Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology PDF

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATION GROUP 1 CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION I. Science, Technology, and Society (STS) explores how science, politics, and culture shape scientific research and technological innovation,...

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATION GROUP 1 CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION I. Science, Technology, and Society (STS) explores how science, politics, and culture shape scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics, and culture. It examines the conditions under which scientific knowledge and technologies are produced, distributed, and used, and their broader societal impacts. An antecedent is a precursor to the evolution of science and technology. Historical developments in science during the ancient, medieval, and modern periods influenced the advanced innovations we see today. II. IN THE WORLD: ANCIENT, MIDDLE, AND MODERN AGES ANCIENT TIME - ancient history covers the period 3000 B.C - 500 A.D. MIDDLE AGES - began around 476 A.D, may span roughly 1,000 years ending between 1400 and 1450 MODERN AGES - also referred to as modernity. is the post- medieval area beginning in 1500 to the present. a wide span of time marked in part by technological innovations, urbanization, scientific discoveries, and globalization.  THE FIRST INKLINGS OF SCIENCE (FROM 1. ANCIENT EGYPTIANS TIMES - Some of theTO 606 earliest B.C)from history indicate that records 3,000 years before Christ, the ancient Egyptians already had reasonably sophisticated medical practices. IMHOTEP - was renowned for his knowledge of medicine, on around 2650 B.C. Egyptian medicine was trial and error. Egyptian medicine was considered advanced as compared with other ancient nations because of one of the early inventions of Egyptian civilization - the papyrus. PAPYRUS - is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed that grows in the marshy areas around the Nile River. 2. MESOPOTAMIANS - Mesopotamians were making pottery using the first known potter's wheel. not long after, horse-drawn chariots were being used. 3. CHINESE - As early as 1,000 years B.C., the Chinese were using compasses to aid themselves in their travels.  THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600 BC TO 500 AD) As far as historians can tell, the first true scientist were the Ancient Greeks. Thales Studied celestial movements, unified theory, predicted solar eclipse, moon between Earth and Sun, a remarkable achievement Anaximander, an Early biologist, proposed life originated from the sea, fish as the first life forms, foreshadowed evolutionary concepts, a precursor to Darwin's theories Leucippus, Greek philosopher, developed atomic theory, a matter made of indivisible particles, the foundational concept for later scientific advancements. THREE NOVEL GREEK SCIENTISTS WERE RECOGNIZED Aristotle Aristotle, the father of life sciences, contributed to philosophy, mathematics, logic, and physics. First to classify animals and plants, though some ideas, like spontaneous generation, were inaccurate Archimedes He was a scientist who demonstrated the close link between science and mathematics, best known for his work on fluids. He was the first to explain how objects float or sink in liquids. Ptolemy studied the heavens, one of the first to describe planets and stars. The proposed geocentric system assumes Earth as the center of the universe, with planets and stars orbiting around it. Later proven incorrect.  THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE STALLS FOR A WHILE - ( 500 A.D The Roman Empire, TO 1000 of disapproved A.Dscience, ) focusing on productivity-increasing inventions, which hindered true scientific inquiry. - Alchemy, with alchemists attempting to turn lead into gold through trial and error, lacking scientific understanding. - During the Dark Ages, slowed scientific progress was due to the Empire's disdain for science, a focus on inventions, and a crumbling government. - During this time, Arabs and Chinese conducted significant astronomical observations, including a guest star in 1054 A.D., not recorded by Greek scientists. ROBERT GROSSETTESTE He was a bishop in the Roman Catholic in the early 1200s A.D He proposed the idea that the secrets of the natural world could be leared by discovering the laws that God had set in motion. He wanted to explain why things happened the way they did. HE WAS THE FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD , because he was the first to thoroughly use and explain THE RENAISSANCE THE GOLDEN AGE OF SCIENCE (1500 A.D TO 1600 A.D) Time Period: Renaissance Golden Age (14th to 17th century) Characteristics: Cultural and intellectual revival in Europe Influence: Renewed interest in Ancient Greece and Rome Achievements: Significant advancements in art, literature, science, and philosophy Notable Figures: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, William Shakespeare Impact: Greatly influenced modern Western thought and culture  THE RENAISSANCE THE GOLDEN AGE OF SCIENCE (1500 A.D -TO NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 1600 A.D) Copernicus criticized Ptolemy's universe view, positing the sun at its center and planets orbiting it, forming the heliocentric system or Copernican System. ANDREAS VESALIUS - In 1543, he published a detailed book detailing the human body, including organs like muscles and bones, which influenced medicine teaching methods. BLAIZE PASCA - He extensively researched air and liquids, demonstrating that the air we breathe exerts pressure on everything, now known as atmospheric pressure, and  ERA OF NEWTON ( 1660 A.D TO 1735 A.D) Newton wrote most of his revolutionary work in three volume – The Principia The First Volume - laid down his three laws of motion, The Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration and Law of Interaction (refer to the posted image below the Three Laws of Motion The Second Volume of the Principia - Newton built on the work of Pascual and added many details to the understanding of the motion of fluid The Third volume - Laid down his universal law of gravitation  Newton showed that gravity causes objects to fall to Earth and keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. He developed precise mathematical equations that are still accurate today. WTON’S 1ST LAW OF MOTION (OBJECT IN MOTION STA IN MOTION) The first law also called as Law of Inertia states that a object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless compelled to change the state by an external force. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW The second law of motion states that if a net force acts on an object , it will cause acceleration of the object, the law addresses the cause and effect relationship between force and motion. F=ma The Third Law of motion states that when two bodies attract , they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction also known as the law of action and reaction ROBERT BOYLE The founder of modern chemistry contemporary of Newton He did many experiments with gas , like Boyle’s Law ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK The Father of microscopy, invented the First microscope where he was able to examine the different microorganisms THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ( 1735 A.D-1820 A.D) Age of Enlightenment Intellectual movement developed mainly in France, Britain, and Germany Advocated freedom, democracy, and reason Focused on increasing effi ciency in transportation, communication, and production Industrialization posed risks to human health, food safety, and the environment Encouraged critical analysis of previous scientists' works Led to inventions that reduced hours of manual labor to minutes, marking a significant historical period THE BIRTH OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS CAROLUS LINNAEUS His works on classification marked the beginning of the Enlightenment because it revolutionized the study of living things. The basic classification scheme proposed by Linnaeus is still used today the scientific name consists of genus and species Carolus Linnaeus = Father of Modern Classification “The Binomial System The Scientific Name: genus and species Man scientific name : Homo sapiens Homo is the genus, sapiens wise ANTOINE LAVOISER The father of modern chemistry, he was the instrument of renaming oxygen, the gas which combine with fuel to form combustion. He was the first to analyze chemical reactions in a systematic way, and he was the first to realize that matter cannot be destroyed or created, can be transformed to another form. This is known as the law of Mass Conservation. He was also the first to properly explain combustion which is the process LOUIS PASTEUR He destroyed the idea of spontaneous generation He made great advances in the study of bacteria and the likes. He demonstrated experimentally that fermented beverages resulted from the action of living yeast ( transforming glucose into ethanol He concluded that fermentation is vital process, he defined it as respiration without air (Anaerobic respiration,) In his discovery of microbes were responsible for souring alcohol ,came up the process of pasteurization where bacteria are destroyed by heating beverages and then allowing them to cool. His work in germ theory also led him and his team created vaccination on anthrax His experiment on Pasteurization contributed to the improvement of science. GREGOR MENDEL He was a Augustinian monk. Father of Genetics He devotedly develop much of his life in the study of reproduction. The entire field of modern genetics which studies how leads are passed on from parents to offspring is based on his work. MICHAEL FARADAY It in this period in History in which science developed a much better understanding of electricity and magnetism Faraday’s experiments and ideas about electricity earned him the title of The electrical gian JAMES CLERK MAXWELL He is known as the founder of modern Physics , he contributed on the development of the mathematical equations that showed Faraday was right that electricity and magnetism are both different aspects of the same phenomenon now called electromagnetism. JAMES JOULE He determined that like matter, energy cannot be created or destroyed. it can only change forms,. This now known as Law of Thermodynamics , the guiding principle in the study of energy.  THE MODERN SCIENCE ( 1900 A.D. TO THE MAX PLANCK PRESENT) He proposed an idea that matter exists in tiny packets called atoms, energy exists in tiny packets which he called as quanta. You can give one packet of energy to an object, or you can give two packets of energy to an object. However you cannot give an object any amount of energy in between one and two packets. With his lot of evidence for his ideas, this led to the acceptance of the scientific community the QUANTUM MECHANICS ALBERT EINSTEIN Einstein used Plank’s idea of energy quanta to explain a problem called the photoelectric effect could not be explained by Newton’s laws of motion but could be easily explained by Planck ideas about the energy quanta. NEIL BOHR Bohr developed the Bohr Model. This model of the atom is based on solid mathematics and it required the assumption that energy comes on small packets Using the Bohr model many of the mysteries of the atom were revealed. OTHER SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES 1907 : Radiometric dating discoveries that the earth is 2.2 billion years 1915 : Einstein announced the general theory of relativity 1915 : Pellagra was discovered to be a dietary disease 1924 : Hubble identified new galaxy 1927 : Big Bang theory 1928-1948 : Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin 1932 : Chadwick discovered neutron 1938 : Electroshock therapy was introduced 1947 : Transistor was invented 1972-1985 : CT Scan and MRI were introduced 1979 : cellular phones, radio, telephone system were introduced 1982 : human growth hormone was genetically engineered 1885 : Microsoft windows were introduced 1988 : Digital cellular phones were introduced 1992 : Smart pill 1993 : Pentium processor 1995 : Java computer language 1998 : Viagra was invented  THANK YOU FOR LISTENING  INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY GROUP 1  WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION? Changes in society due to new ideas and innovations. When focused on science and technology, it’s called a “Scientific Revolution.” Scientific Revolution Refers to a period when science became more important during the Middle Ages.  KEY FIGURES IN INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer and mathematician. Proposed the “heliocentric model”. Charles Darwin English scientist Introduced the theory of evolution. His ideas challenged religious views. Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist Developed theories on psychosexual development, dream od interpretation, and the id, ego, and superego. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE Maya Civilization Known for astronomy and engineering. Created Maya hieroglyphics (their own writing system). Inca Civilization Built paved roads and irrigation systems. Used quipu (knotted ropes for record-keeping). Aztec Civilization Mandatory education for children. Developed chinampas (floating gardens for farming). Indian Civilization Known for making steel Developed ‘Ayurveda’ (traditional system of medicine). Egyptian Civilization Alexandria was a center of knowledge during the Middle Ages. Skilled in metallurgy (working with metals like gold and copper). INFORMATION REVOLUTION Language - enabled humans to share and communicate ideas. Writing - preserved knowledge across generations. Printing - Spread important texts, like Copernicus’ and the Bible. Computers & Internet - changed how we process and share information.  THANK YOU FOR LISTENING  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATIONG R OBUILDING UP 1  INTRODUCTION HOW DOES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTE IN NATION BUILDING? Science and technology have been essential to the Philippines’ growth as a nation. Over the course of its history, the country’s scientific and technological progress has been shaped by the influence of various cultures and colonial powers.  PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Philippines experienced significant scientific and technological advancements. Indigenous Filipinos possessed their own knowledge and skills in areas such as agriculture, medicine, and navigation, among others. Agriculture - Indigenous communities developed their own agricultural methods, including the kaingin system, which involved clearing land for farming by cutting and burning sections of the forest. Medicine - Indigenous peoples developed their own medicinal knowledge and practices using local herbs and plants. Navigation- Indigenous peoples developed their own navigation techniques, using stars, wind, and other natural elements to guide their journeys across the oceans.  SPANISH COLONIZATION The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, which began with Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in 1521 and lasted until 1898, had a substantial impact on the country's scientific and technological progress. Among the significant developments during this time period are: The Spanish introduced new crops and agricultural techniques such as tobacco, corn, and coffee, as well as new agricultural techniques such as plowing and irrigation. Governor General Francisco de Sande built the country's first experimental farm in 1573. The founding of the University of Santo Tomas: The University of Santo Tomas was founded in Manila in 1611 and was Asia's first university. Public works construction: During the Spanish colonial period, public works such as roads, bridges, and public buildings were built. The Spanish introduced new technology to the Philippines, notably the printing press in 1593, which played an important role in the diffusion of knowledge and ideas.  Hospitalization: The Spanish also erected hospitals in key cities throughout the Philippines, which provided medical care as well as training for native doctors and nurses. The expansion of Christianity and the development of churches: After the Spanish introduced Christianity to the Philippines, several churches and cathedrals were built. ECHNOLOGY Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with them their own culture and practices. They established schools for girls and boys and introduced the concept of subjects and discipline. It was the beginning of the formal science and technology in the country, known now as the school of science and technology. Life during the Spanish Era slowly became modernized. The galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. MERICAN COLONIZATION The American occupation of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 had a considerable impact on the country's scientific and technological progress. Among the significant developments during this time period are: The Bureau of Science was formed in 1901 by the American colonial government, and it played an important role in fostering scientific research and development in the Philippines. New technologies were introduced to the Philippines by Americans, including the telephone, electric power, and automobile. Infrastructure development - the Americans made significant investments in infrastructure development, including the construction of roads, bridges, and railways.  The establishment of schools and universities: The Americans helped to boost literacy rates and promote education in the Philippines by establishing a public school system. New crops and agricultural practices: The Americans introduced new crops such as cotton and wheat, as well as new agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and fertilizer use. Public health promotion: Americans invested in public health programs such as the development of public hospitals and the promotion of vaccination campaigns. The Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines compared to Spaniards. They established the following: Public education system Improved the Engineering works Improved health conditions of the people. Established a modern research university, University of the Philippines. Created more hospitals than the former colonial master. ST-COLONIAL PERIOD The Philippines' post-colonial period, which be World War II, saw substantial changes in the science and technology scene. During this time, the following significant events occurred: Establishment of Research Institutions: Following the war, the Philippine government established several research institutions, including the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, the Philippine Science High School, and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and Development, among others. Education Expansion: The government is substantially in the construction of new schools and colleges, resulting in a growth in the number of students pursuing degrees in science and technological sectors. Industry Development: In the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippine government undertook an industrialization program to promote the country's economic growth. Science and Technology Policies: In the 1970s, the Philippine government established the Science and Technology for National Development Program (STNDP), with the goal of promoting the incorporation of science and technology into the country's development objectives. International Cooperation: The country joined the International Atomic Energy Agency, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, and other international organizations devoted to scientific research and development.  The Philippines' nation-building process has been significantly influenced by the advancement of science and technology, which is a result of the complicated relationships among native customs and foreign influences from the days of colonialism. These developments have influenced the development of the nation, ranging from pre-colonial advances in agriculture and medicine to the founding of formal education and research institutes throughout the American era.  THANK YOU FOR LISTENING