Ancient Egypt PDF

Handout 1.3 Contains selected slides from the discussion on Ancient Egypt (Elements of Civilization) ANCIENT EGYPT The Gift of the Nile  MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE For centuries, THE NILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a thick layer of alluvial soil. Flooding occurred from...

Handout 1.3 Contains selected slides from the discussion on Ancient Egypt (Elements of Civilization) ANCIENT EGYPT The Gift of the Nile  MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE For centuries, THE NILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a thick layer of alluvial soil. Flooding occurred from July to September as the result of the tropical rains in the Ethiopian tableland. The river attained its highest level in October, then began to recede to its lowest point sometime between April and June. MEGALITHIC STRUCTURES GREAT PYRAMIDS of GIZA GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA: 3 pyramids *KHUFU (CHEOPS): the largest in the world. * KHAFRE (CHEPHREN): Khufu’s son. MENKAURE (MYCERINUS): Khafre’s son. Pyramid (Interior View) GREAT SPHINX (body of a lion with a human head) GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA: stone statue with a lion’s body and pharaoh’s head built to guard the pyramids. It is believed to have the face of Khafre. This was a mythological creature found in various ancient cultures OBELISKS Washington Monument Egyptian Obelisk Vatican Obelisk - Egyptian obelisk transported to Rome SYSTEM OF HIEROGLYPHS WRITING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ▪ Egyptians were the first to survey land after flooding season, which required a form of geometry. ▪ They had a 365 day calendar: 12 months of 30 days each with 5 days left over. ▪ They had 3 seasons: flooding season, planting season and harvesting season. The Egyptian Calendar ▪ Study of engineering built the pyramids which have withstood the test of time! ▪ Medical discoveries included the study of spinal cord, splints, bandages, etc... ▪ Embalming process was so successful it has preserved the dead to modern time! ▪ Many of the Egyptian accomplishments still greatly influence our cultures today! DECORATIVE Looked at nature for ARTS Bastet inspiration Ancient Egyptian Bowl depicting Lotuses Egyptian Papyrus Vase  Handout 1.3 Contains selected slides from the discussion on Ancient Egypt (Elements of Civilization) ANCIENT EGYPT The Gift of the Nile BORDERS N – Syrian Desert E – Arabian Desert W –Libyan Desert S – Nubian Desert ANCIENT EGYPT was protected from outside influences, which allowed it to evolve in its own unique way. WITHOUT THE NILE RIVER, THERE WILL BE NO EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ! ❑ The longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers) ❑ The Nile flows from South to North. ❑ CATARACTS: waterfalls along the Nile River that protected the Egyptians from invasion. ❑ Settlement was along the banks of the Nile. Its flood plain (Nile River Delta) was a magnet for life -- human, plant and animal. ❑ Predictable flooding … every July.  HERODOTUS called Egypt the “GIFT OF THE NILE:” 1. It was the only source of water in Egypt. 2.Without the Nile, the Egyptian culture would never have existed. HOW THE NILE RIVER FLOWS : White Nile (West) Blue Nile (East) Merging Point (Khartoum City- Sudan) Khartoum-Aswa n (6 cataracts or rapids NILE RIVER KEMET: term settlers used for their land, which means rich, black soil. SILT: a black soil rich in minerals deposited by flooding rivers; it created fertile soil for farming. DELTA: triangular area of marshy flatlands formed by silt at the mouth of a river. PAPYRUS: a reed that grew along the Nile River used for making paper. Papyrus  EGYPTIAN RELIGION (POLYTHEISTIC) AMON-RE (RA): most important god; the sun god; depicted as a hawk headed man. OSIRIS: god of the Nile and the Dead; bearded green faced man in mummy wrappings. ISIS: wife of Osiris; wings, horns or hieroglyphics on head. SET (SETH): evil brother of Osiris; head of an unknown animal, a crocodile, a hippopotamus or a black pig. HORUS: sky god and son of Osiris/Isis who revenged the death of his father; falcon headed man. ANUBIS: guide of dead and god of embalming; dog or jackal head. Egyptian Afterlife Egyptians looked forward to their afterlife and planned well for life after death. PYRAMIDS: burial tombs for the kings. They would be filled with food and riches to go with them into the afterlife. Egyptian people worked on the building of the pyramids 3 months a year during flood season.  EGYPTIAN CITIES RIVER DELTA / LOWER EGYPT SPECIALIZED LABOR Founded on their class-based society CLASS-BASED SOCIETY ▪ The Royal Family – Family of the Pharaoh (political-religious leader) ▪ Nobles, also known as “Servants of the Gods” ▪ Usually doctors, mathematicians, and astronomers ▪ Middle Class ▪ Carpenters, metalworkers, jewelry makers, sculptors ▪ Lowest Class ▪ Slaves UPPER CLASS OF SOCIETY ▪ People paid taxes to priests/priestesses: ▪Ex:gold, wine, grain and linen. ▪ Nobles served as government officials: ▪ Viziers,governors, tax collectors, etc... ▪ They also fought wars for the pharaoh. MIDDLE CLASS OF SOCIETY ▪ The middle class included skilled workers such as scribes, artists, merchants, and doctors. ▪ The middle class provided goods and services. ▪ Scribes were greatly respected because very few could read and write. LOWER CLASS OF SOCIETY ▪ The lower class did the physical labor. ▪ Most Egyptians were peasant farmers but there were also many slaves. ▪ The slaves were mostly foreigners who were brought back to Egypt as prisoners of war. ▪ The slaves had the hardest life.  HANDOUT 1.7 (Ancient Greece- Rise of the Polis: Athens and Sparta, Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, Greek Legacy) Rise of the Polis: Athens and Sparta Questions for Discussion: 1. Why is the Greek polis considered as one of the important pillars of the Classical Age? 2. Based on the given assignment, what are the two (2) totally different Greek city-states, or polis, that dominated Greece during the Classical period? 3. Are the Greek city-states independent of each other? Why or why not? Cite evidence to support your answer. 4. What is the difference of Athens and Sparta in terms of the following: Culture Economy Citizenship Political Rights Political System and Institutions  Questions for Discussion: 5. Why is Sparta known as the Garrison State? 6. How is the idea of Athenian democracy different from present-day democracy? Cite two (2) examples or scenarios to prove your point. 7. How did the Athenian democracy reflect and inspire contemporary societies such as the Philippines? Cite two (2) examples or scenarios to prove your point. 8. Why is it important for citizens to have an opportunity to participate in government decisions? The Greek city-states, like Athens and Sparta, remained independent of each other. However, they were bound by the same language that they spoke and used the same alphabet, which was basically patterned and modified from the Phoenicians. Then, around 520 BCE, the Persians conquered the Greeks who had settled in Ionia. While Athens and Sparta enjoy their freedom and independence, other Greek city-states who lost their independence were fighting hard to regain it by staging a series of revolts. Ionian Greeks sought the help of Athens which in turn sent ships and men to strengthen their forces. This intervention by Athens led to a series of battles during the Greco-Persian Wars. Greco-Persian Wars Battle of Marathon Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Salamis Battle of Plataea  Delian League Alliance of Greek city-states Foundation of the “Athenian Empire” Created by Athens to protect the city-states from Persia Ended with the exit of Sparta  Golden Age of Athens Questions for Discussion: a. How does Athens become the center of culture in Greece after the Persian Wars? b. How did Pericles plan to strengthen the Athenian democracy during this period? c. How did Pericles intend to build a commercial empire with Athens at the helm? d. Why did Pericles seek to glorify Athens? Cite specific example. e. How do literary styles and genre (ex. Tragedy) reflect the outburst of creativity during this period? Peloponnesian Wars Questions for Discussion: a. Why did Sparta challenge the ascendancy of Athens to power which led to the Peloponnesian Wars? b. Were the Greek city-states jealous of Athenian wealth and commercial power? Cite two (2) examples or scenarios to illustrate your point. c. Do you agree that Greek unity would be impossible unless imposed by conquest? Why or why not? MACEDONIA Macedonia, located in Northern Greece, kept isolated for centuries since they preferred to keep their distance from the rest of Greece, as well as the hostilities that constantly took place between powerful Greek city-states and their allies. Alexander the Great Under the leadership of Alexander, the Great, Macedonia became the largest empire of its time, stretching from Europe to North Africa and India. Greek culture spread throughout the empire, which Alexander the Great expanded. The merging of the Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures characterized the Hellenistic culture.  Greek Legacy to Humanity Field Contribution Sports Olympic Games Religion Greeks were polytheists Gods were patterned based on human image Theater Dramas and plays as form of entertainment Philosophy Cosmology To examine one’s morality Socratic method The Republic Academy Architecture Parthenon and columns  Greek Legacy to Humanity Field Contribution Math & Science Pythagorean theorem Rational basis of things History & Literature Iliad and Odyssey The Histories History of the Peloponnesian War Government & Politics Monarchy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy  HANDOUT 1.6 (Contains selected slides from the discussions in Mtgs #14-15) AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS HOMER: ILIAD AND ODYSSEY ARTHUR EVANS HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= MINOAN Pk1EyMTSBP8 engaged in trading first organized excellent seafarers settlement CHECK the link below to read further: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/a ncient-cd-rom-phaistos-disk-code_n _6055178 Linear Script A and B Prayer to a Minoan goddess PHAISTOS DISK  Artist’s Aerial shot of Recreation the Ruins of Knossos https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=0oQF_wnyTk0 Palace of King Minos - Interiors MYCENAEAN continued some of the Minoan culture skilled bronze workers  Artist’s Aerial shot of Recreation the Ruins of Mycenae Lion’s Gate Mycenaean Writing System: “Linear B” Deciphered by Michael Ventris Source: https://www.ancient.eu/L inear_B_Script/ Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War  Helen of Troy: “The Face That Launched 1000 Ships” What did she look like? Plan of the City of Troy Alleged Death Mask of Agammemnon  Brutal Combat DARK AGES of GREECE RISE OF THE POLIS DORIANS barbarians invades & ends began the the Mycenaean Dark Ages civilization Migrations (DORIANS} in the Aegean Region  Greek Culture Declined Homer, the Blind Poet Homer’s Great Epics Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE The Rise of the Greek Polis Eboea Syracuse Athens Larissa Naxos Corinth THE GREEK CITY-STATES POLIS own government, economy, justice system, military unique & distinct lacks unity and a central government COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK POLIS Layout of the city Concept of Citizenship Language Religion Spirit of Panhellenism- Olympic Games  main temple acropolis : fortified citadel on a hill agora : gym market theater place walls library port near a water source CITIZENSHIP A free man born on the polis Given rights 1.ownership 2. political rights 3. education 4. employment 5. protection LANGUAGE Made a person a barbarian if they could not speak Greek Written language based on Phoenician alphabet  RELIGION 12 PRINCIPAL OLYMPIAN GODS/GODDESSES 1. Zeus Father of the Gods & Sky God 2. Hera Goddess of Marriage & Wife of Zeus 3. Poseidon God of the Sea 4. Athena Goddess of Wisdom & Handicraft 5. Apollo God of Reason & Intellect 6. Aphrodite Goddess of Love & Beauty 7. Dionysus God of Wine 8. Artemis Goddess of Chastity, Moon & Hunt 9. Demeter Goddess of Agriculture 10. Hermes Messenger of the Gods 11. Hephaestus God of Fire and Metalcraft 12. Ares God of War OLYMPIC GAMES Done during the time of peace every 4 years “Panhellenic Games” Truce were not meant to stop war but to ensure that wars did not disrupt the olympics  HANDOUT 1.7 (Ancient Greece- Rise of the Polis: Athens and Sparta, Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, Greek Legacy) Rise of the Polis: Athens and Sparta Questions for Discussion: 1. Why is the Greek polis considered as one of the important pillars of the Classical Age? 2. Based on the given assignment, what are the two (2) totally different Greek city-states, or polis, that dominated Greece during the Classical period? 3. Are the Greek city-states independent of each other? Why or why not? Cite evidence to support your answer. 4. What is the difference of Athens and Sparta in terms of the following: Culture Economy Citizenship Political Rights Political System and Institutions  Questions for Discussion: 5. Why is Sparta known as the Garrison State? 6. How is the idea of Athenian democracy different from present-day democracy? Cite two (2) examples or scenarios to prove your point. 7. How did the Athenian democracy reflect and inspire contemporary societies such as the Philippines? Cite two (2) examples or scenarios to prove your point. 8. Why is it important for citizens to have an opportunity to participate in government decisions? The Greek city-states, like Athens and Sparta, remained independent of each other. However, they were bound by the same language that they spoke and used the same alphabet, which was basically patterned and modified from the Phoenicians. Then, around 520 BCE, the Persians conquered the Greeks who had settled in Ionia. While Athens and Sparta enjoy their freedom and independence, other Greek city-states who lost their independence were fighting hard to regain it by staging a series of revolts. Ionian Greeks sought the help of Athens which in turn sent ships and men to strengthen their forces. This intervention by Athens led to a series of battles during the Greco-Persian Wars. Greco-Persian Wars Battle of Marathon Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Salamis Battle of Plataea  Delian League Alliance of Greek city-states Foundation of the “Athenian Empire” Created by Athens to protect the city-states from Persia Ended with the exit of Sparta  Golden Age of Athens Questions for Discussion: a. How does Athens become the center of culture in Greece after the Persian Wars? b. How did Pericles plan to strengthen the Athenian democracy during this period? c. How did Pericles intend to build a commercial empire with Athens at the helm? d. Why did Pericles seek to glorify Athens? Cite specific example. e. How do literary styles and genre (ex. Tragedy) reflect the outburst of creativity during this period? Peloponnesian Wars Questions for Discussion: a. Why did Sparta challenge the ascendancy of Athens to power which led to the Peloponnesian Wars? b. Were the Greek city-states jealous of Athenian wealth and commercial power? Cite two (2) examples or scenarios to illustrate your point. c. Do you agree that Greek unity would be impossible unless imposed by conquest? Why or why not? MACEDONIA Macedonia, located in Northern Greece, kept isolated for centuries since they preferred to keep their distance from the rest of Greece, as well as the hostilities that constantly took place between powerful Greek city-states and their allies. Alexander the Great Under the leadership of Alexander, the Great, Macedonia became the largest empire of its time, stretching from Europe to North Africa and India. Greek culture spread throughout the empire, which Alexander the Great expanded. The merging of the Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures characterized the Hellenistic culture.  Greek Legacy to Humanity Field Contribution Sports Olympic Games Religion Greeks were polytheists Gods were patterned based on human image Theater Dramas and plays as form of entertainment Philosophy Cosmology To examine one’s morality Socratic method The Republic Academy Architecture Parthenon and columns  Greek Legacy to Humanity Field Contribution Math & Science Pythagorean theorem Rational basis of things History & Literature Iliad and Odyssey The Histories History of the Peloponnesian War Government & Politics Monarchy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy Introduction to Elements of Civilization REVIEW OF ANCIENT ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS MESOPOTAMIA  MESOPOTAMIA RELIGION CITIES SPECIALIZED LABOR Mesopotamia had a Mesopotamia was home polytheistic belief Sumerian workers built to early city-states like Ur, system, with gods and Uruk, Erech, Kish, Nippur, houses, sewed clothes, goddesses representing Lagashand Babylon, created pottery, and natural forces. Temples, cooperated on building each with its own like the ziggurats, were public projects. government and rulers. central to religious life.  MESOPOTAMIA MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE MEGALITHIC STRUCTURE SYSTEM OF WRITING Agriculture was the Mesopotamia invented primary means of Its architecture cuneiform, one of the subsistence, supported earliest writing systems, focused on ziggurats used for record- keeping, by complex irrigation and city walls. systems in the fertile legal documents, and literature. crescent.  MESOPOTAMIA SOCIAL STRATIFICATION SCIENCE AND TECH ARTS AND HUMANITIES Mesopotamian art There was a clear social Mesopotamia made included pottery, hierarchy, with rulers, advances in cylinder seals, and priests, and mathematics, astronomy, monumental commoners occupying and engineering, architecture. Literature, distinct roles in society. including the invention of like the Epic of the wheel and plow. Gilgamesh, also thrived. INDUS CIVILIZATION  INDUS CIVILIZATION RELIGION CITIES SPECIALIZED LABOR The civilization featured Artisans, traders, and well-planned cities like administrators were Mohenjo-Daro and among the Harappa, with specialized laborers in The Indus Valley organized governance. the Indus Valley. Civilization likely had a complex belief system, but details remain unknown.  INDUS CIVILIZATION MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE MEGALITHIC STRUCTURE SYSTEM OF WRITING Agriculture, trade, and Well-structured wastewater The Indus Script possibly fishing supported drainage systems, waste disposal systems, and public remains undeciphered, the population's subsistence needs. granaries and baths. so the nature of their The Great Bath is considered writing system and its one of the most iconic and intriguing structures of the Indus use is a mystery. Civilization.  INDUS CIVILIZATION SOCIAL STRATIFICATION SCIENCE AND TECH ARTS AND HUMANITIES The main social classes of The Indus Valley Artifacts like seals and the Indus River Valley Civilization had pottery provide insights Civilization are the Gods, advanced urban Brahmins (priests and into their artistic skills, academics), Kshatryia planning, sanitation, and but the true nature of (warriors and kings), Vaishya possibly early dentistry their culture remains (merchants and practices. elusive. landowners), Sudra (commoners,peasants, and servants), and then the Untouchables (the outcasts of the Caste system). Social roles like one's profession became 'hereditary,' resulting in restricted social mobility and fixed status hierarchies. SHANG CIVILIZATION  SHANG CIVILIZATION RELIGION CITIES SPECIALIZED LABOR The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty had Craftsmen, warriors, practiced ancestor capitals and urban and bureaucrats were worship and centers like Yin among the specialized communicated with (modern-day Anyang), laborers during the ancestors through oracle ruled by a king. Shang Dynasty. bone divination.  SHANG CIVILIZATION MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE MEGALITHIC STRUCTURE SYSTEM OF WRITING Agriculture, bronze The Shang Civilization is The Shang Dynasty metallurgy, and not associated with developed oracle bone megalithic structures; script, one of the earliest hunting supported their architecture forms of Chinese writing, their subsistence for divination and needs. focused on palaces record-keeping. and tombs.  SHANG CIVILIZATION SOCIAL STRATIFICATION SCIENCE AND TECH ARTS AND HUMANITIES The Shang Dynasty They produced Citizens of the Shang excelled in bronze Dynasty were classified impressive bronze metallurgy, producing vessels, and jade into four social classes: intricate bronze artifacts. the king and aristocracy, the military, artisans and artifacts. craftsmen, and peasants. Members of the aristocracy were the most respected social class, and were responsible for governing smaller areas of the dynasty.