Chapter 3 Practical Research 2 Week 1-3 PDF

WEEK 1 Explain how each pictures are related to Quantitative research Research Instrument Sampling Research Design  WEEK 1 : TOPIC: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you must be able to:...

WEEK 1 Explain how each pictures are related to Quantitative research Research Instrument Sampling Research Design  WEEK 1 : TOPIC: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you must be able to: Compare the different quantitative research designs; Describe the sampling procedure and the sample; and Construct an instrument and establish its validity and reliabiltity.  CHAPTER 3 Research Design Respondents of the Study Research Instrument Statistical Treatment Data Gathering Procedure what comes to your mind when you think about the word METHOD? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodologies refer to the set of processes that are involved in achieving the goals of the research study - which include appropriate design, sample, and sampling technique, instruments used, and statistical analysis. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. Research Design. The overall plan for collecting data in order to answer the research problem. Also, the specific data analysis techniques or methods that the researcher intends to use. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. Respondents of the Study. This describes the target population and the sample frame. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. Instrument of the Study. It describes the specific research instrument that will be used such as a questionnaire, checklist, questionnaire checklist, interview schedule, teacher-made tests, and the like. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4. Establishing and validating reliability. The instrument must pass the validity and reliability tests before it is utilized. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5. Statistical Treatment. One of the many ways of establishing the objectivity of research findings is by subjecting the data to different but appropriate statistical formulas and processes.  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pre-experimental design Descriptive design Quasi-Experimental design Correlational design True Experimental design Developmental design Observational design Survey design EXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Introduces a treatment or an intervention in a group to investigate the outcomes of this treatment, and how the manipulation of variables can affect this change. It is used to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It examines how the independent variables may or may not affect the dependent variable (Leedy & Ormrod). ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH a. COMPARISON OF GROUPS An experiment usually involves two groups of subjects, an experimental group and a control or a comparison group, although it is possible to conduct an experiment with only one group or with three or more groups. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Experimental group receives a treatment of some sort (such as a new textbook or a different method of teaching) while The control group receives no treatment ( or the comparison group) receives a different treatment.  TAKE NOTE! The control group is crucially important in all experimental research to determine whether the treatment has had an effect or whether one treatment is more effective than another. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH b. MANIPULATION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The second essential characteristic of all experiments is that the researcher actively manipulates the independent variables. It means that the researcher deliberately and directly determines what forms the independent variable will take and then which group will get which form. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Independent variables that can be manipulated include teaching method, types of eating habits, and material used; examples of independent variables that cannot be manipulated include gender, ethnicity, age, etc. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH c. RANDOMIZATION An important aspect of many experiments is the random assignment of subjects to groups. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT Vs. RANDOM SELECTION ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Random assignment means that every individual who is participating in an experimental has an equal chance of being assigned to any of experimental or control conditions being compared. Random selection means that every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to be a member of the sample. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Poor Experimental Designs A. PRE- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Involves an independent variable that does not vary or a control group that is randomly selected. Examples include one-shot case study, one group pretest-posttest design, and the static comparison (Frey, 2018).  ONE SHOT CASE STUDY In the one-shot case study design, a single group is exposed to a treatment or event, and a dependent variable is subsequently observed (measured) in order to assess the effect of the treatment. The One-Shot Case Study Design X O Treatment Observation (Dependent Variable)  ONE SHOT CASE STUDY The One-Shot Case Study Design X O New Textbook Attitude scale to measure interest (Dependent Variable) ONE GROUP PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN In the one-group pretest-posttest design, a single group is measured or observed not only after being exposed to a treatment of some sort, but also before. The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design O X O Pretest Treatment Posttest ONE GROUP PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design O X O Pretest: Treatment Posttest 20-item attitude 10 weeks of 20-item attitude scale completed by Counseling scale completed by students students (Dependent Variable) (Dependent Variable)  STATIC GROUP COMPARISON DESIGN In the static-group comparison design, a group that has experienced some treatment is compared with one that has not. The observed differences between the two groups are assumed to be a result of the treatment. The Static Group Comparison Design X O O  STATIC GROUP COMPARISON DESIGN The Static Group Comparison Design X O New Textbook Attitude Scale to measure interest Regular Textbook O Attitude Scale to measure interest B. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN It involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or ordered conditions. It expresses the cause-and-effect relationship between the dependent and independent variables. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this type of experiment, the researcher often does not have control over the treatment, but instead observes a pre-existing group who experienced the treatment and does not usually require a control group. C. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN True experimental design is also known as a randomized experiment (Salkind, 2010). True experimental design has the highest control in an experiment, thus, producing a high degree of validity in results. It relies on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis, making it the most accurate form of research.  TYPES OF NON- EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN The non-experimental research design does not involve the manipulation of variables to yield results. This type of quantitative research basically describes the characteristics of a phenomena.  SURVEY STUDIES The investigations are conducted through self-report. Surveys generally ask respondents to report on their attitudes, opinions, perceptions, or behaviors. Thus, survey studies aim at describing characteristics, opinions, attitudes, and behaviors as they currently exist in a population (Wilson, 1990).  SURVEY STUDIES WHOM THE DATA IS COLLECTED FROM a. Sample - a representative of the total population b. Group - can be smaller than a mass C. Mass - larger than a group  SURVEY STUDIES METHODS USED TO COLLECT DATA a. telephone b. text messages c. snail mail d. email or social media applications e. face to face interaction DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN The descriptive research design provides a detailed account of a social setting, a group of people, a community, a situation, or some other phenomenon (Salkind, 2007). The research involves the identification of attributes of a particular phenomenon based on an observational basis, or the exploration of correlational between two or more phenomenon (Williams, 2007).  SURVEY STUDIES PURPOSE OF OBJECTIVES a. Descriptive. This design is utilized for the purpose of accurately portraying a population that has been chosen because of some specific characteristics.  SURVEY STUDIES PURPOSE OF OBJECTIVES b. Comparative. This design is used to compare and contrast representative samples from two or more groups of subjects in relation to certain designated variables that occur in normal conditions. The results obtained from these analyses are frequently not generalized in a population.  SURVEY STUDIES PURPOSE OF OBJECTIVES c. Correlational. The design is used to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships among variables in a particular population. Likewise, it is designed to study the changes in one characteristic or phenomenon which correspond to the changes in another or with one another. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN This type of research design investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them (Bhandari, 2021). It measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more varibles.  SURVEY STUDIES PURPOSE OF OBJECTIVES d. Evaluative. This design involves making a judgment of worth or value. It allows the researcher to delineate, obtain, and provide information that is useful for judging decision alternatives when conducting a program or service. It can be formative (process) or summative (outcome). WEEK 2  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you must be able to: Compare the different quantitative research designs; Describe the sampling procedure and the sample; and Construct an instrument and establish its validity and reliabiltity.  DETERMINING THE SAMPLES OF THE STUDY what comes to your mind when you think about the word POPULATION?  WHAT IS POPULATION? Population is composed of persons or objects that possess some common characteristics that are of interest to the researcher.  TWO GROUPS OF POPULATION target population accessible population Consists of the entire It is a specific study of the group of people or objects population. to which the findings of the study generally apply.  PARAMETER A parameter is a numeric characteristic of population.  SAMPLING The process of selecting a number of individuals (a sample) from a population, preferably in such a way that the individuals are representative of the larger group from which they were selected. DETERMINING THE SAMPLE  WHAT IS SAMPLE? A sample in a research study is the group on which information is obtained. It serves as the Respondents of the study. SAMPLING METHODS  SAMPLING METHODS Sampling methods refer to the techniques on how to choose samples from a population.  TWO TYPES OF SAMPLING probability sampling non-probability sampling 1. Random sampling 1. Convenience sampling 2. Systematic sampling 2. Purposive sampling 3. Stratified sampling 3. Quota sampling 4. Cluster sampling 4. Referral sampling 5. Multi-stage sampling Probability sampling  Probability sampling Uses randomization so that every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the sample. This includes random, stratified, cluster, and systematic sampling. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING This is also known as fishbowl sampling. In this type of sampling, all the elements of the population have equal chances to be selected as samples. For example, in a random selection of 10 students from a class of 50 students, each students has a probability to be selected as a sample. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING This is a sampling technique that employs the use of intervals in selecting samples that are arranged or with certain identification. For example, in a group of 40 people arranged by numbers, and only 10 people will be selected as sample.  SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING a. Identify the interval (k). Take N = 40 and n = 10. Divide the population size by the sample size.  SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING b. Randomly select the first element. Let us say the first element is the 10th person. Then the element will be: STRATIFIED SAMPLING This is a sampling technique that divides the population into strata. Strata are small subgroups of the population that share similar characteristics. a. Equal allocation b. Proportional allocation PROPORTIONAL ALLOCATION  CLUSTER SAMPLING Cluster sampling. The population is divided into cluster sections, and then a cluster is randomly selected. Unlike stratified sampling where all strata should be represented, in cluster sampling.  MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING Multi-stage sampling. A combination of different sampling techniques is applied. For example, in stratified random sampling, the researcher will divide the population into stratas, and then randomly select elements from each stratum. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING Nonprobability sampling  Nonprobability sampling Not all elements in the population have an equal chance of being selected as a sample. One of the reasons for this is that some studies require special characteristics that not all elements of the population possess.  CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Samples in this technique are selected based on availability. This is used when samples are rare and costly.  PURPOSIVE SAMPLING Relies on the purpose or goal of the study. Elements of the samples are chosen based on the characteristics that can achieve the purpose or the goal of the study. QUOTA SAMPLING Sampling in which the population is divided into homogenous strata and then sample elements are selected from each stratum  REFERRAL SAMPLING Also known as snowball sampling. This technique is used when the population is rare and unknown. WEEK 3  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you must be able to: Compare the different quantitative research designs; Describe the sampling procedure and the sample; and Construct an instrument and establish its validity and reliabiltity. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT  Research Instrument a research instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data from your research study. research instruments A research instrument in quantitative research is a survey, questionnaire, test, scale, rating, or tool designed to measure variables, characteristics, or information of interest often behavioral and psychological characteristics.  FREQUENTLY DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES Interview* OBSERVATION QUESTIONNAIRES DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS research instruments These instruments aid researchers in the collection of numerical data from the sample. a. Questionnaires b. Documentary Analysis b. Test c. Rating scale d. Observation checklist  questionnaires These are considered to be one of the primary sources of collecting data. It is critical that when designing questionnaires, validity is to be considered well (Zohrabi, 2013).  questionnaires Questionnaires can contain OPEN-MINDED and CLOSED- MINDED questions depending on the purpose of the study.  questionnaires it is a list of questions about a particular topic with spaces provided for the response to each question and intended to be answered by a number of persons so it is less expensive  RELATIONSHIP OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE The review of related literature and studies must have sufficient information and data to enable the researcher to thoroughly understand the variables being investigated in the study.  INDICATORS FOR THE SPECIFIC VARIABLE the descriptive information gathered from the different sources. used in making sure that the content of the questionnaire is valid.  types of questions a. YES or NO Items answerable by yes or no. Should Senior High School Students taking STEM be good in Mathematics? ( ) Yes ( ) No  types of questions b. Recognition Type alternative responses are already provided. this type of question also contains close-ended questions  RECOGNITION type Strand __ ABM __HUMSS __STEM __ICT  types of questions c. Completion Type respondents are asked to fill in the blanks with the necessary information. contains open-ended questions.  COMPLETION TYPE In order to submit on time for my written works in Research, I will ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________  types of questions d. Coding Type numbers are assigned to name choices and other pertinent data application of statistical formulas is necessary.  types of questions d. Coding Type On a scale of one (1) to ten (10), how would you rate the technology skills of your teacher in online class?  types of questions e. Subjective Type What can you say about the implementation of distance learning modalities in your school?  WORDING of questions a. Questions are stated in an affirmative manner. b. Avoid ambiguous questions. c. Refrain from using double negative questions. documentary analysis this technique is used to analyze primary and secondary sources that are available mostly in schools churches public or private offices. documentary analysis this technique is used to analyze primary and secondary sources that are available mostly in schools churches public or private offices.  test A test is a quantitative tool used to collect data about aptitude, learning, ability, or performance. This may range form researcher- made tests to standardized tests such as National Achievement Test.  rating scale A rating scale is any form of data collection tool that allows samples to give ratings on the degree to which they think the statements/questions are applicable to them. LIKERT SCALE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE observation checklist This type of research instrument contains statements that need to be observed during a certain situation. It provides quantitative information if a certain condition is met.  TAKE NOTE In collecting the data, it is very important to include the CONSENT FORMS. Consent forms are documents that explain the data-gathering procedure. It also includes information on possible risks and benefits. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT  validity Validity refers to the ability of an instrument to measure what it is intended to measure.  Types of validity  Face Validity how the instrument "appears" and is perceived by the respondents. commonly assessed informally. a weak type of validity since it relies on people's judgment.  content Validity how the instrument covered the construct or variable it intended to measure. not usually assessed quantitatively to what extent is the instrument able to cover the necessary topics.  construct Validity The ability of an instrument to distinguish a sample, who possesses a certain construct or characteristic. For example, if an instrument claims to measure levels of happiness It should be able to distinguish people who are happy from those who are happy.  RELIABILity The consistency of results or outcomes given by the instrument. For example, if a weighing scale gives a reading of 50, it should be consistent no matter how many times the person steps in and out of the weighing scale.  Types of RELIABILITY  TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY When a researcher wants to check whether the scores of the sample are consistent over time, test-retest reliability is to be used.  INTERNAL CONSISTENCY The aim of internal consistency is to identify if the responses of the sample are consistent with the items. Split-half correlation. DESIGN RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS  Tips to design the instrument: Be clear about your objectives. Adapt an instrument, if possible. If there exists no available instrument for your study, create one. Do not forget to include consent forms in your instrument. Tips in Creating Online Survey Questionnaires 1. Google forms 2. Microsoft forms 3. Online Survey Forms HOME-BASED ACTIVITY # 1 Answer your book on pages 92-93 LET’S WRAP UP! Quantitative research methods are collections of research methods that collect, organize, and analyze numerical data to arrive at a conclusion based on the given null hypotheses. There are three classifications of quantitative research: descriptive, experimental, and causal-comparative. LET’S WRAP UP! To compute the sample size, any of the following methods may be used. a. Sampling methods – a technique on how to choose samples from a population. LET’S WRAP UP! b. Probability sampling – technique that uses randomization to make sure that every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample. This includes random, stratified, cluster and systematic sampling. c. Nonprobability sampling – a technique wherein not all elements of the population have an equal chance of being selected as sample.ma LET’S WRAP UP! A research instrument is a survey questionnaire, test, scale, rating, or tool designed to measure the variables, characteristics, or information of interest, often a behavioral or psychological characteristic. These instruments aid the researchers in collecting data from the sample. Some examples of research instruments are questionnaires, tests, and rating scales. LET’S WRAP UP! Validity refers to the ability of an instrument to measure what it intends to measure. Reliability refers to the consistency of results or outcomes provided by the instrument.  self-reflection 1. Why is it important to have individual responsibility and accountability when working in groups? 2. Why should we ensure that the sample is representative of the population? 3. Why is it important to consider the sample size?  self-reflection 4. Why is it important to give members of the population equal chances of participating in the study? THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! :) stay healthy stay happy stay fabulous! you are beautiful.