General Biology Midterm Reviewer PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER Module 1: Study of Life Biology ✅ -​ Bios- life and logos- study = defined as the science of life and living organisms. -​ All living things are made up of cells. -​ Some are unicellular and some are multicellular...

GENERAL BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER Module 1: Study of Life Biology ✅ -​ Bios- life and logos- study = defined as the science of life and living organisms. -​ All living things are made up of cells. -​ Some are unicellular and some are multicellular -​ First form of life 3.5 Billion years ago. -​ The first evidence of life is found in microfossils (remains of tiny plants and animals) -​ Among scientists, the most accepted theory is that life came from inanimate objects. -​ Structure, Function, Growth, Origin, Evolution and distribution of living things. Four unifying principles: -​ Cell Theory -​ Evolution -​ Genetics -​ Homeostasis What do biologists do? (SR DIP) -​ Study the diversity of life ✅ -​ Research diseases -​ Develop Technologies -​ Improve agriculture -​ Preserve the environment​ Eight Characteristics of Life​ Made up of cells ✅ ​ Basic unit of structure and function of all living things. ​ Levels of organization: ​ Organism ✅ Atoms-Molecules- Cells- Tissues- Organs- Organ System- ​ Atoms are arranged into molecules, then into macromolecules, ✅ which make organelles that work together to form cells. ​ DNA is the genetic code found in every cell. Responds to Stimuli ​ Living organisms respond to their environment✅ ​ Living things know what is going on around them and respond to changes in the environment. environment. ✅ ​ Adaptation refers to the process of becoming adjusted to an ​ Adaptation is influenced by structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that improve an organism’s likelihood of survival ✅ and reproduction. ✅✅✅ ​ Plants- tropism ○​ Thigmotropism- touch ○​ Phototropism- light ○​ Hydrotropism- water ○​ Geotropism- gravity ✅ ✅ ○​ Thermotropism- temperature Maintain Homeostasis ​ Stable internal condition ✅ ​ Normal human temperature- 36-37 Celsius Metabolism ​ Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell. ✅ ​ ​ ​ All reactions to convert energy ✅ Catabolism- breaks down= release energy Anabolism- uses energy ​ ✅ ​ Plants and bacteria= independent/ producers​ (autotrophs- make their own food)​ ​ Plants- phototrophs ​ Bacteria- chemotrophs ​ ✅ ​ Humans and animals= consumers​ (heterotrophs- depend on other organisms) Growth and Change ​ All living things have the ability to grow and change ​ Bacteria don’t grow but multiply ✅ Reproduction ​ Making the next generation ✅ ✅ ​ Asexual Production - no fertilization, no sex cell, single parent cell break off ✅ ○​ Budding- small growths on surface of parent organisms ○​ Cloning- Involves replacing an embryonic cell’s DNA ✅ ​ Sexual Production - fertilization, union of gametes, female and male Adaptation ​ Ability to survive (survival of the fittest) Evolution ​ Ever changing ​ Because of adaptation ✅ Theory - explanation of natural phenomena supported by many observations and experiments over time ​ ​ ✅ Peer review - procedures used during an experiment and the results are evaluated by other scientists. ​ ​ Cell Theory Discovery of Cell Robert Hooke (1665) -​ Discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. -​ Tiny boxes or a honeycomb ✅ -​ Thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi. Anton van Leuwenhoek (1673) -​ Discovered single-celled organisms -​ Animalcules ✅  -​ Observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans. Spontaneous Generation (150-200 year gap) -​ Abiogenesis -​ Life started with non-living organisms ✅ Louis Pasteur (19th Century Advancement) -​ Disproved the spontaneous generation ​ ✅ Development of Cell Theory Matthias Scheliden (1838) -​ Concluded that all plants are made of cells ✅ Theodor Schwann (1839) -​ Stated that all animal tissues are made of cells ✅ Rudolf Virchow (1858) -​ Concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells ✅ Cell Theory Complete ✅✅ ✅ 3 basic components 1.​ Organisms are composed of one or more cells 2.​ Cell is the basic unit of life in all living things 3.​ Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells Modern Cell Theory -​ Cell contains DNA which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division -​ Cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities -​ All basic chemical and physiological functions are carried out inside the cell. -​ Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structure within the cells Scientific Method -​ Systematic processes that scientists use to answer questions and solve problems. ✅ 1.​ Question ✅ Steps of the scientific method 2.​ Background research ✅ -​ Specific and based on an observation. -​ Research helps make informed predictions and ensures you are not repeating work already done. 3.​ Hypothesis formation ✅ -​ Educated guess about the answer to your question 4.​ Experiment ✅ -​ If then statements -​ Testing your hypothesis -​ Independent variable (what you change) 5.​ Record and analyze ✅ -​ Dependent variable (what you measure) -​ Collect data and record observations 6.​ Drawing conclusions ✅ -​ helps you understand whether your hypothesis was supported or not. -​ Decide if your hypothesis was correct -​ Drawing a conclusion helps you reflect on what you learned and consider how ✅ the experiment might be improved in the future. 7.​ Communicating results Cell Organelles Intro to Cell Organelles -​ Cell provide shape, and structure, and carry out different types of functions to keep the entire system active. -​ Cells contain different functional structures which are collectively called organelles. Organelles -​ Tiny structures within a cell that function like organs of our bodies -​ Each organelle has a specific job to perform which helps the cell survive and function properly Nucleus -​ Membrane-bound organelle -​ Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) within chromosomes Mitochondria -​ Membrane-bound organelle where chemical energy production (ATP- Adenosine triphosphate) occurs Cell Membrane -​ Provides protection and supports homeostasis by regulating the materials that enter and exit the cell. Golgi Apparatus -​ Membrane-bound organelle that packages proteins and lipids (fats) into vesicles for transport Endoplasmic Reticulum -​ Rough ER- has ribosomes and produces proteins -​ Smooth ER- does not have ribosomes and produces lipids (fats) Vacuole -​ Membrane-bound organelle that supports cell storage and waste management -​ Plant cells have larger vacuoles to store food and water Chloroplast -​ Membrane-bound organelles where photosynthesis occurs. -​ Light energy to chemical energy -​ Only present in plant cells Prokaryotic Cells vs Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells -​ Pro means before and Karyon (kernel) means nuclei -​ Simplest type of cell -​ Oldest type of cell appeared about four billion years ago -​ Largest group of organisms -​ All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular -​ Prokaryote’s organelles have coverings known as membranes -​ Ancient bacteria- archaea (extreme environment) ​ Thermophiles- hot environment ​ Mesophiles moderate temperature ​ Halophiles- cold environment ​ Acidophile- acid environment -​ Shapes of Prokaryotes ​ Cocci- spherical (round) ​ Bacillus- rod-shaped ​ Spirilla= helical (spiral) Eukaryotic Cells -​ Eu means true and Karyon (kernel) means nuclei -​ More advanced than prokaryotes -​ Nuclear membrane surrounds linear genetic material (DNA) -​ Have several different parts -​ Complex internal structure -​ Larger in size -​ Either unicellular or multicellular Differences Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelles lack a membrane Organelles covered by a membrane Ribosomes are the only organelles Multiple organelles including ribosomes Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm (DNA Membrane-covered genetic material and RNA) Circular DNA Linear DNA Unicellular Either unicellular or multicellular Smaller in size Larger in size Larger number of organisms Smaller number of organisms Appeared 4 billion years ago Appeared 1 billion years ago Similarities -​ Have cell membrane (outer covering of the cell) -​ Have ribosomes -​ Have DNA -​ Have a cytoplasm (liquid environment)