Biology Basics Overview
46 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which component is found in the cell wall of bacteria?

  • Lignin
  • Chitin
  • Peptidoglycan (correct)
  • Cellulose

Which classification system includes both bacteria and archaea?

  • Two-domain classification
  • Five-kingdom classification
  • Three-domain classification
  • Six-kingdom classification (correct)

How is the unique scientific name of each species structured?

  • Order, kingdom
  • Genus, family
  • Species, order
  • Genus, species (correct)

Which of the following accurately describes archaea?

<p>More related to eukaryotes than bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a taxon in biological classification?

<p>A group of organisms with a unique trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who built the first microscope in 1595?

<p>Hans and Zacharias Janssen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Robert Hooke coin to describe features of plant cells?

<p>Cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Anton van Leeuwenhoek is correct?

<p>He was a Dutchman who notably perfected microscopy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does magnification refer to in microscopy?

<p>The ratio of an object's image size to its real size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is resolution in the context of microscopy?

<p>The ability to distinguish between two separate points. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope supports the entire structure?

<p>Base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does refraction have on light in a microscope?

<p>It bends the light to magnify the image. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is responsible for holding the dust shield and nosepiece?

<p>Body tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a scientific experiment?

<p>To support or falsify a prediction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a prediction in a scientific method represent?

<p>A statement about a condition if the hypothesis is true (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can researchers minimize sampling error when conducting an experiment?

<p>By using a larger subset of data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a statistically significant result in research?

<p>A result that occurs with a low probability of happening by chance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of a scientific law of nature?

<p>It occurs without exception under all circumstances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the earliest forms of magnification used by humans?

<p>Flea glasses used for observing small insects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a model in scientific research?

<p>To provide an analogy for hypotheses testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with early advancements in magnification technology?

<p>Salvino D'Armate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process begins the scientific method?

<p>Stating a hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What instrument was used to first observe bacteria?

<p>Compound microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the coarse adjustment screw on a microscope?

<p>To make large changes in focus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is used to place the slide for observation?

<p>Stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in a microscope?

<p>To regulate the amount of light onto the specimen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which objective lens provides the highest magnification?

<p>Oil Immersion Objective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is responsible for holding the mirror in place?

<p>Mirror rack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ocular or eyepiece?

<p>It is the part you look through to see the specimen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the diaphragm is too widely opened?

<p>Too much light may reduce image contrast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following objectives should never be adjusted using the coarse adjustment screw?

<p>High Power Objective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of flagella in cells?

<p>To propel cells through fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural component of the cell membrane?

<p>Lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During facilitated diffusion, what is required for substances to cross the plasma membrane?

<p>Transport proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypotonic solution?

<p>Low solute concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?

<p>Color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does equilibrium refer to in the context of diffusion?

<p>When molecules are spread evenly throughout a substance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of channel proteins in the plasma membrane?

<p>To provide a tube-like opening for particle diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, what are primarily responsible for most membrane functions?

<p>Proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which process does water diffuse until isotonic conditions are reached?

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential requirement for active transport?

<p>Energy in the form of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>Movement of sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during phagocytosis?

<p>Cell engulfs and internalizes materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes turgor pressure in plant cells?

<p>It decreases when the cell is in a hypertonic solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the shoot system of a multicellular plant primarily serve?

<p>Photosynthesis and reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exocytosis, what happens to cellular materials?

<p>They are expelled from the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, with DNA scattered throughout the cell.

Biofilm

A complex, slimy layer formed by a community of bacteria that often adheres to surfaces.

Peptidoglycan

The rigid outer layer of bacteria that helps maintain their shape and protects them.

Taxon

A group of organisms sharing a unique set of characteristics. Think of it as a family tree with branching levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Domain

The most inclusive classification level that includes Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prediction

A statement based on a hypothesis, predicting a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is true.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific method

A systematic process of making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sampling error

A difference between results of a subset and the whole population, occurring due to chance variation in the sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Probability

The measure of the likelihood of a specific outcome occurring. Expressed as a percentage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Statistically significant

A result with a very low probability of occurring by chance alone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Model

An analogous system used to test hypotheses. A simplified representation of the real thing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Experiment

A test designed to support or contradict a prediction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific theory

A hypothesis that has withstood repeated testing and has not been disproven.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Law of nature

A phenomenon observed to occur in every circumstance without fail, but without a complete scientific explanation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early microscopes

The earliest form of magnification, using lenses to view small insects. These were called "flea glasses."

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who invented the first microscope?

The first microscope was invented in 1595 by Hans and Zacharias Janssen, but it was perfected in the 17th century by Robert Hooke and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is magnification?

The ratio of an object's image size to it's real size. For example, if an object is 1mm and it appears 10mm in the microscope, it is magnified 10x.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is resolution?

A measure of clarity in an image. It determines how close two objects can be before they appear as one.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is contrast?

The visible differences in brightness between objects. It helps to distinguish features of an object.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who is Robert Hooke?

Known for perfecting the microscope in the 17th century. He coined the term 'cell' to describe features of plant cells (cork) because he believed they looked like small rooms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

A Dutch scientist best known for perfecting the microscope in the 17th century. He studied microorganisms like bacteria and protozoa.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the mechanical parts of a microscope?

The mechanical parts of a microscope provide structure and support. Examples include the base, pillar, handle, body tube, and nosepiece.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do lenses work in a light microscope?

The lenses used in light microscopes refract (bend) light, magnifying the image of a specimen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Revolving Nosepiece

A structure that holds the objectives and allows for changing between them. It is often circular.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ocular or Eyepiece

The part you look through, usually with a magnification of 10x.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Objectives

Lenses that magnify the specimen. They come in various magnifications: Scanner (4-5x), Low Power (10-12x), High Power (40-60x) and Oil Immersion (97-100x).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stage

A flat platform with an opening in the center where the slide is placed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diaphragm

A device used to regulate the amount of light passing through the specimen. It can be adjusted to improve image contrast.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mirror

A mirror beneath the stage used to direct light to the specimen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coarse Adjustment Screw

Used for making large adjustments to focus, but never use it when viewing at high power.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fine Adjustment Screw

Used to make fine adjustments to focus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm, causing water to move out of the cell and shrink it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm, causing water to move into the cell and expand it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same solute concentration as the cell's cytoplasm, resulting in no net movement of water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Turgor Pressure

The pressure exerted by the cell wall against the internal pressure of a plant cell, created by the influx of water during osmosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy from the cell (ATP).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane following their concentration gradient, requiring no energy from the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sodium-Potassium Pump

An active transport mechanism that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the cell's electrochemical gradient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluid Mosaic Model

A model describing the cell membrane's structure as a flexible, mosaic-like arrangement of phospholipids and proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple Diffusion

The movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, directly across a membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport that uses transport proteins to facilitate the movement of molecules across a membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Channel Protein

A type of transport protein that forms a channel or pore through the cell membrane, allowing specific substances to pass through.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Equilibrium

The state where the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a given area, in this case, across the cell membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypotonic

Describes a solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior. Water moves into the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isotonic

Describes a solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell's interior. No net water movement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phospholipid

A cell membrane component that is a major structural part of the cell membrane, consisting of a water-loving head and water-hating tails.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Biology

  • Biology is the scientific study of life
  • Living and non-living things are made up of the same components (atoms)
  • An atom is the fundamental building block of all matter
  • Molecules are associations of two or more atoms

Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts

  • Cells are the smallest unit of life
  • Organism: An individual, one or more cells
  • Population: Group of individuals of a species in a given area.
  • Community: All populations of all species in a given area
  • Ecosystem: A community interacting with its environment
  • Biosphere: All regions of Earth that hold life

How Living Things Are Alike

  • All living things have similar characteristics
  • Require ongoing inputs of energy and raw materials
  • Sense and respond to change

Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients

  • Energy is the capacity to do work
  • Nutrients are substances an organism can't make for itself
  • Organisms make their own food using energy and simple raw materials (producers)
  • Some organisms obtain energy from other organisms (consumers)
  • Some organisms break down the remains of producers or consumers (decomposers)

How Living Things Differ

  • Classification schemes help organize biodiversity (the scope of variation among living organisms)
  • Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms with no nucleus
  • Eukaryotes are all organisms besides bacteria and archaea; cells with a nucleus.

The Science of Nature (The Scientific Method)

  • Variables are characteristics that differ among individuals
  • Experiments involve an experimental group that receives a certain treatment and a control group that is not exposed to the independent variable
  • Hypotheses are testable explanations for natural phenomena
  • Data are collected and recorded to test hypotheses by collecting results through observation

History, Parts, and Functions of Microscopes

  • The first microscope was built by Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1595
  • Robert Hooke perfected the microscope
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope
  • Microscopes use lenses to magnify images

Main Parts of a Microscope

  • Mechanical parts include base, pillar, arm, body tube, revolving nosepiece, coarse adjustment, fine adjustment, stage, stage clips
  • Magnifying parts include ocular (eye piece) and objective lenses
  • Illuminating parts include mirror, condenser, and diaphragm

Cell Theory

  • Basic unit of life
  • All cells come from preexisting cells
  • Contents hereditary material

Plant Cell Structure (Parts of a Cell)

  • Cell wall: Outermost layer, semi-rigid and permeable
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP
  • Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains DNA
  • Cytoplasm: Where all organelles are placed
  • Cell membrane: Protects the cell, lets things inside and outside the cell
  • Lysosomes: Suicide bag of the cell, involved in the digestion of molecules
  • Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough & smooth): involved in protein synthesis and packaging
  • Golgi apparatus: Sorts and packages finished products

Energy Metabolism

  • Lipids are the main structural components in cell membranes
  • Diffusion is the spontaneous spreading of molecules/ions
  • Passive transport doesn't require energy to move from high to low concentrations
  • Active transport moves from low to high concentrations and requires energy (ATP)

Diffusion & Osmosis

  • Factors of diffusion include concentration, temperature, size, charge, and pressure
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water (H₂O) from a high concentration to a low concentration
  • Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic refer to the concentration of solutes surrounding a cell relative to the solutes inside the cell

Active & Passive Transport

  • Active transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances from low to high concentrations
  • Passive transport does not require energy to move substances from higher to lower concentrations.
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of active transport in which cells take in or release substances

Multicellular Plant Body

  • Shoot system (stem and leaves), transports water and photosynthesizes
  • Root system (roots), anchors the plant and absorbs water from the soil

Vascular Tissues

  • Xylem transports water upwards, provides support, composed of specialized cells
  • Phloem transports food and nutrients and is composed of sieve tube members

Vascular Plants

  • Vascular plants have a well-developed system for transporting water and food.
  • Vascular bundles are composed of xylem and phloem.

Primary Growth

  • The zone of cell division, the zone of elongation, and the zone of maturation are all part of primary growth

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Gen Bio 1 - Midterm Reviewer PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biology, including the definition of life, the structure of atoms and molecules, and the organization of living systems from cells to the biosphere. Discover how living organisms share characteristics, require energy and nutrients, and interact within ecosystems.

More Like This

Cell Biology Fundamentals
10 questions

Cell Biology Fundamentals

IlluminatingDalmatianJasper avatar
IlluminatingDalmatianJasper
Fundamental Concepts of Biology
8 questions

Fundamental Concepts of Biology

FoolproofArtePovera avatar
FoolproofArtePovera
Life Functions and Cells Overview
20 questions

Life Functions and Cells Overview

SmoothestMilwaukee avatar
SmoothestMilwaukee
Introduction to Biology Basics
8 questions

Introduction to Biology Basics

ValiantBronze avatar
ValiantBronze
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser