Geography 10 Class Notes PDF

Class 10 FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES Ch 2 | Class 10 S.St. (Geography) Handwritten Notes @padhle.in Padhle @padhle.in suno meri baat, sabse aag aur mast chize, sirf padhle par hai. Offline Lectures Ad-Free Experience...

Class 10 FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES Ch 2 | Class 10 S.St. (Geography) Handwritten Notes @padhle.in Padhle @padhle.in suno meri baat, sabse aag aur mast chize, sirf padhle par hai. Offline Lectures Ad-Free Experience Access to all Notes E-Books Latest Notifications and much more download the padhle app now. @padhlein Padhle @padhlein wanted an amazing channel for class 10? we got you covered Thank you for using www.padhle.in We here at Padhle, make sure that every piece of material reaches you without diving deep into the tabs of your browser. Typed content to bohot hai, par feel chahiye naa! Padhle will take care of that! Presenting to you, hand-written notes! @padhlein Padhle @padhlein www.padhle.in @padhle.in Resources & Development CH 1 Geography | Class 10 Hand Written Notes www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using www.padhle.in. We here at Padhle, make sure that every piece of material reaches you without diving deep into the tabs of your browser. These notes have been downloaded without compulsorily signing up, or submitting your personal details. Enjoy yourselves! To help us in maintainig this, you can contribute to Padhle. Even a small amount can do wonders. Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in You can contribute a little to our efforts. Even a small amount can do wonders. Scan the Code in any UPI App OR Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm Now... Padhle!  RESOURCES AND O'EVELOPMENT Resources Origin Exhaustibility Ownership Status of Individual develop Biotic Abiotic Renewable Non renewable - community Potential ( living) ( Non - living) National Developed Continuous Recyclable non recyclable International - flow Stock Eg metals. Eg. possie Eg wind. , fuel Reserves water Ownership : it Individual : e.g. farm plot , , house etc. ④ Community : e.g. temple park playground , , , etc. iii National : All the land within political boundary and oceanic area upto 92 nautical miles. ① International : The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic gone. Status of Development : ]i Potential : Not utilised to fullest (solar in Rajasthan) it Developed : Quality and quantity is determined for usuage. Eg. Coal , petroleum. iii Stock : Not have sufficient technology for utilisation. Eg. Hao has two essential gases tea and Oz but we can 't  Separate them with current technology. ID Reserve : Can be used with present technology but is kept for future. Eg. forest , dam water. Why do we need development ? 1) Depletion of resources ID Accumulation of resource in few hands ④ Exploration has caused global winning. - Due to these reasons , distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life. " Sustainable development ( 9992) : → Development without damaging environment. " Rio earth summit : 900-1 heads First international of state met earth summit a Agenda 29 : → Declaration signed by UNCED at Rio , which aims at achieving global sustainable development. Why Resource Planning ? * For balancing the use of resources at national state and , local level. Eor Roe : BIN Madhya Pradesh we have rich amount of minerals ,. it On the other hand Arunachal Pradesh has good water resources but lacks in infrastructure. iii whereas , Rajasthan has good solar energy but lacks water.  Resource Planning in India I Identification and inventory of resources : Surveying mapping quality , , and quantity analysis it Evolving a planning structure : Provided with appropriate technology skills and institutional setup Matching resources development plans with overall national development plans. What India had learn from Colonials atone Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes. We need to conserve resources because over utilisation and irregular consumption off resources lead to socio economic and environmental may problems. Gandhi " raised his concern saying that There is enough for everybody's " need but not for anybody 's greed. He blamed greedy men and modern tech for exploitation off resources. Land Resources * It is important because most of our activities are dependent on land. Eg. Economic activity transport , , wildlife , farming etc. Plan ~ Mountain 43% India 30% Plateau 27%  Land Utilisation Forests Land not available Fallow Land Net sown Area for cultivation ( net area sown current other than with crops) Permanent Land under fallow land current fallow cultivable (uncultivated land (uncultivated pastures and miscellaneous waste land 9--5 years) for less than for grazing tree crops ( incultivated grows (not 9 year ) land included in for more than 5 years) sown area ) → Epedarea : Area sown more than once in a year 1- Net sown area Land use pattern Dependsuponphyseiod factors Heman loaders i) Eg 9) Geography et population ' -. → ii) soil density Climate ii) Technology * Land Use pattern in India : Total geographical area : 3.28 million km b) Available : 93% c) Net sown area : 54% Varies from 80% to Haryana and Punjab to 90% in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.  Forest Area If 33% is desirable area according to national forest policy ( 9952). ii. Important for ecological balance. Livelihood of million people depends on forest. * WAI Er : Rockery , dessert and arid area. Cause of land degradation → 95% of basic needs are obtained from land. → Human activities. → Mining causes deforestation. and dust to atmosphere. → Industrial waste is responsible for land and water pollution. Total degraded area = 930 million hectare 28% 56% forest degraded Water eroded Solution - of - Afforestation ¥adation Proper management of grazing Planting shelter belt Management of waste land Control activities mining Proper discharge of Industrial waste  Layers offset : → Top soil → Sub Soil → Weathered parent rock → Unweathered parent rock * Forces of nature such as temperature , action of running water , wind ett contribute to formation of soil. Alluvial Soil New alluvial Old aluvial ( Khadar) ( Bangar) More fertile Less fertile Fine particles Kankan particles → Most indespread in India. → Covers entire northern plains ). → Deposited by Himalayan rivers (Ganga , Indus → Highly fertile. → Good in potash , lime , phosphoric acid. → Wheat , sugarcane paddy pulse , , crops. { Such Duars , soil is Chas and common Terai } Black Soil [ Regular Soil ] [ Black cotton soil ] → Decare trap region of Decare plateau , Malwa , Madhya Pradesh , Chattisgarh. → Made of lava flows. → Develop during summer for aeration cracks. → Clay particles high moisture hold capacity ,. → Rich in Cacoz Mg Potash and lime , ,. → Poor in phosphorus content. → Best for cotton. Red and Yellow Soil → Develop on igneous rocks. → Low rainfall areas of eastern and southern part of Decare plateau Orissa Chattisganh , ,. → Reddish colour due to iron deposits. → Occurs yellow when it is in hydrated form. Laterite Soil → Tropical subtropical region with alternate wet and dry season. → It is result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. → Acidic in nature. → Occurs in southern state , Maharashtra Orissa West Bengal , ,. → Appropriate technology and techniques can help in growing tea and coffee in hilly areas of Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu. * Red laterite soil in Andhra Pradesh Tamil , Nadu are suitable Cashew nut for. Arid soil → Mainly found in Rajasthan. → Red to brown in colour. → It is sandy in texture ; saline in nature. → Lacks humus and moisture. → The soil become cultivable with irrigation. → Kankan are found in lower horizon due to Cat concentration. Forest Soil → It is found in mountains. → It is loamy and silty in valley and course grain in upper slopes. → This soil experiences denudation. → Acidic in nature with low humus. Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Soil Erosion Gully lion Sheet erosion when soil is when water flows washed away in as sheet over the it wash deep channels. large area , away a complete layer of soil. ISIL Erosion : Removal of soil cover and subsequent washing down of top soil. { Lasandbadafterand. gully erosion become unfit for cultivation and known } { In Chambal basin , such bad lands are called ravines. } * Defective methods of farming also cause soil erosion is ploughing in wrong way.  Soil Conservation → Counter Ploughing Ploughing along the counter lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. → Strip cropping Strip of grass to be grown between the crops. This breaks up the force of wind. → Shelter belts Planting lines of trees to create shelter. This stabilising dunes helps in sand.  1 Mark Questions 1. Being a tropical country, India has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Suggest any one way to popularize its maximum use. [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] A1. Making people aware about renewable energy.. resources/use of rooftop solar panels/solar street lighting. system/any other relevant point. 2. A concerted effort has to be made for sustainable development. Suggest any one step in conserving our mineral resources for the future. [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] A2. Improved technologies/ Recycling of metals/ Using scrap. metals and other substitutes / Any other relevant point 3. Define Sustainable development. [1M, 2020] A3. Present generation fulfils its needs while considering the. needs of the future generation as well. 4. Classify resources on the basis of origin [1M, 2018] A4. Resources classification on the basis of origin: (i) Biotic resources: All living organisms in our environment are known as biotic resources. Example: Tree, animal, insects etc. (ii) Abiotic resources: All non-living things present in our environment are known as abiotic resources. Example: earth, air, water, metals, rocks etc. 5. What do you understand by a ‘Resource’? Give examples [1M, 2015] A5. Everything available in our environment which can be used to. satisfy our needs, is called a resource. It should be. technologically accessible, economically feasible and. culturally acceptable. Only then, it can be termed as a. ‘Resource’. Examples are: minerals, forests, fossil fuels etc 6. Give any two examples of non-renewable resources. [1M, 2015] A6. Non-renewable resources are resources which once get. exhausted, cannot be remade. They take a long geological. period of time, i.e., millions of years, in their formation, e.g.,. minerals, fossil fuels, etc. 7. Which factor is mainly responsible for maximum land degradation in India? [1M, 2015] A7. Over-grazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.. States where over-grazing has resulted in land degradation are. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. 8. In what broad category do the soils of Maharashtra fall? [1M, 2014] A8. Black soil region also known as regur soils. 3 Mark Questions 9. Suggest and explain any three ways to protect land from degradation in various states of India. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] A9. The ways are : (i) Afforestation. (ii) Proper management of grazing. (iii) Planting of shelter belts of plants. (iv) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. (v) Control of mining activities. (Any 3) 10. Write the classification of resources on four different bases. [3M, 2015] A10. Resources can be classified in the following four ways: (a) On the basis of Origin: Biotic Abiotic (b) On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable Non-renewable (c) On the basis of ownership: Individual (Personal) Community National International (d) On the basis of status and development: Potential Developed Reserve Stock 11. Explain three stages of ‘resource planning.’ [3M, 2015] A11. Three stages of resource planning: 1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and the qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. 2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. 3. Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 12. Give the distribution of black/regur Soil. [3M, 2015] A14. This soil is typical of the Deccan Trap region. It is spread over north west Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. This soil covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh and extends along the Godavari and Krishna Valleys. 13. “Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of. resources in a country like India”. Justify this statement with. two relevant points and an example. [3M, 2013] A13. 1. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. For example: Arunachal has abundance of water but lacks in infrastructural development. 2. There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of availability of resources. For example: The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. 3. There are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. For example: The state of Rajasthan is well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. 14. Explain the concept of resource conservation as voiced by Gandhiji. [3M, 2014] A14. Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in. these Words: “There is enough far everybody’s need and not. for anybody’s greed.” He placed the greedy and selfish , individuals as the root cause for resource depletion at the. global level. He was against ‘mass production’ and wanted to. replace it with ‘production by the masses’. 1. Indiscriminate use of resources by human beings has led to the depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. 2. Irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources leads to socio-economic and environmental problems. 15. Explain three types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. Mention human activities that are responsible for soil erosion. [3M, 2013] A15. 1. Gully erosion The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels, called gullies. They make the land unfit for cultivation. Such lands are called ‘Badlands’. 2. Sheet erosion Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In this case top layer of the soil is washed away. 3. Wind erosion Wind blows off loose and dry soil from flat and sloping land causing erosion.  5 Mark Questions 16. ‘The challenge of sustainable development requires control over industrial pollution.’ Substantiate the statement with examples. [5M, 2020] A16. i. On one hand Industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion, other hand these are also the cause of environmental degeneration which prompt to the different type of air, water pollution. ii. There is an increasing requirement to use a further sustainable model. iii. Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly. iv. Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation. v. Industries use- Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach. 17. Write six characteristics of regur soils (black soils) [5M, 2015] A17. 1. They are made up of extremely fine, i.e. clayey material. 2. They have capacity to hold moisture that makes them ideal for growing cotton. 3. They are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. 4. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents. 5. They develop deep cracks during dry hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of soil. 6. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the first shower. 18. Explain four types of resources based on ownership and give one example of each type. [5M, 2014] A18. On the basis of ownership, there are four types of resources: 1. Individual Resources :- Resources, which are owned privately by individuals, e.g., farmers own pieces of land or houses. Plantation, pasture lands, water in wells are some resources owned by individuals. 2. Community Owned Resources :- These resources are accessible to all the members of the community, e.g., village  ponds, public parks, playgrounds in urban areas are accessible to all the residents of that area. 3. National Resources :- All the resources within the political boundary of a nation including the territorial water (oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast) extending into the ocean and resources therein belong to the nation, e.g., all minerals, forests, wildlife, water resources, land etc. 4. International Resources :- There are international institutions which own and regulate some resources, e.g., The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to the open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions. 19. Write some measures/ways to solve problems of land degradation. [5M, 2014] A19. Measures to conserve land: 1. Afforestation. 2. Proper management of grazing to control over-grazing. 3. Planting of shelter belts of plants. 4. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. 5. Control of mining activities. 20. Write the main characteristics of arid soils. [5M, 2014] A20. 1. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. 2. They have a sandy texture. 3. They are saline in nature. In areas where salt content in high, common salt is obtained by evaporation. 4. Arid soil lacks humus and is moisture deficient. 5. The lower horizons of the soil have kankars because of high calcium content which restrict infiltration of water. 6. Proper irrigation helps make these soils cultivable, e.g., Western Rajasthan 21. “The future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generation”. Justify the statement by giving suitable examples. [5M, 2012] A21. Present sources of energy in India are coal, petroleum, natural gas, solar energy, wind energy, hydel power, electricity, wood for fire, cow dung etc. Most of these are non-renewable sources of energy which may get exhausted after some time. These are available in limited quantities. The present rate of consumption is higher than the rate at which these resources are being replenished and should be preserved for our future generations. In fifty years’ time, India may depend largely on non- conventional sources of energy which are available in abundance such as solar energy, hydel energy, wind energy etc. The total hydel power potential in India is estimated at 1,50,000 MW of which only one-sixth has been developed so far. 1. Development of a country needs to be continuous. Every country would like to have the level of development go up further. 2. Many scientists have warned that the present levels of development cannot be sustained for the future as the present rate of consumption of both renewable and non-renewable resources is very high. Rapid industrialisation has led to environment degradation. 3. Sustainability development aims at development without damaging the environment and at the same time conserving for the future. 4. Sustainability of development is essential not only for the present generation but also for future generations to ensure a good life. www.padhle.in @padhle.in Agriculture CH 4 Geography | Class 10 Hand Written Notes www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using www.padhle.in. We here at Padhle, make sure that every piece of material reaches you without diving deep into the tabs of your browser. These notes have been downloaded without compulsorily signing up, or submitting your personal details. Enjoy yourselves! To help us in maintainig this, you can contribute to Padhle. Even a small amount can do wonders. Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in You can contribute a little to our efforts. Even a small amount can do wonders. Scan the Code in any UPI App OR Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm Now... Padhle!  httpCULTURE * India is an important agriculturally country. * Two - third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. * Agriculture is a primary activity which produces , most of the food that we consume. Farming Subsistence commercial Primitive Intensive * Primitive Substance Farming : Done in small patches. Primitive tools are used like hoe. Depends on Monsoon. Depends on natural fertility of soil. Labours are usually family members. * Slash and burn Agriculture : → It is Primitive Subsistence Farming. → Also known as Thrumming Agriculture. → Farmers clear the patch of land and shift to new patch. * Intensive Subsistence Farming : 4 Done on area with high population. labour 4 It is intensive farming. H Irrigation is done for water supply. D High doses of Biochemical inputs are used. * Commercial Farming : a. It is done for profit. Thigh doses of modern inputs are used. B. TTYV seeds and chemical fertilisers connected to farm are used. Good transport system is required. * Plantation : A single crop is grown in large area. It is type of commercial farming.  Usually migrant labourers are involved. In India : - tea , coffee banana are example of commercial , , crops. Network of transport processing industries and markets play , an important role in development of commercial crops. Cropping pattern in India Babi Zaid kharif Kharif Season : Grown in onset of monsoon. Harvested in September - October. this Paddy , maize jwau , , cotton are grown in season. Assam , West Bengal , Orissa are important for rice crop. Punjab and Haryana are important for paddy. Rabi Season : Sown in October - December. Harvested in April - June. Wheat barley gram , , , peas are grown in this season. Precipitation during winter months helps in of success these crops. North and North West region ( States) are important for rabi crop production -. Zaid Season : In between the rabi and the kharif season , there is short season during summer months. Watermelon , muskmelon , cucumber , vegetables and fodder crops are grown. ¥, Major Crops : Rice : " Staple food crop. D kharif crop. D High temperature and high humidity is required. Annual rainfall above 900cm. + Some rice producing states are : d) Punjab West Bengal Tamil Nadu 4) 9 2 Assam  Wheat : " 2nd most important cereal crop. D Rabi crop. Requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening. D Annual rainfall 50 - 75cm. " Grown mainly in Ganga Satluj plains - in North - West region and black soil of Deccan Plateau. F- Some wheat states producing are : 9) Madhya Pradesh 2) Rajasthan 3) Gujarat 4) Punjab a- Millets : " Jowar , bajra ragi , are important millets grown in India. These are known as course grain. Have high nutritious Comtat ° Millets Jowar Bajra Ragi Jowar : 3rd important food crop. Rain fed crop. Grows in moist areas. Some States producing Jowar : 9) Maharashtra 2J Karnataka 3) Madhya Pradesh 4) Andhra Pradesh Bajra : Grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra. Followed by Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra Gujarat , and Haryana. Ragi : It is a crop of dry region. Grows well in red black and Sandy soil ,. Rich in calcium iron and roughage ,. Karnataka Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Andhra , , , Pradesh , Jharkhand.  Maize : Both food and fodder crop. * kharif ' crop. I 290 - 27°C. Grows well in old alluvial soil. * Modern input needed. * Major estates : Karnataka , Uttar Pradesh Andhra , Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh. I> In Bihar it is also grown as rabi crop. Pulses : India is largest producer and consumer. Good of proteins. source. ° Grows in rotation with other crops. Needs less moisture and survive even in dry season. Renews soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from air. Dal - tur mooing, , urad , Masur , peas , gram. it States - Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan , Maharashtra. ⑨ Food Crops other than Grains : Sugarcane : Tropical as well as sub-tropical crop. ↳ Temperature about 29 - 27C. 4 Rainfall About 75 - 900cm. 4 Grows on variety of soils. 4 Need manual labour from sowing to Harvesting. D India is second largest producer. G States : Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra , Karnataka Tamil Nadu Andhra , , , Pradesh. Oil Seeds : " lovers 92% of the total cropped area of the total cropped area of the country. D Main oil - seeds produced in India are groundnut , mustard coconut , , sesamumftil) , soyabean Castor seeds , , cotton seeds , linseed and sunflower. D Most are eatable and used for cooking. Groundnut : D kharif crop. is Gujarat is largest producer. Sesamum : " kharif in North India. Rabi in South India.  Castor Seed : D Growth both as rabi and kharif crop. - lea : → India is 3rd largest producer. → Comes under plantation agriculture. → Grows well in tropical and sub - tropical region throughout the year. → Fertile soil which is rich in humus and organic matter is essential. → tiabour intensive industry. Coffee : India produces 3.2% coffee of the world. Known globally for it 's good quality. Arabica variety , initially brought from Yemen is grown in India. Initially introduced in Baba Baden hills. Even now it is confined to Nilgiri in Karnataka , Kerala Tamil, Nadu. Horticulture crops : > India is 2nd largest producer of tropical and temperature fruits. Produces 93% of the world 's vegetables. * Non Food Crops ° 8 Natural Rubber : → India is 4th greatest producer. → Equatorial crop but also grows in tropical and sub - tropical region under specific conditions. → Climate - moist and humid. → Rainfall - more than 200cm. Temperature above 25°C → -. → States - Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Andaman. * Fibre crops : if Silk : B Silkworm fed on green leaves of Mulberry. A Rearing of silk worm for the production of silk is called SERICULTURE. it Cotton : F India is home of cotton plant. B kharif crop. F India is second largest producer. P Black cotton, soil of Dean is good for cotton. 7 thigh temperature is required. B 290 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth. B Requires : 6- 8 months. 7 States : Maharashtra. Gujarat Madhya , Pradesh , Karnataka. Tate : Also known as Golden crop. 7 Requires high temperature at the time of growth. West Bengal Assam Bihar 7 States :. , , It is used in making bags mats , etc gunny , ropes , yarn. * Institutional Reforms : Agriculture is one of the oldest practice in India. Provides livelihood for more than 69% of the population. A Agricultural reform is important because : Regular of land abstracts use Most farmers still depend on agricultural development natural fertility of soil * Major institutional reforms after independence : → Collectivisation → Consolidation of holidays → Abolition Of Zamindari 8 Institutional reforms by Government : k Green revolution $ White revolution k KCC ( Kisan credit card) k PAIS (Personal accident insurance scheme) $ Special weather bulletins $ Agricultural programmes in TV and radio $ Setting MSP ' * Steps taken by Government to modernise Agriculture : 4 Establishment of ICAR 4 Setting up Agricultural universities and veterinary services and Animal breeding centres. Improving weather forecast. * Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy Employment , and Output : → Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. → Its share in GDP is declining since 9959 which is a serious concern. → In 2090 - 99 , about 52% of the work force was employed into farming sector. * Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture : Globalisation is from period of colonialisation Spices in Mth century were exported Cotton was exported to Boaitishert After 9990 India could not compete with highly subsidised agriculture of Modern countries Genetic ' The new technology emerged as Engineering ' or ' Gene Revolution ' In fact Organic Farming is much in vogue today because it is practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Hence , it does not affect environment in a negative manner. Suggestions by Experts ! Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value craps. This will increase incomes and reduce environ metal degradation simultaneously. India 's diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops.  1 Mark Questions 1. A type of millet rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage is [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] A1. Ragi 2. Give an example of a crop which is commercial in one region and provides subsistence in another. [1M, 2012] A2. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, while in. Odisha it is a subsistence crop. 3. What is horticulture? [1M, 2012] A3. Cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers is called. horticulture. 3 Mark Questions 4. Establish the difference between Commercial farming and Subsistence farming with the help of a suitable example. [3M, 2019] A4. A. Commercial Farming i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc. ii. Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another iii. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming iv. Use of well-developed network of transport and communication. v. High productivity for commercial purpose B. Subsistence Farming i. Is practiced on small patches of land ii. Labour intensive farming iii. Use of primitive tools iv. Dependent on Monsoons v. Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture. vi. Low productivity (Any two to be mentioned in each unit) 5. Describe any three main features of ‘Alluvial soil’ found in India. [3M, 2019] A5. Alluvial soil is considered as one of the most fertile soils. Alluvial soil covers the entire northern plains in India. Alluvial soil contains sand, silt and clay mainly due to silt deposited by Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra rivers. According to age, it is classified into Bangar (old alluvial) and Khadar (new alluvial). Alluvial soil contains an ample amount of potash, phosphoric acid and lime. This soil is ideal for the growth of crops like sugarcane, wheat and rice etc. 6. Describe any three main features of ‘Rabi crop season’ [3M, 2019] A6. It begins with the withdrawal of monsoon in October. They are sown in winters from October to December. At the time of ripening, it requires bright sunshine.  Crops depend on sub-soil moisture. Requires less rainfall between 50-75 cm. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops. 7. Describe any three main features of ‘Kharif crop season’ [3M, 2015] A7. It begins with the onset of monsoon in May. Crops are harvested in September – October. Requires more rainfall between 100-110 cm It requires loamy or alluvial soil. 8. What are ‘Institutional Reforms’? Enlist various institutional reforms taken by the Indian Government to bring about improvements in agriculture. [3M, 2015] A8. Steps taken by the government to bring about improvements. in agriculture are termed as ‘Institutional Reforms’.  Some steps are: 1. Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings to make them economically viable. 2. The green revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution to increase milk production are important strategies which were initiated to improve agriculture. 3. Cooperation with farmers and Abolition of Zamindari system. 5 Mark Questions 9. “The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s.” Support this statement with examples. [5M, 2018] A9. The Government of India has introduced various institutional. and technological reforms under a comprehensive Land. Development Programme to improve agriculture in the 1980s. and 1990s. Land Development Programme:  Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease. Establishment of Grameen (regional rural) banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest. Other Reforms: Apart from land development program, the government has. initiated many other benefit schemes for the farmers. Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Scheme for giving easy and cheap loans to small farmers. Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for Kisan Credit Card (KCC) holders. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers were introduced through radio and television channels. The government also announced Minimum Support Price (MSP) for various agricultural products like cereals, pulses and others (to check the exploitation of farmers by middlemen). 10. Compare ‘intensive subsistence farming’ with that of ‘commercial farming’ practiced in India. [5M, 2018] A10. 11. ‘Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian Economy’ Explain the statement by giving reason. [5M, 2017] A11. India is an agricultural country because of the following. reasons: 1. Two-third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities which provide livelihood.  2. Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the food and food grains that we consume. 3. It produces raw materials for our various industries, e.g., cotton textile and sugar industry. 4. Some agricultural products, like tea, coffee and spices, are exported and earn foreign exchange. 5. The share of agriculture in providing employment and livelihood to the population continued to be as high as 63% in 2001. 12. (a) Name three pulses each of Rabi and Kharif season. Write. their importance for human beings and for agriculture. (b) What is India’s position in the world with regard to the production of pulses? Name five leading states producing pulses. [5M, 2015] A12. (a) Pulses of Rabi season: Tur (arhar), urad, moong. Pulses of Kharif season: Masur, peas, gram. Importance of pulses: For agriculture. Being leguminous crops, they help in restoring soil fertility by utilising nitrogen from the air (nitrogen fixation). Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. They need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. (b) India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. Major pulse producing states are: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka. 13. What are the major differences between primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming? [5M, 2013] A13. 14. Name one type of agriculture which falls in the category of commercial agriculture. Write the main characteristics of this type of agriculture. [5M, 2012] A14. Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming. Characteristics of plantation agriculture: 1. A single type of crop is grown on a large area. 2. Plantation is carried out on large estates using lot of capital intensive units. 3. Lot of migrant labourers work on these estates. 4. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. All the produce is used as raw material in the respective industries. 5. The production is mainly for the market, i.e., commercial agriculture. 15. Mention two geographical conditions required for the growth of Maize crop in India. Describe three factors which have  contributed to increase maize production. Write four major maize producing states. [5M, 2012] A15. Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize. crop in India: 1. It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21° C to 27° C. It requires moderate rainfall between 50-100 cm. 2. It grows well in old alluvial soils. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. In some states like Bihar, maize is grown in rabi season also. Maize production in India has increased due to factors like: o use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds; o use of fertilisers; and o use of irrigation facilities. o major maize producing state: Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. www.padhle.in @padhle.in Manufacturing Industries CH 6 Geography | Class 10 Hand Written Notes www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using www.padhle.in. We here at Padhle, make sure that every piece of material reaches you without diving deep into the tabs of your browser. These notes have been downloaded without compulsorily signing up, or submitting your personal details. Enjoy yourselves! To help us in maintainig this, you can contribute to Padhle. Even a small amount can do wonders. Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in You can contribute a little to our efforts. Even a small amount can do wonders. Scan the Code in any UPI App OR Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm Now... Padhle!  MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Manufacturing 4 Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. It mainly involves secondary sector. A Economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. * Manufacturing industries are called backbone of development because : helps in modernising agriculture → → helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty → export of manufactured goods expand trade and commence. * Industries and agriculture : → They move on hand in hand → Industries enhances agriculture. e.ge fertilisers irrigation , pumps industries are important for agriculture. → Raw material for industries comes from agriculture. * Contribution of Industry in National economy : → Manufacturing sector has a share of 977. in GDP → It is much lower than some East Asian economies : → National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been setup by government to improve productivity of manufacturing industries. Factors * deciding ideal location of an Industry : ] i Cost of obtaining raw materials at site. it cost of production at site. iii Decision of locating factory at site. it cost of distribution of production. * Industries tend to come together to make use of advantages offered by urban centres known as agglomeration economics.  Classification of Industria Based on On basis Based on capital Based on source of of main investment Ownership raw material role Public Private Joint Cooperative Small Large Sector Sector sector Sector Agro Mineral Basic or Consumer Scale Scale BHEL Tesco OIL e. g. Sugar Industry (govt) (private)(private) based based key industry industry Industries Industries. govt. in Maharashtra , iron fans with investment with investment 0%9.mg#nroTht'emieals e. e. g. cotton , e. g. , g. , Argue steel , copper sugar (directly upto 9C " more than (group of people tea silk ( , raw material used by 9 Cr. owns the for other consumers ) industry ) industries ) Based on bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods Heavy Light industries industries e. g. iron , e. g. electrical steel industries * Agro based Industries : 9) Textile Industry : 947 of. the country 's employment generation. It contributes significantly in foreign exchange earning and 4% towards GDP. It is self reliant industry ⑨ Cotton Textile : First mill was established in 9854 , Mumbai. There are about 9946 cotton mills India in. In early years the , cotton mills were concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to availability of raw material , market , transport , labours etc. This also employment industry generates for farmers. It also supports other industries like chemicals and dyes mill etc. The hand large Khadi provides scale employment to weaves spun. * Trade of Cotton : a. India exports yarn to Japan. b. Other cotton goods are exported to USA , UK , Russia , France etc. c. India has 2nd largest capacity of handlooms. d. We have largest share in the world trade of cotton yarn. * Challenges faced by cotton textile Industries : a) Our spinning mills are not of global level. b) We export more of our good quality and weaves gets the low quality yarn yarn. c) Most of the production is in fragmented small units , which cater to local market. * Why we need to import fabrics ! ↳ Because in our country there is : → Less output of labours → Irregular power supply → Outdated machinery → High competition with synthetic fibre industries. b) Jute : First mill was established at Mishra in 9859. India is largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. Jute mills are located in West Bengal mainly , along banks of river tlugli. India is the 2nd largest exporter. * Factors responsible for location in tlugli basin are : a) Proximity of Jute producing areas. b) Inexpensive transport good network of water , railways. c) Cheap labour from West Bengal Bihar etc ,. d) Abundant water for processing raw jute. * Challenges faced by the industry : a. Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic products. b. Also faces competition from Bangladesh Brazil , , Thailand etc. * National Jute p