Cavite Mutiny PDF - Readings in Philippine History

Readings in Philippine History  Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine History The Cavite Mutiny Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to 1. examine the basis of the different version of account about the Cavite Mutiny; 2. interpret historical event...

Readings in Philippine History  Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine History The Cavite Mutiny Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to 1. examine the basis of the different version of account about the Cavite Mutiny; 2. interpret historical events using primary sources, and; 3. appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of employing critical tools in interpreting historical events through primary sources TWO MAJOR EVENTS in 1872 Cavite Mutiny Martrydom of GOMBURZA  CAVITE MUTINY A rebellion against authority. Comes from an old verb, “mutine” which means “revolt”  CAVITE MUTINY Uprising of military personnel of FORT SAN FELIPE (the arsenal in Cavite, Philippines) on January 20, 1872 Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants. MARTYRDOM OF THREE PRIEST GOMBURZA Collective name of the three martyred priests Tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite Mutiny GOMBURZA Mariano Gomez Jose Burgos Jacinto Zamora GOMBURZA They were prominent Filipino priests charged with treason and sedition. The Spanish clergy connected the priests to the mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the movement of secular priests who desired to have their own parishes instead of being assistants to the regular friars.  SPANISH FILIPINO ACCOUNTS ACCOUNT  SPANISH ACCOUNTS JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL Spanish historian Centered on how the event was an attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government in the Philippines Criticized as woefully biased An Excerpt from Montero’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny “… The idea of attaining their independence. It was towards this goal that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of the native clergy…” GOVERNOR RAFAEL IZQUIERDO Implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement toward secularization of parishes He highlighted the attempt to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new “hari” in the person of Father Burgos and Zamora According to Izquierdo “Native clergy attracted supporters by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight would not fail because they had God’s support, aside from promises of lofty rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army”.  “…It has not been clearly determined if An Excerpt from they planned to establish a monarchy or The Official republic. Because the indios have no Report of Gov. word in their language to describe this form of government…” Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny “… whose head in Filipino would be called Hari, but it turns out that they would place at the head of the government a priest… that the head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora…” SPANISH ACCOUNTS Reason for the “revolution”: Abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite Arsenal – exemption from payment of tribute and being employed in polo y servicios. Exemption from the tribute TAXATION TRIBUTE (TRIBUTO) A sign of Filipino’s loyalty to the king of the Spain Those who paid tribute were individuals between 16 to 60 years old 1571 – 1884 = 8 reales (P1.00) per year Gold, chickens, tex tile, cotton and rice Exemption from the tribute TAXATION CEDULA (Personal Identification Paper) 1884, Tribute was nullified and replaced by CEDULA A certificate identifying the taxpayer Exemption from the tribute TAXATION DIEZMOS PREDIALES or TITHES A tax consisting 1/10 of the produce of one’s land Exemption from forced labor POLO Y SERVICIOS All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years of age were required to give their free labor, called polo , to the government. For 40 days a year – reduced to 15 days in 1884 Exemption from forced labor To be exempted: Pay FALLA = 1 ½ REALS They are supposed to be paid ¼ reales The workers were called POLISTAS. Obligated to do: Construction of buildings and churches Cutting trees to make logs SPANISH ACCOUNTS Reason for the “revolution”: Presence of the native clergy against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels.  In the Spaniard’s Account 1872 was premeditated, a part of a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers and residents of Manila and Cavite. They allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers then kill friars  The accounts detail than on JANUARY 20, 1872 The district of Sampaloc celebrated the Feast of the Virgin Loreto. Came with it were some fireworks display. The Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence with the attack. SPANISH ACCOUNTS 200 men was led by Sergeant La Madrid attacked the Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal. Izquierdo, upon learning the attack, ordered reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt The revolution was easily crushed, when Manilenos who were expected to aid the Cavitenos did not arrive.  ON FEBRUARY 17, 1872 The GOMBURZA were executed by garrote in public to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again. This scene was witnessed by a young Jose Rizal  FILIPINO ACCOUNTS DR. TRINIDAD HERMENEGILDO PARDO DE TAVERA A Filipino scholar and researcher Wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite According to Pardo De Tavera “The incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of Izquierdo (abolition of privileges and prohibition of the founding of the school of arts and trades”. THE CENTRAL SPANISH GOVERNMENT was planning to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil government and direction and management of educational institutions An Excerpt from Pardo De Tavera’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny “… Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of their country…” “…The friars feared that their power in the colony would soon be a complete thing of the past.” As a result Leaders of the plot were killed. Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were tried by a court- martial and sentenced to be executed. Others that were implicated JOAQUIN PARDO ANTONIO MA. JOSE BASA PIO BASA DE TAVERA REGIDOR EDMUND PLAUCHUT A French writer Complemented Tavera’s account and analyzed the motivation of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny An Excerpt from Plauchut’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny “…The arrival in Manila of Gen. Izquierdo put a sudden end to all dreams of reforms …such a policy must really end in a strong desire on the part of the other to repress cruelly…”  SPANISH FILIPINO ACCOUNTS ACCOUNT DIFFERING ACCOUNTS Friars used Cavite Mutiny as a part of a larger conspiracy to cement their dominance. They showcased the mutiny as part of a greater conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to overthrow the Spanish government. Unintentionally, it resulted in the martyrdom of Gomburza Paved way to the revolution culminating in 1898 The Cavite Mutiny