Class X Geography: Resources and Development PDF

## Class - X Chapter - 1 Geography: Resources and Development ### Resource and Development - A circular diagram shows a green circle labelled "Resource", with arrows pointing towards from culturally acceptable, economically feasible, and technologically accessible. - A triangle diagram shows the...

## Class - X Chapter - 1 Geography: Resources and Development ### Resource and Development - A circular diagram shows a green circle labelled "Resource", with arrows pointing towards from culturally acceptable, economically feasible, and technologically accessible. - A triangle diagram shows the three intersections of human beings, technology, and institution, which are also labelled. - Arrows point towards from physical environment, technology, human beings, and institution. ### Classification of Resources - **On the basis of origin** - Biotic: plants, animals - Abiotic: air, water - **On the basis of exhaustibility** - Renewable: water - Non-renewable: coal - **On the basis of ownership** - Individual: your house - Community: colony park - National: territory of a country - International: international water - **On the basis of status of development** - Potential: solar - Developed: petroleum, H₂O - Stock: water in dams - Reserves: reserved for future use ### Development of Resources - Indiscriminate use leads to problems such as: - Greed and depletion of resources - Have and have nots in society - Global ecological crises - Sustainable development - Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 - Agenda 21 ### Agenda 21 - Local government should draw its local agenda. - Combating environmental damage, poverty, and disease - Declaration signed at Rio de Janeiro, 1992 - Achieving global sustainable development ### Resource Planning - Why do we need resource planning? - Unequal and uneven distribution of resources - 3 step resource planning: - Identifying - Planning structure - Overall development - *Conservation of Resources* - "There is enough for everybody's need, but not for anybody's greed" - Mahatma Gandhi ### Land Resources - Use - Limitation - Distribution of Indian landmass - Plain areas: 43% - Mountains: 30% - Plateau: 27% ### Land Utilisation - Forests - Land not available for cultivation - Barren and waste land - Land put to non-agricultural use - Other uncultivated land - Pastures and grazing - Land under miscellaneous tree crops - Fallow land - Current fallow: 1 or less than 1 year - Other than current fallow: 1-5 years - Net sown area ### Land Use Pattern in India - A pie chart of land use in 1960-61 showing the following: - Net sown area: 45.26% - Barren and waste land: 12.01% - Pastures and grazing: 4.71% - Agricultural use: 6.70% - Culturable waste land: 9.70% - Fallow other than current: 6.23% - Current fallow: 3.73% - Forest: 18.11% - Another pie chart of land use in 2008 showing the following: - Net sown area: 46.24% - Current fallow: 4.76% - Forest: 22.78% - Barren and waste land: 8.68% - Pastures and grazing: 5.57% - Agricultural use: 1.11% - Culturable waste land: 4.17% - Fallow other than current: 3.37% - Culturable waste land: 3.28% ### Land Degradation and Conservation Measures - Causes - Deforestation - Over grazing - Mining - Over irrigation - Mineral processing industries - Measures - Afforestation - Management of grazing land - Regulating mining - Drip irrigation, sprinklers - Plantation of shelter belts - Growing thorny bushes ### Soil as a Resource - A diagram shows a cross-section of soil with the following layers labelled: - Top Soil - Sub Soil: weathered rock sand, silt, and clay - Substratum: weathered parent rock material - Unweathered parent bed rock - Renewable natural resource - Supports plant growth and organisms - Vegetation and life form in different areas ### Classification of Soils - **Alluvial Soil** - Formation: - Role of Himalayan rivers - Role of deltas - Location - Northern plains and coastal areas - Duars, chos, and terai in piedmont plains - Khadar and bangar - Content and crops: - Potash, phosphoric acid, and lime - Sugarcane, paddy, wheat, cereal, and pulse crop - **Black Soil** - Formation: - Climatic conditions and parent rock - Deccan trap made up of basalt - Location: - Plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, M.P, and Chhattisgarh - Clayey nature, holds water for long - Content and crops: - Calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime - Cotton, sugarcane - **Red and Yellow Soil** - Formation: - Crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall - Location: - South eastern and eastern part of the country - Reddish and yellow colour - Content and crops - Igneous rock with iron - Plantation: tea, coffee, and rubber - **Laterite Soil** - Formation: - High temperature and heavy rainfall - Location: - Western ghats and northeastern states - Lacks humus content - Content and crops: - One of various minerals - Plantation crops - **Arid Soil** - Formation: - High temperature and low rainfall - Sand texture and saline in nature - Location: - North western part of India - Presence of kankar nodules - Is it cultivable? Yes, but with proper irrigation and manner - **Forest Soil** - Formation: - Mechanical weathering by snow, rain, and temperature - Location: - Hilly areas (Kashmir to Arunachal) - Fertility - Loamy and silty in valley - Coarse grained in the upper slopes. ### Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation - **Define Soil Erosion?** - The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down of soil is described as soil erosion. - **Causes of Soil Erosion** - Overgrazing - Construction, mining, defective farming method - Natural factors: wind, glacier, and water - **Gullies:** deep channels developed in clayey soil due to running water. - **Ravines:** bad land (unfit for cultivation) in the chambal region. - **Sheet erosion:** washing off of the top soil. ### Conservation Methods - **Contour ploughing** - **Terrace farming** - **Strip farming** - **Shelter belts** - **Others** ### Questions and Answer Writing Discussion 1. Resource? Types of Resources (specific basis also) 2. Problems of indiscriminate use of resources? 3. Define: sustainable development, Earth Summit, Agenda 21, net sown area 4. Steps involved in resource planning? Why do we need it? 5. Gandhiji's statement? 6. Land utilisation? Cause of land degradation? Conservation methods? (same for soil) 7. Soils: All, Khadar, and Bangar 8. Status of Development? (Define) All the text comes from the images provided, with the exception of the explanations for the diagrams. The images give no information regarding them, therefore I have described them to the best of my ability using my knowledge and understanding of the topic.