Research Methodology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

A matrix question allows respondents to select multiple answers in a tabular format.

False

Name one type of question found in a questionnaire that offers predefined responses.

Close-ended questions

Dichotomous questions typically have __________ possible responses.

two

Match the following types of survey questions with their definitions:

<p>Contingency Questions = Gives a particular response to a previous question Matrix Questions = Tabular form using rows and columns Close-ended Questions = Questions with predefined responses Rating Scale = Numeric value that corresponds to responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of a questionnaire?

<p>Including unrelated topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Group tests of aptitude are designed to be administered to individuals one at a time.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of questions allows respondents to choose one or more answers?

<p>Checklist type</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling involves selecting every nth element from the population?

<p>Systematic random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cluster sampling groups members based on shared characteristics.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of nonprobability sampling?

<p>It lacks randomization and representative quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In _____ sampling, samples are taken that are readily available to participate in the study.

<p>convenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling methods with their descriptions:

<p>Systematic random sampling = Selects every nth element from the population Stratified sampling = Divides the population into subgroups and samples from each Cluster sampling = Groups members randomly, often without shared characteristics Convenience sampling = Uses easily accessible participants for sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method is likely to introduce the most bias into results?

<p>Convenience sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stratified sampling involves selecting random samples from distinct subgroups within the population.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sample size (n) if the total population (N) is 1000 with 200 members chosen?

<p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major drawback of simple random sampling?

<p>It is time-consuming and impractical for large populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Probability sampling ensures that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method involves drawing numbers from a fishbowl for sampling?

<p>Lottery method</p> Signup and view all the answers

A list of numbers arranged in a random order used for sample selection is called a __________.

<p>random number table</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research design types with their description:

<p>Observation Studies = Collecting data through direct observation Correlational Research = Examining relationships between variables One-group pretest-posttest design = Assessing the same group before and after an intervention Posttest-only control group design = Comparing outcomes between a control and experimental group after intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sampling techniques involves assigning a number to each population member before selecting them?

<p>Random number table method</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive research designs include experimental and correlational research methods.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of design is characterized by a lack of control over variables?

<p>Pre-experimental design</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method involves selecting samples based on the judgment of the researcher?

<p>Purposive Sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Snowball sampling is a method where each respondent is asked to give recommendations to other possible respondents.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ describes how close you can expect the result of the survey from a sample to the true population value.

<p>margin of error</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rating scales?

<p>To evaluate the gradation of an observed behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the confidence level represent in survey sampling?

<p>The percentage that results would be the same if the survey were repeated many times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reliability coefficients are derived from correlating individual scores on the same test administered at different times.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is measurement in the context of the content provided?

<p>The process of assigning numerals to objects or events based on accepted rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quota sampling requires predefined categories for sample selection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the sample size (n)?

<p>n = (Z^2 * p * q) / e^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cochran’s sample size formula used for?

<p>To calculate the ideal sample size given a desired level of precision and confidence level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive statistics are used to ___________ quantitative data.

<p>organize, summarize, and describe</p> Signup and view all the answers

The z-value for a 90% confidence level is 1.645.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical terms with their functions:

<p>Descriptive Statistics = Organizing and summarizing data Inferential Statistics = Making inferences about a population Reliability Coefficient = Indicating the consistency of test scores Evidence Based on Relations = Relating test scores to outcome criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the margin of error stated in the content?

<p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adjusted sample size using Cochran’s formula was calculated to be _____ for a population of 500.

<p>68</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods of data collection with their descriptions:

<p>Survey = Selection of a sample of respondents to gather information about their population Observation = Collect data by observing any relationships that may be evident Questionnaire = A method that involves asking respondents to answer written questions Interview = In-person, telephone, or online interaction to gather information directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good questionnaire?

<p>Ambiguous contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

The new sample size after adjustments was 59.97.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one procedure for drawing a sample from the population.

<p>Describe the procedure used for drawing a sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • Describes the step-by-step procedures researchers use in investigating a research problem
  • Aims to discuss details about the implementation of a research study
  • Explains how the research study will be carried out to answer research questions

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

  • Observation studies
  • Correlational research

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS

  • Pre-experimental Design
    • One-group pretest-posttest design
    • Static group comparison
  • True experimental research design
    • Posttest-only control group design
    • Pretest-posttest control group design
    • Solomon four-group design
  • Quasi-experimental design

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

  • The selection of a sample is crucial as wrong sampling procedures can lead to invalid results

  • Each member of the population has a known probability of being selected in the sample for probability sampling

  • SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

    • Choosing sample members one by one
    • Lottery Method: using a fishbowl
    • Random Number Table: using a list of numbers

  • SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

    • Considers every nth element of the population in the sample

  • STRATIFIED SAMPLING

    • Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) sharing similar characteristics
    • Random samples are taken from each stratum

  • CLUSTER SAMPLING

    • Grouping randomly, members do not need to have the same characteristics

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

  • There is bias in selection and there is no known probability that one member will be included in the sample

  • No randomization in the selection of sample members

  • CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

    • Samples readily available to participate

  • PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

    • Samples are selected based on the judgment of the researcher

  • SNOWBALL SAMPLING

    • Each respondent recommends others

  • QUOTA SAMPLING

    • Predefined control categories

POPULATION SIZE

  • Total number of members in the population of interest

MARGIN OF ERROR

  • Percentage describing how close survey results from a sample are to the true population value

CONFIDENCE LEVEL

  • Percentage that if a survey is repeated many times, the results obtained would be the same

COCHRAN'S SAMPLE SIZE FORMULA

  • Calculates the ideal sample size given precision, desired confidence level, and estimated proportion of the attribute to the population

COMPUTING SAMPLE SIZE

  • Helps to answer problem statements and draw inferences about the population of interest

SAMPLE SIZE

  • Number of samples

STEPS IN IDENTIFYING THE RESPONDENTS

  • Describe the population of interest
  • Describe the procedure for drawing the sample
  • Explain the chosen procedure
  • Describe relevant characteristics

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

  • Data-gathering instruments
  • Survey
    • Selection of respondents
    • Gather information about the populations
    • Questionnaires
    • No ambiguous content
    • Completed within a reasonable time frame
    • No typographical errors
  • Procedures to be followed for interviewing
    • In-person
    • Telephone
    • Online
    • Mailed questionnaires
    • Focus groups
  • Observation
    • Collect data by observing relationships

DATA ANALYSIS PLAN

  • How you handle and present collected data
  • Outline of statistical procedures
  • Discussion based on research questions

DATA ORGANIZATION

  • Plan for organizing and presenting survey or investigation results
  • Determine data to collect
  • Method for organizing and presenting data

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

  • Tools used to collect, measure, and analyze variables in a research study
  • Development of research instruments - Measuring constructs like intelligence, achievement, personality, motivation, attitudes, aptitudes, interests, and self-esteem
  • Ensure collected data is relevant and sufficient

TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS

  • COGNITIVE - intellectual processes like problem-solving, analysis, and reasoning
  • APTITUDE - measures mental ability, for predicting future performance
  • AFFECTIVE - assesses feelings, attitudes, beliefs, personality, and values

TYPES OF TESTS

  • ACHIEVEMENT - measures learned material
    • Standardized tests and Researcher-made tests
  • NORM-REFERENCED - compares an individual's performance to others
  • CRITERION-REFERENCED - measures what an individual can do
  • PERFORMANCE - measures what an individual can do (task)
  • APTITUDE - measures ability to learn
    • Individual Aptitude Tests and Group Tests of Aptitude

QUESTIONNAIRES

  • Set of questions to gather statistically significant information from respondents (for research study)
  • Requirements:
    • Easy-to-understand wording
    • One answer per question
    • Clear questionnaire design for optimal responses
    • Include all possible responses
    • Variability in responses
    • Avoid social desirability bias
  • Types of survey questions:
    • Contingency, Matrix, Close-Ended (predefined responses), Dichotomous, Multiple Choice, Rating Scale, Checklist, Rank Order, Scaled (Likert, Semantic Differential scale)

OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS

  • No predefined options, respondents answer in their own words

DIRECT OBSERVATION

  • Observer acts as a recording device to document occurrences of behavior/characteristics

  • Devices used for observation:

    • Checklist
    • Rating scales
    • Coding systems

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

  • Evidence collection for score-based interpretations
  • Based on test content, relations to criterion

MEASUREMENT

  • Process of assigning numerals to objects/events based on accepted rules
  • Ensuring the instrument measures the intended psychological variable

RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT

  • Various coefficients derived from correlating individual scores
    • Same test, different occasions, equivalent tests, subsets of items within a test

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

  • Managing and handling quantitative data
  • Descriptive statistics—organize, summarize, & describe data
  • Inferential statistics—making inferences about the population based on sample data

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G12 2ND Quarter Reviewer PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on research methodologies, including descriptive and experimental research designs. This quiz covers sampling techniques, observational studies, and the intricacies of implementing research studies effectively. Assess your understanding of how different designs influence research outcomes.

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