General Biology 1 PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Prepared by: Raven Tomaquin, Ayeza Agustin \| Volunteers, & Jan Henrich Garcia \| Secretary MODULE 01 ----------------------------- **CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE** ----------------------------- ------------- **BIOLOGY** ------------- - ---------------------------...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Prepared by: Raven Tomaquin, Ayeza Agustin \| Volunteers, & Jan Henrich Garcia \| Secretary MODULE 01 ----------------------------- **CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE** ----------------------------- ------------- **BIOLOGY** ------------- - ----------------------------- **CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE** ----------------------------- - - ---------------------- **MADE UP OF CELLS** ---------------------- - - - - - - --------------------------- **OBTAIN AND SEE ENERGY** --------------------------- - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - 1. 2. 3. --------------------- **ABILITY TO GROW** --------------------- - - ------------------------ **ABILITY TO DEVELOP** ------------------------ - - - --------------- **REPRODUCE** --------------- - - - - - - - ---------------------------- **RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENT** ---------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------------------------------- **ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT** -------------------------------- - - - - - - - --------------- **EVOLUTION** --------------- - -------------------- **LIFE PROCESSES** -------------------- -------------- **MOVEMENT** -------------- - ----------------- **RESPIRATION** ----------------- - ----------------- **SENSITIVITY** ----------------- - ---------- **GROW** ---------- - ------------------ **REPRODUCTION** ------------------ - --------------- **EXCRETION** --------------- - --------------- **NUTRITION** --------------- - MODULE 02 ----------------- **CELL THEORY** ----------------- -------------- **CYTOLOGY** -------------- - ----------- **CELLS** ----------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------- **HISTORY** ------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------ **CELL HISTORY** ------------------ - - - - - - - ----------------------------------------- **PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF A MICROSCOPE** ----------------------------------------- - ----------------------- **SIMPLE MICROSCOPE** ----------------------- - - ------------------------- **COMPOUND MICROSCOPE** ------------------------- - - ---------------------- **MECHANICAL PARTS** ---------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------- **OPTICAL PARTS** ------------------- - - - - - - - - ---------------- **OBJECTIVES** ---------------- - - - - - MODULE 03 -------------------------------------- **PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC CELLS** -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- **MOLECULES/STRUCTURES THAT MAKE UP THE ACTUAL CELL** ------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------------------------ **TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELLS** ------------------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  --------------------------------------------------- **OTHER DIFFERENCES OF PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE** --------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------------------------------------------- **SIMILARITIES OF PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE** ---------------------------------------------- - MODULE 04 AND 05 ---------------- **ORGANELLES** ---------------- ------------------------------- **THREE BASIC PARTS OF CELL** ------------------------------- ------------------- **CELL MEMBRANE** ------------------- - - - - - - --------------- **CYTOPLASM** --------------- - - ------------- **NUCLEUS** ------------- - - -------------------------- **ORGANELLES IN A CELL** -------------------------- --------------- **CYTOPLASM** --------------- - - - - ------------------ **CYTOSKELETON** ------------------ - - - - - --------------- **CELL WALL** --------------- - - - ------------- **NUCLEUS** ------------- - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. --------------------------- **ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM** --------------------------- - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - 1. 2. 3. 4. --------------- **RIBOSOMES** --------------- - - - - - - ---------------- **CENTRIOLES** ---------------- - - - - ------------------ **GOLGI BODIES** ------------------ - - - - - - -------------- **VACUOLES** -------------- - - - - - -------------- **VESICLES** -------------- - - - - --------------- **LYSOSOMES** --------------- - - - - - - - ----------------- **PEROXISOMES** ----------------- - - - - - ----------------- **CHLOROPLAST** ----------------- - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - 1. 2. 3.  ------------------ **MITOCHONIRIA** ------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - MODULE 06 ------------------------ **CELL MODIFICATIONS** ------------------------ -------------------------------------------- **TYPES OF TISSUES ON ANIMALS AND PLANTS** -------------------------------------------- - - - ----------------------- **EPITHELIAL TISSUE** ----------------------- - - - 1. 2. - 1. - - ----------------------- **CONNECTIVE TISSUE** ----------------------- - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - 1. 2.  ------------------- **MUSCLE TISSUE** ------------------- - - - - 1. 2. 3. - 1. 2. - 1. 2. 3. -------------------- **NERVOUS TISSUE** -------------------- - - 1. 2. - ------------------- **DERMAL TISSUE** ------------------- - - - - --------------------- **VASCULAR TISSUE** --------------------- - - 1. 2. - ------------------- **GROUND TISSUE** ------------------- - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------ **CELL MODIFICATIONS THAT LEAD TO ADAPTATION** ------------------------------------------------ -------------------------- **APICAL MODIFICATIONS** -------------------------- ---------------- **MICROVILLI** ---------------- - - - ----------- **CILIA** ----------- - - - - -------------- **FLAGELLA** -------------- - - ------------------------- **BASAL MODIFICATIONS** ------------------------- ---------------------- **BASAL INFOLDINGS** ---------------------- - - - --------------------------- **LATERAL MODIFICATIONS** --------------------------- --------------------- **TIGHT JUNCTIONS** --------------------- - - - ----------------------- **ADHERENS JUNCTION** ----------------------- - - MODULE 07 ----------------------------------------- **CELL MEMBRANE: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER** ----------------------------------------- ------------------- **CELL MEMBRANE** ------------------- - - - - - ------------------- **PHOSPHOLIPIDS** ------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - MODULE 08 --------------------------------------------------- **CELL MEMBRANE: PROTEINS AND OTHER COMPONENTSS** --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- **MEMBRANE PROTEINS** ----------------------- - - - - - ----------------------- **BASED ON LOCATION** ----------------------- ----------------------- **INTEGRAL PROTEINS** ----------------------- - - - ------------------------- **PERIPHERAL PROTEINS** ------------------------- - - - - ------------------------ **BASED ON FUNCTIONS** ------------------------ ------------------ **ION CHANNELS** ------------------ - - - - ------------------------------------- **TRANSPORTER OR CARRIER PROTEINS** ------------------------------------- - - - ------------- **ENZYMES** ------------- - - - - ----------------------- **RECOGNITION SITES** ----------------------- - - - - ----------------- **CHOLESTEROL** ----------------- - - - - - ---------------------------- **THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL** ---------------------------- - - ------------------- **PHOSPHOLIPIDS** ------------------- - - - ----------------- **CHOLESTEROL** ----------------- - ----------------------- **MEMBRANE PROTEINS** ----------------------- - - ---------------- **GLYCOCALYX** ---------------- - - - MODULE 09 ------------------------------------------- **MEMBRANE TRANSPORT: PASSIVE TRANSPORT** ------------------------------------------- ----------------------- **PASSIVE TRANSPORT** ----------------------- - - - - --------------- **DIFFUSION** --------------- - ---------------------------- **CONCENTRATION GRADIENT** ---------------------------- - - - - ----------------------------------------------- **FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF DIFFUSION** ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- **CONCENTRATION GRADIENT** ---------------------------- - - - ----------------- **TEMPERATURE** ----------------- - - - ----------------------- **MASS OF PARTICLES** ----------------------- - - ------------------------ **SOLVENT PROPERTIES** ------------------------ - - - ------------------------------- **TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT** ------------------------------- ---------------------- **SIMPLE DIFFUSION** ---------------------- - ---------------------- **SIMPLE DIFFUSION** ---------------------- - - - - MODULE 10 -------------------------------- **PASSIVE TRANSPORT: OSMOSIS** -------------------------------- ------------- **OSMOSIS** ------------- - - - ---------------------- **OSMOTIC PRESSURE** ---------------------- - - ----------------------- **OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS** -----------------------  ----------------------- **ISOTONIC SOLUTION** ----------------------- - - - - - - - - ------------------------ **HYPOTONIC SOLUTION** ------------------------ - - - - - - - - - MODULE 11 ---------------------- **ACTIVE TRANSPORT** ---------------------- ---------------------- **ACTIVE TRANSPORT** ---------------------- - ---------------------- **CARRIER PROTEINS** ---------------------- - - --------------------- **CARRIER PROTEIN** --------------------- - - ---------------- **UNIPORTERS** ---------------- - ---------------- **SYMPORTERS** ---------------- - ----------------- **ANTIPORTERS** ----------------- - MODULE 12 **BULK TRANSPORT: ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS** -------------------- **BULK TRANSPORT** -------------------- - - - - ----------------- **ENDOCYTOSIS** ----------------- - ------------------ **PHAGOCYTOSIS** ------------------ - - - - ----------------- **PINOCYTOSIS** ----------------- - - - - - ----------------------------------- **RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS** ----------------------------------- - - - ---------------- **EXOCYTOSIS** ---------------- - - MODULE 13 **CELL CYCLE** ---------------- **INTERPHASE** ---------------- - - - - - --------------- **SUBSTAGES** --------------- --------------- **FIRST GAP** --------------- - - - --------------------- **SYNTHESIS PHASE** --------------------- - - - - - ---------------- **SECOND GAP** ---------------- - - - - - - ------------------------------- **CELL CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM** ------------------------------- - - ----------------------------------- **CHECKPOINTS IN THE CELL CYCLE** ----------------------------------- - - - -------------------- **FIRST GAP (G1)** -------------------- - - - - - - --------------------- **SECOND GAP (G2)** --------------------- - - ------------------------------ **METAPHASE CHECKPOINT (M)** ------------------------------ - - -------------------------------- **P53(TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE)** -------------------------------- - - - - - - ------------- **KINASES** ------------- - - - ------------------------------------------ **CYCLINS AND CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES** ------------------------------------------ - ------------- **CYCLINS** ------------- - - ------------------------------- **CYCLINS-DEPENDENT KINASES** ------------------------------- - - ### MODULE 14 **MITOSIS** - - - - ------------- **MITOSIS** ------------- - - - ----------------------------- **STAGES OF MITOSIS: PMAT** ----------------------------- --------------- **PROSPHASE** --------------- - - - - --------------- **METAPHASE** --------------- - - - - --------------- **METAPHASE** --------------- - - - - --------------- **TELOPHASE** --------------- - - - ### MODULE 15 **SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS** ----------------------------- **SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS** ----------------------------- - - - - ---------------- **STEM CELLS** ---------------- - - - -------------------------------------- **CAUSES OF CELL CYCLE MALFUNCTION** -------------------------------------- ------------------ **CANCER CELLS** ------------------ - - - ----------------------- **NEURODEGENERATION** ----------------------- - - - - - - ------------------------------------------- **APPLICATION OF CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS** ------------------------------------------- ----------------- **AGRICULTURE** ----------------- - - - - -------------- **MEDICINE** -------------- - - -------------------- **TISSUE CULTURE** -------------------- - - ### MODULE 16 **MEIOSIS** ------------- **MEIOSIS** ------------- - - - -  --------------- **MEIOSIS 1** --------------- - - - - ---------------- **PROPHASE 1** ---------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------- **METAPHASE 1** ----------------- - - - ---------------- **ANAPHASE 1** ---------------- - - - ----------------- **TELOPHASE 1** ----------------- - - --------------- **MEIOSIS 2** --------------- - - ---------------- **PROPHASE 1** ---------------- - - ----------------- **METAPHASE 2** ----------------- - - ---------------- **ANAPHASE 2** ---------------- - - ----------------- **TELOPHASE 2** ----------------- - - - ### MODULE 17 **GAMETOGENESIS** ------------------- **GAMETOGENESIS** ------------------- - - --------------------- **SPERMATOGENESIS** --------------------- - - - - - - - ------------------------- **SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS** ------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------------------- **SPERMIOGENESIS** -------------------- - - - --------------- **OOGENESIS** --------------- - - - - - - - - ### MODULE \#18 **SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS** ----------------------------- **SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS** ----------------------------- - - - **DISEASES RELATED TO MALFUNCTIONS** ---------------- **ANEUPLOIDY** ---------------- - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **EXCESSIVE CHROMOSOMES** | | | | **(AUTOSOMES)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - ---------------- **TRISOMY 21** ---------------- - - - -------------------------------------- **NONDISJUNCTION (SEX CHROMOSOMES)** -------------------------------------- - -------------------------- **KLINEFELTER SYNDROME** -------------------------- - - - ----------------- **XYY SYDROME** ----------------- - - - - ---------------------------------- **TRISOMY X (TRIPLE X SYDROME)** ---------------------------------- - - - - - ------------------------------------ **MONOSOMY X (TURNER'S SYNDROME)** ------------------------------------ - - - - - ----------------------------- **CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS** ----------------------------- - - ----------------- **DUPLICATION** ----------------- - -------------- **DELETION** -------------- - - ------------------- **TRANSLOCATION** ------------------- - - - -