Science and Technology in Prehistoric and Ancient Times PDF

LESSON 1 Evidence of Science and Technology during Pre- Historic Times  DISCUSSION Early humans attempted to understand the world, they were curious about their nature. They observed and started to record patterns, cycles and repetitions of what was happening in their env...

LESSON 1 Evidence of Science and Technology during Pre- Historic Times  DISCUSSION Early humans attempted to understand the world, they were curious about their nature. They observed and started to record patterns, cycles and repetitions of what was happening in their environment and started to look for an answer. With their experience they were able to analyze and organize information and learn which led to the understanding of science.  A. The Dawn of the First Civilizations Ancient humans were able to discover and invent tools and methods as science developed and progressed. With the availability of new scientific instruments and techniques, archeology excavation has provided us with data and evidences.  A. The Dawn of the First Civilizations People then discovered, learned and developed science and technology as the consequence of their search for food, and other survival needs, for practical reasons and even curiosity.  Discovery of mud plaster that led to pottery and mud bricks houses; first known pottery was in Japan around 10,000 B.C.  B. Evidence of Science and Technology during Pre-Historic Times (3000-5000 B.C) Man’s achievements in science can be categorized as: Discovery Invention Stone Age 3.4 million years ago Divided into three separate periods (based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools): Paleolithic Period (Early) Mesolithic Period (Middle) Neolithic Period (New)  B. Evidence of Science and Technology during Pre-Historic Times (3000-5000 B.C) Four Fundamental Traditions Developed by the Paleolithic Ancestors: 1. Pebble-tool traditions 2. Bi-facial tool or hand-axed traditions 3. Flake-tool traditions 4. Blade-tool traditions Stone tools were made from a variety of stones: Flint and chart- shaped or chipped for use as cutting tools, flakes, blades and weapons. Flaking- produces a wide range of special tools that was used for cutting, chopping, scraping, and sawing.  B. Evidence of Science and Technology during Pre-Historic Times (3000-5000 B.C) The Early Stone Age Includes most basic stone toolkits made by early humans Oldowan toolkit - oldest stone tools that consists of hammer stones that show battering on their surfaces Thought to be the product of Homo habilis Studies indicate that the oldest Oldowan tools were by Australopithecus afarensis about 3.4 million years ago Were so simple they were sometimes difficult to distinguish from naturally created objects and would produce only 3 inches of cutting edges from a pound of flint. OLDOWAN TOOLS Acheulan toolkit - characteristics of these kind of toolkit includes handaxes that are cutting tools as well as other kinds of ‘’large cutting tools” Acheulean stone tools were named after the site of St. Acheul on the Somme River in France where artifacts from this tradition were first discovered in 1847 were often bifacial and could produce 12 inches of During middle Paleolithic time, the pace of innovation in stone technology began to accelerate. Prepared core technique - one of the main innovations that was applied in which a core was carefully flaked on one side so that a flake of predetermined size and shape could be produced in a single blow. Middle Stone Age Toolkits included points, which could be hafted on the shafts to make spears, stone awls have been used to perforate hides and scrapers important inventions such as needles and thread, skin clothing, the harpoon, spear thrower and special fishing equipment appeared Neolithic Period was characterized primarily by herding societies, as well as bronze smelting, adoption of agriculture, the shift from food gathering to food producing, development of pottery using sediments and clay. Bronze Age 3000 BC- 1200 BC is the second principal period of the three age Stone-Bronze-Iron system and generally followed Neolithic period marked with the beginning of mining and metallurgy denotes the first period in which bronze was used man began smelting copper and alloying with tin or arsenic to make bronze tools and weapons a time of extensive use of metals and developing trade networks Iron Age 500 BC- 332 BC period of time in prehistory when the dominant tool making material was iron characterized by the production of tools and weaponry using ferrous metallurgy Meteoric iron has been used since 3200 BC Iron made life a lot easier in those days  Did you know? Fire was the most important discovery and invention made by man in the Paleolithic Era.  LESSON 2 Evidences of Science and Technology during Ancient Times (3500 B.C.-1200 in the Old World  I. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (SUMER, MESOPOTAMIA (IRAQ)) Located at the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq & Kuwait) World’s earliest known civilization Established in the region about 3600 BC  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT a. CUNEIFORM 1st writing system Set of word pictures depicted in symbols(3100BC)  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT b. SUMERIAN CLAY TABLET Contains Sumerian historical information and culture Began as record keeping for trade and evolved into the use of symbols for writing down laws and stories  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT c. CONCEPT OF WHEELS Invented shortly after 3500 BC (potter’s wheel) Flat disk made of hardened clay The Sumerians simply turn this clay-splattered wheel on it’s end and hook it to a wagon to move heavy objects  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT d. SAILBOAT invented by Ancient Mesopotamia Since Mesopotamia was situated between Euphrates and Tigris, they needed water transportation.  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT e. The Sumerians were the 1st astronomers mapping the movement of stars, planets and moons into sets of constellations and was recognized by the ancient Greeks f. Sumerians were also recognized for building the foundation of logic, mathematics, engineering , architecture, agriculture, transportation and medicine  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT g. SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM Counting units of 60 which served as the basis of 360 degree and the 60 minute hour. h. Developed systemized technique of farming; seed plow and irrigation i. Wool from sheep made into textiles, mastered the arts of bleaching and dyeing  II. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Was the ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates river. Babylon was the capital, served as commercial and religious center  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT a. HAMMURABI (1792-1750) First leader of the old Babylonian empire Promulgated the famous law code Law code – served as the rule and standard  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT b. Nebuchadnezzar II Neo Babylonian emperor who ordered the construction of the famous “ Hanging gardens of babylons” and Isthar Gate Contributed to the development of science and technology such as irrigation system canals Adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system  III. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Location: Egypt is located in Northeastern Africa. Along the Nile River, approximately 5,000 BCE Location: Egypt is located in Northeastern Africa. Along the Nile River, approximately 5,000 BCE  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Animal Hunters Farming  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Ancient Egyptian learned to heat metals and made weapons and utensils. First is to make glass, jars and glass beads.  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Egyptian wrote using ink and brushes made up of papyrus reeds.  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Knowledge of anatomy and medicinal plant.  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Calendar made by the Egyptians. It has 29 days and ½ days that later on have 365 days. They also created a calendar that is based on astronomy.  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Engaged in pottery Cooking Housing  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Great sphinx Giza necropolis Ruins of Memphis  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Egyptians are also engaged in ship buildings; construction of canals, dikes and ditches with outlet system; cooking; breeding of animals; and beauty products. Breeding SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Beauty Products SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Ditches with outlets  IV. CRETAN (MINOAN CIVILIZATION) Location: arose on the island of Crete and other Aegan islands such as Satorini and flourished from approximately 2600 to 1400 BC. Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization ruled by King Minos Knossos  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT The Minoans were primarily a mercantile people engaged in overseas trade. Trading  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Crete was exported of wine, dile and jewelry. Built the first major navy ship for trading 1st navy ship  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Skilled carvers. Has knowledge of mathematics, engineering, and architecture. Constructed drainage system, public halls, courtyards and religious shrines. Snake goddess  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Also did agriculture (Polyculture) and breeding Drainage Polyculture  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Around 1600, BC, was shaken by a violent earthquake. Followed by Theran eruption. 50 years later, the civilization was wiped out. Thera Earthquake Effect  DID YOU KNOW? Clay Tablets Cuneiform characters imprinted y reed pen. Egypt is located in Northeastern Africa.  Obelisk Originally called “tekheru”. A tall, four sided, narrow tapering momument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top.  Sundial Shadow clock in 1000-1500 BC. Tells times by casting shadow by reflected by the sun  Thanks Do you have any questions? CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik.