Plant Form and Function PDF

CHAPTER 1: PLANT FORM & FUNCTION MS. RUTH ANGELA T. GAELO Subject Teacher What do plants need to sustain growth? Sunlight Nutrients Water from the Air soil Plants obtain all of these nutrients as inorganic substances (water & CO2) and convert t...

CHAPTER 1: PLANT FORM & FUNCTION MS. RUTH ANGELA T. GAELO Subject Teacher What do plants need to sustain growth? Sunlight Nutrients Water from the Air soil Plants obtain all of these nutrients as inorganic substances (water & CO2) and convert them into organic form (O2 & glucose) through Photosynthesis. How important is water to plants? Water is an essential requirement for plants’ survival. It allows plants to metabolically utilize the chemical compounds and micronutrients obtained fromThethe surrounding root soil. hairs in some plants, increases the surface area for water absorption.  Root nodules in some plants is the selective symbiont between legumes and leguminous bacteria that help convert nitrogen gas to ammonia. Transport System in Plants The vascular tissues allow the substances to move from certain parts of the plant to the others. Its main vascular tissues are the xylem and phloem. Transport System in Plants The plant transports food, water, and minerals through its system using the xylem and phloem. These vascular tissues are physically close to each other. Transport System in Plants Xylem is responsible for distributing water and minerals taken by the roots. Some of its parts do not have protoplasm/cell walls which allows water & minerals to pass easily. XYLEM Tracheid (conducting cells) where water does not flow continuously. The roots & leaves are connected through tracheid cells with pitted walls. XYLEM Vessels are long, wider, hollow tubes that stretch from the roots to the leaves XYLEM Fibers are supporting structures Parenchyma the only living cells of the xylem that helps with food storage XYLEM These are strengthened by a substance called lignin. Patterns may vary depending on its location. Transport System in Plants Phloem transports manufactured food (sucrose & amino acids) from the green parts of the plant (leaves to its other parts). The process is called translocation. PHLOEM Sieve tube consists of a single row of elongated, thin-walled cells. It has sieve pores. A mature sieve cell has a thin layer of cytoplasm which conducts manufactured food from one cell to another. PHLOEM Companion cell carries out vital processes. It has an abundant cytoplasm and nucleus. It has extremely thin but flexible cell wall Fibers are supporting structures Parenchyma stores food and other substances. It is the only type of dead cell in phloem. The arrangement of vascular tissues vary depending on its plant location (stem, leaf, or root) and plant classification (monocot or dicot). The arrangement of vascular tissues vary depending on its plant location (stem, leaf, or root) and plant classification (monocot or dicot). Plant Nutrition It refers to the supply 17 Essential Elements for Plants and absorption of Carbon Iron Potassium chemical compounds Hydrogen Magnesium Sulfur (plant nutrients/ Oxygen Manganese Zinc essential elements) for Boron Molybdenum Calcium Nickel Sodium the growth & Chlorine Nitrogen Silicon Inorganic metabolism of plants. nutrients are Copper Phosphorus Cobalt obtained through the soil, air, and water  Adaptive mechanisms are utilized by plants to increase or decrease growth in organs that directly or indirectly involved in nutrient acquisition. Altering growth patterns Plant Hormones based on stress conditions defense against pathogenic such as a decline in microorganisms nutrient availability. regulate the development and Change metabolic pathways signal networks - Abscisic Acid - Cytokin Use other means of barrier (physical & - Auxin - Ethylene chemical) to protect them - - Gibberellins from pathogenic Brassinosteroid - Jasmonic Acid s substances - Salicylic Acid Plant Nutrition It refers to the supply 17 Essential Elements for Plants and absorption of Carbon Iron Potassium chemical compounds Hydrogen Magnesium Sulfur (plant nutrients/ Oxygen Manganese Zinc essential elements) for Boron Molybdenum Calcium Nickel Sodium the growth & Chlorine Nitrogen Silicon Inorganic metabolism of plants. nutrients are Copper Phosphorus Cobalt obtained through the soil, air, and water  Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Most plants reproduce asexually through their vegetative parts (stem, roots, and leaves) The new plant results from this process is genetically identical to its parent plant. 1) Natural Vegetative Propagation - plants can grow from their vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures 2) Artificial Vegetative Propagation - done with a little help from humans - often faster than growing plants from seeds - farmers use a piece of plant material  Modified Description Representative Stem Species 1) Runner New plants arise from the Bermuda grass, nodes of a horizontal stem Strawberry plants above the ground 2) Rhizome Sugarcane, New plants arise from the nodes of Ginger a horizontal rootlike underground stem 3) Corm Gladiolus New plants arise from very short thick underground stems with thin scaly leaves  Modified Representative Stem Description Species 4) Tuber Potato New shoots arise from an auxillary bud on a short, swollen, fleshy underground stem 5) Bulb Onion, Garlic New bulbs arise from an auxillary bud on very short stems with thick fleshy leaves (only in monocots)  Method Description Examples 1) Cutting Leaves, stems, or Ornamental trees roots are cut from one and shrubs plant, planted in soil, (grapes, apples) and used to grow new individuals 2) Budding Some fruits and Small stems from one plant are (oranges) and Grafting attached to the larger stems or nut trees roots of another plant 3) Tissue Orchids, Laboratory technique in which potatoes, and Culture pieces of tissue from one plant ornamental are placed on a sterile medium plants and used to grow new plants Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants All flowering plants can reproduce sexually. The reproductive organs of these plants are contained in the flower Hermaphrodites Imperfect Flowers / Perfect Flowers – the male and – has both male female organs are and female sex located in separate organs flowers Parts of a Flower A. Non-reproductive Parts Petals - modified leaves of a plant that give a flower its shape and form which come in a variety of colors - attract pollinators (bees and humans) to aid in fertilization Parts of a Flower A. Non-reproductive Parts Sepal - consists of small leaves growing at the base of the petals that protect the flower before it blooms Parts of a Flower A. Non-reproductive Parts Receptacle - Holds the flower’s organ Peduncle - known as the flower stalk - holds the flower itself Parts of a Flower B. Reproductive Parts Stamen (male) Anther - produces pollen that contains male sex cells Filament - holds up the anther Parts of a Flower B. Reproductive Parts Pistil (female) Stigma - top part of the pistil that has a sticky surface to trap pollen Style Ovary - connects the stigma - Contains the ovule and the ovary Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Plants 1) Pollination – transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma through the following agents: a) Self-pollination – pollen is carried from the anther to the stigma of the same plant b) Cross-pollination – pollen is carried to the stigma of another plant Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Plants 2) Fertilization Once the pollen lands on the stigma, the pollen tube grows with the male gamete traveling downward until it penetrates the ovule Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Plants 3) Seed Dispersal – prevents overcrowding and competition due to the growth of many plants of the same species within a given area Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Plants 4) Germination – when the seed (fruit) lands on the ground, it breaks through the seed coat and grows to form a new plant A seed may germinate if it has enough water, oxygen, and warmth