Biology Basics Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which component is found in the cell wall of bacteria?

Lignin

Chitin

Peptidoglycan (correct)

Cellulose

Which classification system includes both bacteria and archaea?

Two-domain classification

Five-kingdom classification

Three-domain classification

Six-kingdom classification (correct)

How is the unique scientific name of each species structured?

Order, kingdom

Genus, family

Species, order

Genus, species (correct)

Which of the following accurately describes archaea?

More related to eukaryotes than bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What defines a taxon in biological classification?

A group of organisms with a unique trait Signup and view all the answers

Who built the first microscope in 1595?

Hans and Zacharias Janssen Signup and view all the answers

What term did Robert Hooke coin to describe features of plant cells?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Anton van Leeuwenhoek is correct?

He was a Dutchman who notably perfected microscopy. Signup and view all the answers

What does magnification refer to in microscopy?

The ratio of an object's image size to its real size. Signup and view all the answers

What is resolution in the context of microscopy?

The ability to distinguish between two separate points. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope supports the entire structure?

Base Signup and view all the answers

What effect does refraction have on light in a microscope?

It bends the light to magnify the image. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is responsible for holding the dust shield and nosepiece?

Body tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a scientific experiment?

To support or falsify a prediction Signup and view all the answers

What does a prediction in a scientific method represent?

A statement about a condition if the hypothesis is true Signup and view all the answers

How can researchers minimize sampling error when conducting an experiment?

By using a larger subset of data Signup and view all the answers

What defines a statistically significant result in research?

A result that occurs with a low probability of happening by chance Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of a scientific law of nature?

It occurs without exception under all circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the earliest forms of magnification used by humans?

Flea glasses used for observing small insects Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a model in scientific research?

To provide an analogy for hypotheses testing Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with early advancements in magnification technology?

Salvino D'Armate Signup and view all the answers

What process begins the scientific method?

Stating a hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What instrument was used to first observe bacteria?

Compound microscope Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the coarse adjustment screw on a microscope?

To make large changes in focus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is used to place the slide for observation?

Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in a microscope?

To regulate the amount of light onto the specimen Signup and view all the answers

Which objective lens provides the highest magnification?

Oil Immersion Objective Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is responsible for holding the mirror in place?

Mirror rack Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ocular or eyepiece?

It is the part you look through to see the specimen Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the diaphragm is too widely opened?

Too much light may reduce image contrast Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following objectives should never be adjusted using the coarse adjustment screw?

High Power Objective Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of flagella in cells?

To propel cells through fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural component of the cell membrane?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

During facilitated diffusion, what is required for substances to cross the plasma membrane?

Transport proteins Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypotonic solution?

Low solute concentration Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?

Color Signup and view all the answers

What does equilibrium refer to in the context of diffusion?

When molecules are spread evenly throughout a substance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of channel proteins in the plasma membrane?

To provide a tube-like opening for particle diffusion Signup and view all the answers

In the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, what are primarily responsible for most membrane functions?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

In which process does water diffuse until isotonic conditions are reached?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential requirement for active transport?

Energy in the form of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

Movement of sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during phagocytosis?

Cell engulfs and internalizes materials Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes turgor pressure in plant cells?

It decreases when the cell is in a hypertonic solution. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the shoot system of a multicellular plant primarily serve?

Photosynthesis and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

During exocytosis, what happens to cellular materials?

They are expelled from the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life
Living and non-living things are made up of the same components (atoms)
An atom is the fundamental building block of all matter
Molecules are associations of two or more atoms

Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts

Cells are the smallest unit of life
Organism: An individual, one or more cells
Population: Group of individuals of a species in a given area.
Community: All populations of all species in a given area
Ecosystem: A community interacting with its environment
Biosphere: All regions of Earth that hold life

How Living Things Are Alike

All living things have similar characteristics
Require ongoing inputs of energy and raw materials
Sense and respond to change

Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients

Energy is the capacity to do work
Nutrients are substances an organism can't make for itself
Organisms make their own food using energy and simple raw materials (producers)
Some organisms obtain energy from other organisms (consumers)
Some organisms break down the remains of producers or consumers (decomposers)

How Living Things Differ

Classification schemes help organize biodiversity (the scope of variation among living organisms)
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms with no nucleus
Eukaryotes are all organisms besides bacteria and archaea; cells with a nucleus.

The Science of Nature (The Scientific Method)

Variables are characteristics that differ among individuals
Experiments involve an experimental group that receives a certain treatment and a control group that is not exposed to the independent variable
Hypotheses are testable explanations for natural phenomena
Data are collected and recorded to test hypotheses by collecting results through observation

History, Parts, and Functions of Microscopes

The first microscope was built by Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1595
Robert Hooke perfected the microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope
Microscopes use lenses to magnify images

Main Parts of a Microscope

Mechanical parts include base, pillar, arm, body tube, revolving nosepiece, coarse adjustment, fine adjustment, stage, stage clips
Magnifying parts include ocular (eye piece) and objective lenses
Illuminating parts include mirror, condenser, and diaphragm

Cell Theory

Basic unit of life
All cells come from preexisting cells
Contents hereditary material

Plant Cell Structure (Parts of a Cell)

Cell wall: Outermost layer, semi-rigid and permeable
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP
Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains DNA
Cytoplasm: Where all organelles are placed
Cell membrane: Protects the cell, lets things inside and outside the cell
Lysosomes: Suicide bag of the cell, involved in the digestion of molecules
Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough & smooth): involved in protein synthesis and packaging
Golgi apparatus: Sorts and packages finished products

Energy Metabolism

Lipids are the main structural components in cell membranes
Diffusion is the spontaneous spreading of molecules/ions
Passive transport doesn't require energy to move from high to low concentrations
Active transport moves from low to high concentrations and requires energy (ATP)

Diffusion & Osmosis

Factors of diffusion include concentration, temperature, size, charge, and pressure
Osmosis is the diffusion of water (H₂O) from a high concentration to a low concentration
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic refer to the concentration of solutes surrounding a cell relative to the solutes inside the cell

Active & Passive Transport

Active transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances from low to high concentrations
Passive transport does not require energy to move substances from higher to lower concentrations.
Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of active transport in which cells take in or release substances

Multicellular Plant Body

Shoot system (stem and leaves), transports water and photosynthesizes
Root system (roots), anchors the plant and absorbs water from the soil

Vascular Tissues

Xylem transports water upwards, provides support, composed of specialized cells
Phloem transports food and nutrients and is composed of sieve tube members

Vascular Plants

Vascular plants have a well-developed system for transporting water and food.
Vascular bundles are composed of xylem and phloem.

Primary Growth

The zone of cell division, the zone of elongation, and the zone of maturation are all part of primary growth

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biology, including the definition of life, the structure of atoms and molecules, and the organization of living systems from cells to the biosphere. Discover how living organisms share characteristics, require energy and nutrients, and interact within ecosystems.