Science, Technology & Society Past Paper PDF 2027

Southern Luzon State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BATCH 2027 Science, Technology, and Society GEC08 - FINALS BSCPE I - GF | 1st SEMESTER | SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY o It...

Southern Luzon State University COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BATCH 2027 Science, Technology, and Society GEC08 - FINALS BSCPE I - GF | 1st SEMESTER | SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY o It remained part of the Roman Republic and Empire and then part of Rome’s COURSE OUTLINE successor state, the Byzantine Empire, until its conquest by Arab Muslim armies in AD I. ANCIENT EGYPT 639–642. 1. Geographic Location  Egypt was called "The Gift of the Nile" by Herodotus, 2. Economy and Currency a Greek historian. 3. Prospecitivity  Without the Nile the area would be entirely desert 4. Language and Religions River Nile flooded every year during month of July 5. Ancient Egyptian Farming and left rich soil. a. Farmers o This rich soil was ideal for planting crops. b. Crops  Egypt has a population of over 84 million with the c. Place vast majority of Egyptians living in 40,000 square d. Season kilometres (less than 4% of the total land area) along e. Farming Tools the banks of the River Nile, where the only arable land f. Farming Technology is found. g. Technique  The vast majority of the remaining land is made up h. Animals of sparsely inhabited, arid desert. 6. Ancient Egyptian Medicine  Egypt's capital is Cairo, in the north of the country, a. Medical Tools which has a population of approximately 12 million. b. Surgery  Alexandria is the second largest city, with a 7. Egyptian Mathematics Numbers population of over 4 million. a. Hieroglyphic Numbers  Egypt is one of the oldest civilizations of the world, 8. Ancient Egyptian Inventions established over 5,000 years ago. a. The Ox-drawn Plough  Based around the River Nile, whose annual flood was b. The Sickle central to the country's prosperity, various c. Irrigation civilizations flourished. d. Shadoof  The Pharaohs reigned intermediately both in e. Surgical Instruments Memphis in the north and Thebes in the south, f. Wigs bringing a culture that has continued to fascinate and g. Cosmetic Makeup inspire people the world over with features such as the: h. Toothpaste o Pyramids i. Papyrus o Hieroglyphics j. Black Ink o Numerous awe inspiring temples and k. Mummification artefacts.  Evidence of the Pharaohs and the Romans still REFERENCE exists at the Sukari Gold Mine today, as well as the Module and PPT remains of the British Mine Manager's house from relatively recent times (the 1950s). ANCIENT EGYPT GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION  A country located in the northeastern corner of  Located in Northeastern Africa Africa. o Libya to the West  Egypt’s heartland, the Nile River valley and delta, o Israel Northeast was the home of one of the principal civilizations of o Sudan South the ancient Middle East and, like Mesopotamia farther east, was the site of one of the world’s Four Geographic Zones earliest urban and literate societies.  Pharaonic Egypt thrived for some 3,000 years through a series of native dynasties that were interspersed with brief periods of foreign rule.  After Alexander the Great conquered the region in Nile Delta 323 BC, urban Egypt became an integral part of the Hellenistic (The period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander Sinai Peninsula the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Nile Valley Empire), world.  Under the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty, an advanced literate society thrived in the city of Alexandria, but Eastern Desert what is now Egypt was conquered by the Romans in Western Desert 30 BC.  jtmh Nile Delta  Flat, low-lying plain that forms near the mouth of the river from deposits of sediments. Western Desert  Make up the eastern part of Sahara Desert  Located hundreds of kilometers from the Nile River; valuable asset for the ancient Egyptians due to large oases o Siwa o Bahriyya o Farafra o Dakhleh o Kharga Eastern Desert  Also called “Arabian Desert”  Region to the east of Nile River  Lies between the Nile Valley and Red Sea o Red Sea – much denser, saltier Nile Valley ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FARMING  Inlcudes not just the river, but the surrounding banks  The people of ancient Egypt grew everything they and low lands that benefit from the river flooding. needed to eat.  Currently home to over 250 million people that depend on the resources of the Nile River for survival. Who were the farmers in Ancient Egypt?  Egyptians depend on the resources of the Nile River  The pharaoh got the rich peasants to do the farm for survival work on the rich lands.  Most villagers were farmers. The Nile River  Farmers lived in towns too, along with craft  It’s the longest river on Earth. workers, traders and other workers and their  Flowed from the south northward and was in flood at families. the warmest time of the year.  Provided ancient Egypt with fertile soil and water for What crops did the Egyptian Farmers grow? irrigation.  Egyptians grew crops such as:  A means of transporting materials for building projects o wheat o barley ECONOMY AND CURRENCY o vegetables  The Egyptian economy is one of the largest in the o figs Arab. o melons  The largest sectors are o pomegranates o natural resources o vines o agriculture  They also grew flax which was made into linen. o tourism  The most important crop was grain. o industry o The ancient Egyptians used grain to make  The Egyptian currency is the Egyptian Pound. bread, porridge and beer. o Grain was the first crop they grew after PROSPECTIVITY inundation (flooding season).  Egypt is situated on the Arabian-Nubian Shield and o Once the grain was harvested, they grew rich gold deposits are found throughout this region. vegetables such as:  Sukari is the only gold mine in Egypt.  Onions o However other companies have  Leeks established mines in other parts of the  Cabbages Arabian-Nubian Shield, such as  Beans  Eritrea  Cucumbers  Ethiopia  Lettuce  Saudi Arabia  Farmers planted fruit trees and vines along paths, to give shade as well as fruit. LANGUAGES AND RELIGION  Polytheistic (believed in many gods) Where did the farmers grow their crops? o 2000 Gods  The Egyptians grew their crops along the banks of  Built huge temples to honor gods the River Nile on the rich black soil, or kemet which  Believed in afterlife was left behind after the yearly floods.  It is estimated that over 90% of Egypt's population  The fertile soil was ideal to grow healthy crops. are Muslim (mostly Sunni) o with the remaining population being SEASONS predominantly Coptic Christian.  Egyptian farmers divided their year into three  Arabic is the official language of Egypt, although seasons, based on the cycles of the Nile River: English is widely understood. 2 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Finals  jtmh Akhet, The inundation (June-September): The Flooding Season What animals did the Egyptian farmers have?  No farming was done at this time, as all the fields  Animals were very important to Egyptian farmers. were flooded.  Animals helped them with jobs:  Instead, many farmers worked for the pharaoh o like trampling in the seeds (king), building pyramids or temples. o pulling the plough  Some of the time was spent mending their tools and o eating unwanted grain or wheat looking after animals. o providing the Egyptians with food and drink  Repairing farming tools  They kept animals such as:  Hunting animals for food o Cattle o Goats Peret (October-February): The Growing Season o Pigs  In October the floodwaters receded, leaving behind o Ducks a layer of rich, black soil. o Cows o This fertile soil was then ploughed and o Geese seeded. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MEDICINE Shemu (March-May): The Harvesting Season  Some of the earliest records of medical care come  The fully grown crops had to be cut down from ancient Egypt. (harvested) and removed before the Nile flooded  The ancient Egyptians believed in prayer as a again. solution to health problems, but they also had  It was also the time to repair the canals ready for the natural, or practical remedies such as herbs. next flood.  The ancient Egyptians thought that gods, demons, and spirits played a key role in causing diseases. What farming tools did they have in Ancient Egypt? o Doctors believed that spirits blocked channels in the body and that this affected  Ancient Egyptians had simple farming tools such as: the way the body worked. o winnowing scoops o They looked for ways to unblock these o hoes channels. o rakes o They used a combination of o flint-bladed sickles  prayer o ploughs  natural or non-spiritual remedies.  The fact that ancient Egyptians had systems of letters FARMING TECHNOLOGY and numbers meant they were able to record and  Hoe - Used for breaking up the ground prior to and develop ideas and make calculations. after sowing, weeding or digging earthworks for  Documented ancient Egyptian medical literature is irrigation among the oldest in existence today.  Sickles – Made from flint and wood to reap grain  Plough (Plow) – a hook-shaped tool that is made of Medical Tools wood and only serve to open ground  Pitchfork – bind up the stalks of cereal crops and take them to be threshed  Sieve – used for separating grains Technique  Basin Irrigation o A form of water management o Allowed the Egyptians to control the rise and fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs  Irrigation tool o Shaduf (Shadoof) - Used to reserve water to keep the farmland wet. o Hand-operated device for lifting water How did they lift water from canals on to the land?  To lift the water from the canal they used a shaduf.  A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other.  By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the canal.  The farmer then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight.  He then swung the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the Surgery Shaduf (shadoof)  Egyptian physicians underwent training and could  It is a machine to move water from a lower place to successfully fix broken bones and dislocated joints. a higher place. 3 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Finals  jtmh  Basic surgery  The conventions for reading and writing numbers is o meaning procedures close to the surface quite simple; of the skin or on the skin o the higher number is always written in o was a common skill, and doctors knew how front of the lower number to stitch wounds effectively. o where there is more than one row of  They used bandages and would bind certain plant numbers the reader should start at the top. products, such as willow leaves, into the bandages to treat inflammation.  However, they did not perform surgery deep inside the body, probably because there were no anesthetics or antiseptics.  Circumcision of baby boys was common practice. o It is hard to tell whether female circumcision existed. o There is one mention, but this may be a mistranslation. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN INVENTIONS The Ox-drawn Plough  Using the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionised agriculture and modified versions of this Egyptian invention are still used by farmers in developing countries around the world. The Sickle  The sickle is a curved blade used for cutting and harvesting grain, such as wheat and barley. A picture consisting of medical knives, cupping cups, Irrigation spatula and forceps.  The Egyptians constructed canals and irrigation ditches to harness Nile river’s yearly flood and bring water to distant fields. Shadoof  The Shadoof is a long balancing pole with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other.  The bucket is filled with water and easily raised then emptied onto higher ground. Surgical Instruments  Egyptians invented medical surgery.  It describes 48 surgical cases of injures of the head, Used in mummification neck, shoulders, breast and chest.  It includes a list of instruments used during surgeries EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS NUMBERS with instructions for the suturing of wounds using Hieroglyphic Numbers a needle and thread.  The Egyptians had a decimal system using seven  This list includes: different symbols. o Lint o 1 is shown by a single stroke. o Swabs o 10 is shown by a drawing of a hobble for o Bandage cattle. o adhesive plaster o 100 is represented by a coil of rope. o surgical stitches o 1,000 a drawing of a lotus plant. o cauterization o 10,000 is represented by a finger.  It is also the earliest document to make a study of o 100,000 a tadpole or frog the brain. o 1,000,000 figure of a god with arms raised  The Cairo Museum has a collection of surgical above his head. instruments which include: o Scalpels o Scissors o copper needles o forceps o spoons o lancets o hooks o probes o pincers 4 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Finals  jtmh Wigs  The Egyptians were so expert at preserving the  During the hot summers many Egyptians shaved bodies of the dead that after thousands of years we their heads to keep them clean and prevent pests know of the diseases they suffered such as: such as lice. o Arthritis  Although priests remained bald as part of their o tuberculosis of the bone purification rituals, those that could afford it had o gout wigs made in various styles and set with perfumed o tooth decay beeswax. o bladder o stones Cosmetic Makeup o gallstones  The Egyptian invented eye makeup as far back as o there is evidence, too, of the disease 4000 B.C. bilharziasis (schistosomiasis), caused by small, parasitic flatworms, which still exists  They combined soot with a lead mineral called in Egypt today. galena to create a black ointment known as kohl.  There seems to have been no syphilis or rickets.  They also made green eye makeup by combining malachite with galena to tint the ointment. Mummification Process  Both men and women wore eye makup; 1. Announcement of Death o believing it could cure eye diseases and 2. Embalming the Body keep them from falling victim to the evil 3. Removal of Brain eye. 4. Removal of Internal Organs 5. Drying Out Process Toothpaste 6. Wrapping of the Body  At the 2003 dental conference in Vienna, dentists 7. Final Procession sampled a replication of ancient Egyptian toothpaste. Step 1: The Announcement of Death  Its ingredients included powdered of:  This first step was to let the people know that someone o ox hooves had died. o ashes  A messenger was sent out to the streets to announce o burnt eggshells the death. o pumice  This allowed people to get themselves ready for  Another toothpaste recipe and a how-to-brush guide mourning period and ceremony. was written on a papyrus from the fourth century AD describes how to mix precise amounts of: Step 2: Embalming the Body o rock salt o mint,  The second step was taking the body to be o dried iris flower embalmed. o grains of pepper, to form a “powder for white  The embalmers were located in special tents or and perfect teeth.” buildings.  These buildings were called embalming Papyrus workshops, and were maintained by teams of  Papyrus was a plant and the plant was able to help priests. them to make wood to build ships, but it also was  Oftentimes during the embalming, the priests would used to make paper. have to step outside to get away from the horrible  The Egyptians would use the paper to write things smell. such as religious ideas and books. Step 3: Removal of the Brain Black Ink  The first part of the body to be removed was the  The ancient Egyptians use a mixture of bee wax, brain. soot and vegetable gum to make black ink.  Egyptians did not know the purpose of the brain, so they thought it was a waste of space.  To extract the brain, a hook was inserted through Mummification the nose.  It is the process of embalming or preserving dead  The embalmers pulled out as much as they could, then bodies to prepare the person for the afterlife. put it in water to dissolve.  Afterlife was the central part of the Egyptians’  Some people think the water was then thrown out, but religious belief. others think it was taken with the mummy to the burial chamber.  The process took at least 70 days.  In the process, all moisture from the body is Step 4: Removal of Internal Organs removed, leaving only a dried form that would not easily decay.  Next to be removed were the internal organs: the  Special priests worked as embalmers, treating and liver, the lungs, the stomach, and the intestines. wrapping the body.  A small slit was made on the left side of the abdomen, o Knows the correct rituals and prayers to and then the embalmers reached in and pulled out the be performed at various stages organs. o Have detailed knowledge in human  Each of the organs was individually mummified, then anatomy stored in little coffins called canopic jars. 5 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Finals  jtmh  There were four canopic jars, one for each of the  Egyptians believed that these charms had magical organs. properties that would protect and bring luck to the  body.  The four sons of Horus protected these jars.  The Eye of Horus, the symbol of protection, was used often.  The wrapping process would be stopped every once in a while so that the priests could say certain prayers and write on the linen.  A final shroud was placed on the mummy to keep all the wrappings together.  Mummia was added to the shroud to "glue" it all together. (That's where the word "mummy" comes from.)  Sometimes false eyes were inserted and make-up applied.  Then a painted portrait mask was placed over the  Qebehsenuef mummy's head so that dead person's soul (Ka) could o Falcon head recognize its owner. o 4th son of Horus (God of the Sky)  The mummy was then placed into a painted, o Protect the intestines decorated in a sarcophagus (a type of box like a  Imsety coffin). o Human head o 1st son of Horus (God of the Sky) Step 7: The Final Procession o Protect the liver  The last step of mummification was the final  Hapy (Hapi) procession. o Baboon head  The final procession was where the family and o 2nd son of Horus (God of the Sky) friends of the deceased walked through the town o Protect the lungs on their way to the burial place.  Duamutef  Mourners were paid to cry so that the gods of the other o Jackal head world would see that the person was well loved. o 3rd son of Horus (God of the Sky)  The more people who cried, the more he was loved, o Protect the stomach and the better chance he had of going to the after world.  Once the internal organs were removed, the inside  Before the mummy was taken inside the tomb, a of the body was washed out with wines, spices, ceremony called the "Opening of the Mouth" took palm oil, lotions, and preserving fluids. place.  Next the body was stuffed with linen, straw, or other packing material to keep the general shape of the PADAYON! FUTURE ENGINEERS person.  Sometimes the embalmers were careless and either stuffed too much or too little.  This caused the mummy to look puffy or disfigured. Step 5: The Drying Out Process  The body was placed on a slab and covered with either nacron or natron salt.  The slab was tilted so that the water would run off into a basin.  This removed moisture and prevented rotting.  The body was taken outside and let dry for about forty days.  After the body was completely dried out, the wrapping of the body began. Step 6: Wrapping of the Body  Wrapping the body was a painstaking process.  After 70 days, the body was wrapped from head to toe in bandages  The body was anointed with oils, and a gold piece with the Eye of Horus was placed over the slit in the abdomen.  Hundreds of yards of linen were used to wrap the body, and each toe and finger was wrapped separately.  Charms, amulets, and inscribed pieces of papyrus were placed between each layer of bandage.  Prayers and magical words and written in linen strips. 6 I GEC08 - 1st SEMESTER | Finals