Saint Louis University Revision No. 01 School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts Effectivity August 15, 2022 Page 11 of 11 Elaborate Based on the readings, elaborate your answers to the following questions: 1. Why are there different perspectives or views on the Cavite Incident of 1872? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. The Cavite Incident of 1872 was said to have fostered nationalism among Filipinos. Elaborate how this could be so. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ References Izquierdo, R. in Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary Sources of Philippine History. vol. 7. Metro Manila, Philippines: National Book Store Inc. (pp. 281-286) Pardo de Tavera, T. H. in Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary Sources of Philippine History. vol. 7. Metro Manila, Philippines: National Book Store Inc. (pp. 274-280) Three Martyred Priests. (2022). [Image]. https://nhcp.gov.ph/visualizing-the-gomburza/ Vidal, J. M. in Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (1990). Documentary Sources of Philippine History. vol. 7. Metro Manila, Philippines: National Book Store Inc. (pp. 269-273) Xiao Chua. (2020, June 4). Xiao Time: Ang pag-aaklas sa Cavite (Cavite Mutiny) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CwmcUCwuv8 Xiao Chua. (2020b, June 4). Xiao Time: Padre Jose Burgos, isa sa tatlong paring martir [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSegelwITdY Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 11