G12 2ND Quarter Reviewer PDF

_________________________ SAMPLING TECHNIQUES DESIGNING A QUANTITATIVE The selection of a sample is very crucial RESEARCH: THE METHODOLOGY as wrong sampling procedure can lead to invalid re...

_________________________ SAMPLING TECHNIQUES DESIGNING A QUANTITATIVE The selection of a sample is very crucial RESEARCH: THE METHODOLOGY as wrong sampling procedure can lead to invalid results. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - Describes the researcher’s PROBABILITY SAMPLING step-by-step procedures in Each member of the population has a investigating the research problem. known probability of being selected in - Aims to discuss details about the the sample. implementation of your research study. 1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING - Explains how the research study will - Choosing the members of the be carried out to answer your sample one by one. research questions indicated in the - Drawback: Large population problem statement section and to - LOTTERY METHOD: Each member test and hypothesized relationships has a specific number written on a between the variables of your piece of paper and placed inside a research study. fishbowl. The researchers will then pick a number from the bowl one DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS at a time, and the members 1. Observation Studies corresponding to the selected 2. Correlational Research numbers will make up the sample. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS - RANDOM NUMBER TABLE: A list of Pre-experimental Design numbers arranged in a random 1. One-group pretest-posttest order, used to select samples or design make random choices in research. 2. Static group comparison It involves assigning a number to True experimental research each member of the population, design then using the table to select 3. Posttest-only control group numbers randomly. Members design corresponding to the selected 4. Pretest-posttest control group numbers become part of the design sample. 5. Solomon four-group design 6. Quasi-experimental design 2. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING - Considers every nth element of the population in the sample with the  selected random starting point - 50 samples will be selected from from the first q members Group B 4. CLUSTER SAMPLING Similar to stratified sampling, but grouped randomly, with members not (Example: https://bit.ly/3VnUw4R) having the same characteristics. 3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING Example: The population is divided into distinct Strata (Stratified Sampling) subgroups, or strata, that share similar - Grade 7 Students (members have characteristics. Then, random samples same grade level) are taken from each stratum. Cluster (Cluster Sampling) - Writing Club (members have different grade level) Where: NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING - s = number of members in the - There is bias in selection and there stratum (partition) is no known probability that one - N = total population size member will be included in the - n = total sample size sample. - No randomization in the selection (Example: of the members of the sample. - Partition (s) - Criticized for their lack of ` Group A = 300 randomization and representative ` Group B = 250 quality. - Population (N) = 1000 - Sample (n) = 200 CONVENIENCE SAMPLING - Haphazard Sampling Group A 300 - Samples taken are readily available to participate in the study. Group B 250 - Example: Opinion poll done electronically through texting or social media. - 60 samples will be selected from PURPOSIVE SAMPLING Group A - Judgmental or Selective Sampling  - Samples are taken based on the POPULATION SIZE judgment of the researcher. - Total number of members in the population of interest SNOWBALL SAMPLING - Chain-referral Sampling MARGIN OF ERROR - Each respondent is asked to give - Percentage that describes how recommendations or referrals to close you can expect the result of other possible respondents. the survey from a sample to the true population value. QUOTA SAMPLING - Quotas: Predefined control CONFIDENCE LEVEL categories - Percentage that if a survey is A COMBINATION OF: repeated many times, the results - Stratified Random Sampling: obtained would be the same. Division of several categories based on predefined control COCHRAN’S SAMPLE SIZE FORMULA categories - Calculate the ideal sample given a - Purposive Sampling: Mode of desired level of precision, desired selection of samples; based on the confidence level, and the judgment of the researcher. estimated proportion of the attribute to the population. VOLUNTEER SAMPLING - Samples who volunteered to participate in the study. COMPUTING SAMPLE SIZE SAMPLE - Helps you to answer your problem statements and allows you to draw WHERE: inferences about the population of e = Margin of Error interest. p = Population (Decimal) Z = z-value of given confidence SAMPLE SIZE level - Number of samples. q = (1 - p) n = Sample size. Example: STEPS IN IDENTIFYING THE e = (10%) Margin of Error RESPONDENTS p = (0.5) Population 1. Describe the population of Z = (90%-1.645) z-value of given interest confidence level 2. Describe the procedure for q = (1 - 0.5) drawing the sample from the n = __ population and explain why you have chosen a specific FORMULA: procedure. 3. Describe their relevant characteristics. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION n = 67.650625 Data-collection methods and n = 68 is the sample size data-gathering instruments. SURVEY ADJUSTED COCHRAN’S FORMULA - Selection of a sample of - Can be used to reduce the sample respondents to gather information size calculated by Cochran's about their population. formula. - Questionnaire: ` Not ambiguous contents. ` Can be completed within a reasonable amount of time. ` No typographical error. - Procedures in Interviewing. ` In-person interview Example: ` Telephone interview n = 68 (67.650625) ` Online interview N = 500 ` Mailed Questionnaire ` Focus groups OBSERVATION - Collect data by observing any relationship that may be evident in n = 59.97 / 60 is the new sample size.  the phenomenon that you are DATA ANALYSIS PLAN studying. - How you plan to handle and - TYPES: present the collected data. 1. Cross-sectional: Collect data - Present the outline of the statistical from respondents only once procedures to be used. 2. Case-control: You create cases - Develop your discussion based on and controls and observe them. the arrangement of the research 3. Cohort: Collection of data is questions. done repeatedly over time. 4. Ecological: Studying a DATA ORGANIZATION population. - Describe your plan for organizing and presenting the results of your EXPERIMENT survey or investigation. - Involves the manipulation of the - Determine the data you will collect. independent variable to determine - Method by which you plan to its effect on the dependent organize and present these data. variable. (6) WRITING THE DATA-COLLECTION _________________________ METHODS AND DATA-GATHERING THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 1. Consider the research questions 2. Describe the method. Indicate if RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS survey, observation, experiment, - Tools used by researchers to or document interview. collect, measure, and analyze the 3. Describe and specify the kind of variables in their research study. method that you will use. - Need to select or develop research 4. Describe the components of the instruments that measure questionnaire and how the constructs, such as intelligence, respondents will indicate their achievement, personality, answers. motivation, attitudes, aptitudes, 5. If own instrument, outline the interests, and self-esteem. procedure. Present a summary of - Critical in ensuring that the data to the validity and reliability results. be collected from the population of 6. If the validity and reliability interest are relevant and sufficient results are too detailed, put it in to answer your research questions. the appendix. (3) TYPES OF RESEARCH (2) TYPES OF TESTS INSTRUMENTS 1. (4) ACHIEVEMENT TESTS COGNITIVE - Used often in education to - Intellectual processes such as measure what students have problem solving, analyzing, and learned. reasoning. - STANDARDIZED TESTS: APTITUDE Published tests developed as a - Measures mental ability, predicting result of careful planning and future performance. skillful preparation by experts. AFFECTIVE RESEARCH - RESEARCHER-MADE TESTS: INSTRUMENTS You have to construct your own - Assess the subjects’ feelings, test to measure to answer your attitudes, beliefs, interests, specific objectives or specific personality, and values. research questions. - Norm-Referenced Tests: Relevant comparison about the OBJECTIVITY performance of an individual - Extent of agreement among on the test to the performance scorers. of other individuals. VALIDITY - Criterion-Referenced Tests: - Extent to which an instrument To describe what an individual measures what it intends to can do. measure. - PERFORMANCE TESTS: RELIABILITY Used to measure what an - Extent to which the instrument individual can do (certain task). measures accurately and 2. (2) APTITUDE TESTS consistently. - To recognize relationships, solve problems, and apply knowledge in various situations. TESTS - INDIVIDUAL APTITUDE TESTS: - A set of standard stimuli presented Individually administered to individuals in order to elicit - GROUP TESTS OF APTITUDE: responses from which a numerical To administer to a large group score can be assigned (Ary et al. of individuals. 2014) QUESTIONNAIRES (4) TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS - Contains a set of questions on a 1. CONTINGENCY QUESTIONS topic or a group of topics to obtain - Gives a particular response to a statistically significant information previous question. from the respondents of your 2. MATRIX QUESTIONS research study. - Multiple choice questions, tabular form using rows & REQUIREMENTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE columns. 1. Wordings should be understood 3. (3) CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONS easily. - Questions with predefined 2. Only one answer at a given responses. instance - DICHOTOMOUS QUESTIONS: 3. Write the questionnaire in a way Two possible responses that it will get the best possible answer from the respondents. - (3) MULTIPLE CHOICE 4. All possible responses to a query QUESTIONS: can be extracted from the Have several options respondents. ` Rating Scale 5. There is a variability in the Numeric value that corresponds possible responses. to their responses to the 6. Written in a manner that it question lessens social desirability. ` Checklist Type Respondents will not just give Can choose one or more answers so that they will present answers. themselves in a favorable ` Rank Order position. Will order the provided options based on their preference. Questionnaire: Content Survey: Content, Process, Method - (2) SCALED QUESTIONS Have a purpose for measuring variables. ` Likert Scale To measure social attitudes. ` Semantic Differential Scale List of adjectives that have bipolar or opposite meanings. 4. OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS 3. CODING SYSTEMS - Do not have categories or - Uses codes to record what predefined options. actually happened. - Answers are the respondents' own words. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS DIRECT OBSERVATION - If you cannot find an available - The observer acts like a camera or research instrument to answer a recording device to keep a your research questions, then you record of the occurrence of the need to develop your own. behavior or characteristics under investigation. VALIDATION 1. Must identify the aspect or aspects - Process of collecting evidence to of a behavior that is desired to be support a particular score-based observed. interpretation to establish that the 2. Provide a clear definition of the inferences made on the basis of behavior for each category. the tests results are appropriate. 3. Devise a systematic procedure for quantifying the behavior (3) CATEGORIES OF EVIDENCES appropriately. 1. EVIDENCE BASED ON TEST 4. Provide a systematic procedure for CONTENT recording the selected behavior. - Contents of the test and their 5. Orient and train the people relationships to the variables. involved in the observation - A particular test instrument process. must contain items that represent the skills and (3) DEVICES FOR OBSERVATIONS knowledge associated with a 1. CHECKLIST topic or a set of topics. - List of behaviors to be 2. EVIDENCE BASED ON observed. RELATIONS TO A CRITERION - Checks whether each behavior - Test scores are related to one or is present or absent. more outcome criteria. 2. RATING SCALES - You need to gather evidence - Evaluates the gradation of an that your test really measures observed behavior or activity. students’ abilities.  - You need to administer your MEASUREMENT test and a well-known and - Process of assigning numerals to previously validated test objects or events based on instrument. accepted rules. 3. CONSTRUCT-RELATED EVIDENCE OF VALIDITY - The test instrument measures a psychological variable. (3) RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT 1. Coefficients derived from correlating individual’s scores on the same test administered on different occasions. 2. Coefficients derived from correlating an individual scores on different test instruments with equivalent times. 3. Coefficients based on the relationship among scores derived from individual test items of a subset of items within a test. DATA ANALYSIS STATISTICAL PROCEDURES - Methods of handling and managing quantitative data using descriptive statistics or inferential statistics. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS - To organize, summarize, and describe quantitative data. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS - Make an inference about the population of interest based on the data gathered from the sample of that population.