FMLY 1010 Chap 4 TO SHARE.pdf.pdf

Chapter 4: Describe and apply key concepts from Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy...

Chapter 4: Describe and apply key concepts from Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy Emotions (early emotions, self-conscious emotions, types of crying, graduated extinction, types of smiling, fear, social referencing, emotional regulation, influences Chapter 4: Socioemotional on development) Development in Infancy Temperament (Chess & Thomas’s Classification, Kagan’s Behavioural Inhibition, influences on development, Learning goodness of fit) Objectives Personality development (trust, developing sense of self, independence) Emotional Social orientation & attachment (phases of attachment, forms of attachment, critiques of attachment theory) and FMLY 1010 Human Development in Families Attribution of original slides by Rylee Oram, PhD Social context (role of culture in different aspects of socioemotional development, family, reciprocal socialization, parental caregiving, parental leave, Personality Class #4, September 26, 2024 Chelsea Jalloh, PhD (she/her) University of Ottawa childcare) Development © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 1 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 11 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 12 Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY Emotional Development Emotional and Personality Development What are emotions? Early Emotions Primary emotions: surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust First 6 months of life Self-conscious emotions: jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt develop later Figure 4.1 Expression of Different Emotions in Infants. (Left to right) Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images LLC; Jill Braaten/McGraw-Hill; Stanislav/Shutterstock; require self-awareness Michael Allen/Shutterstock © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 14 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 15 Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-SA Emotional and Personality Infants’ Emotional Expressions and Emotional and Personality Development Development Relationships Biological and emotional socialization allows Environmental Influences Biological and Environmental Influences infants and caregivers to bond and 1. children blind from birth who 2. facial expressions of basic emotions very similar coordinate their social interactions have never seen a smile or across cultures crying is the most important frown still smile and frown in emotion-linked interchanges provide the mechanism newborns have for the same way as children foundation for the infant’s attachment to the communicating with their world with normal vision parent critical for understanding how infants experience and regulate emotions emotional exchanges vary from culture to culture This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 16 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 17 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 18  Infants’ Emotional Expressions and Infants’ Emotional Relationships Can we identify the kinds of cry? Expressions and Babies have 3 types of cries: https://youtu.be/sUsUHkZXdPo?si=VinYZw1Sj2u9iVxF Relationships Basic cry Anger cry Hungry cry (“neh”) Graduated extinction – also Basic cry Pain cry known as “controlled crying”. Burp cry Ignoring the cries for a short Anger cry period of time or gradually Tired cry increasing the delay before Uncomfortable cry responding to the infant. Pain cry for night wakings Gas/colic/cramps/tummy ache Debate on letting infants “cry What are some different types of cries? out” Andy Cox/The Image Bank/Getty Images © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 19 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 20 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 21 Infants’ Emotional Expressions and Infants’ Emotional Expressions and What kind of smile? Relationships Relationships Smiling Fear critical social skill and social signal one of earliest emotions, first 2 types of smiling in infants: appears at about 6 months and peaks at about 18 months Reflexive smile - not from external stimuli; appears in first month, findings support the general belief usually in sleep that people are predisposed to quickly detect threatening stimuli Social smile - occurs in response to external stimulus (a face); occurs as early as 2 months of age This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 22 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 23 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 24 Infants’ Emotional Expressions and Infants’ Emotional Expressions and Relationships Relationships Emotional Regulation and Coping during the first year, the infant gradually Fear Social Referencing develops and regulates their emotions by most frequent expression involves stranger anxiety which emerges gradually Social referencing - “reading” emotional cues in others to determine how to having the ability to inhibit, or minimize the at app. 6 mo. as wary reactions (i.e., “making strange”) act in situation intensity and duration of emotional reactions environment, location/behaviour of parent, characteristics of stranger impact feelings of helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately may use thumb to sooth themselves in stranger anxiety infancy; 2nd year, may say things; later may become better in 2nd year redirect their attention or distract themselves caregivers influence the infants’ neurobiological regulation of emotions context can influence emotion regulation This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 25 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC 26 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 27  Emotional and Personality Development Emotional and Emotional and Personality Development Personality Temperament - individual behaviours and emotions, characteristic Development Temperament ways of responding Effortful Control (Self-Regulation) Temperament effortful control (EC) - involves the executive attention system where an infant will Chess and Thomas’s Classification Kagan’s Concept of Behavioural inhibit their dominant response in favour of a more adaptive subdominant one. 1. easy child - generally positive mood, quickly establishes routines, Inhibition develops by the first year of life and is influenced by heredity, maturation, and This Photo by Unknown adapts easily to new experiences Author is licensed under CC BY-NC inhibition to the unfamiliar (shyness)- experience over time react to aspects of unfamiliarity with 2. difficult child - reacts negatively, cries frequently, irregular routines, avoidance, distress, or subdued affect high effortful control - can keep arousal from getting too intense, strategies self- slow to change beginning around 7 to 9 months. soothing some have argued that infants and 3. slow-to-warm-up child - low activity level, somewhat negative, low young children are at risk for low effortful control - often unable to control arousal, easily agitated, intensely intensity mood developing social anxiety emotional © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 28 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 29 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 30 Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY Emotional and Personality Biological Foundations and Experience Development Biological Influences Experience Temperament Gender, Culture, and Temperament Goodness Important not to “pigeonhole” children’s temperament Temperament could consist of multiple dimensions cultural context and how parents promote certain behaviours can influence temperament of Fit and Goodness of fit refers to the match between the infant’s Infant could be a “difficult child” who does not like quick changes to routine Parenting temperament and the environmental demands the infant must cope with Text talks about a study (Rubin et al., 2006) in 5 countries And could be outgoing/not shy pay attention to and respect the child’s individuality (Australia, Canada, China, Italy, South Korean). We can interpret And could have high effortful control findings from the research study, and also need to keep in mind structure the child’s environment that each culture is not homogenous. avoid applying negative labels to the child © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 31 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 32 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 33 Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY-NC-ND Personality Development Personality Personality Development Trust – According to Erik Erikson, the first Development Independence year of life is characterized by the trust- important issue in second year of life versus-mistrust stage The Developing Sense of Self – Aligns with Erikson’s 2nd stage infants must learn they are cared for in a rudimentary form of self- “autonomy versus shame and doubt” consistent manner recognition appears as early as 3 important to recognize toddlers’ continues throughout each successive stage months motivation to do what they are use of a mirror technique capable of doing at their own pace (rouge/red on nose) this stage has implications for the development of independence and identity during adolescence This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 34 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 35 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 36 Thi s Photo by Unknown Author i s l icensed under CC BY  Social Orientation and Attachment Social Orientation and Attachment Social Orientation and Attachment Social Orientation and Understanding Attachment Four phases of attachment: As infants develop the ability to crawl, walk, and run, they are Attachment - close emotional bond that 1. birth to 2 mo. - infants direct their attachment to human figures; able to explore and expand their social world infants develop with their caregivers strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant Social Orientation Harlow’s research with wire and cloth Infants are captivated by the social world “mothers” 2. 2 - 7 mo. - attachment focused on one figure (usually primary https://youtu.be/- caregiver); baby distinguishes between familiar/unfamiliar people at birth, infants look preferentially toward face-like patterns Qi7txH1KzY?si=xPTNQj_nVoGiYbUj 3. 7 - 24 mo. - specific attachments develop; locomotor skills allow face-to-face play begins to characterize caregiver-infant interactions babies to actively seek contact with caregivers when the infant is about 2-3 mos. of age 4. 24 mo. - children aware of others’ feelings, goals, plans; take these learn about the social world from other contexts as well into account in their own actions Figure 4.5 Contact Time with Wire and Cloth Surrogate Mothers. Regardless of whether the infant monkeys were fed by a wire or a cloth mother, they overwhelmingly preferred to spend contact time with the cloth mother. How do these results compare with what Freud’s theory and Erikson’s theory would predict about human infants? © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 37 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited Martin Rogers/The Image Bank/Getty Images 38 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 39 Social Orientation and Attachment Social Orientation and Attachment Social Orientation and Attachment Attachment Attachment Attachment and Culture Strange situation – research by Mary Ainsworth Secure attachment in the first year of life provides foundation Criticism of attachment theory is that it ignores the diversity of for psychological development later on. socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant’s world. Securely attached - use caregiver as secure base from which to explore the environment Consistent positive caregiving is an important factor in In some cultures, infants show attachments to many people. connecting early attachment with child’s functioning later on. Insecure avoidant - show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver Focusing on dyad relationship between caregiver and infant is a An important issue regarding attachment is whether infancy is Western perspective on attachment. Insecure resistant - cling to caregiver then resist by fighting the a critical or sensitive period for development. closeness Security of attachment is important to development regardless. Developmental cascades - connections among wide range of Insecure disorganized - disorganized and disoriented; might biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes (e.g., appear dazed, confused, and fearful attachment) and can also involve social contexts © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 40 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 41 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 42 Social Orientation and Attachment Social Contexts Social Contexts Caregiving Styles and Attachment The Family The Transition to Parenthood Securely attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to Family - constellation of subsystems; complex whole made up of parenting causes disequilibrium; adapt to develop/maintain strong their signals and are consistently available to respond to the interrelated, interacting parts attachment to infant, spouse, friends, careers infants’ needs. each family member participates in several subsystems which have reciprocal influences Reciprocal socialization - bidirectional socialization; children socialize parents just as parents socialize their children Scaffolding - temporarily supports the infants’ needs and abilities for Figure 4.6 Interaction between Children and the purpose of helping them to master the next task in a given Their Parents: Direct and Indirect Effects. Katrina Wittkamp/Photodisc/Getty Images learning process This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 43 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 44 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 45  Social Contexts Social Contexts Social Contexts Parental Leave Childcare Childcare parents of infants and young children must many Canadian children today experience multiple balance the demands of paid employment caregivers with caring for their children need for childcare is growing steadily this challenge is especially acute during infancy finding the most appropriate childcare arrangement can at times be extremely challenging This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY childcare policies around the world vary in Canada, both the federal and high-quality childcare is important for both cognitive This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND provincial/territorial governments have and socioemotional development https://www.gov.mb.ca/education/childcare/families/10_dollar_a_day.html parental leave policies © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 46 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 47 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 48 Social Contexts Summary Childcare Emotional and Personality Development Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to them. Temperament is an individual’s behavioural style and characteristic way of responding emotionally. Chess and Thomas classified infants as (1) easy, (2) difficult, or (3) slow-to- warm-up. Kagan proposed that inhibition to the unfamiliar is an important temperament category. Erikson argued that an infant’s first year is characterized by the stage of trust versus mistrust. https://globalnews.ca/news/10483603/child-care-manitoba-inaccessible/ © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 49 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 50 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 51 Summary Summary Social Orientation and Attachment Social Contexts Infants show a strong interest in the social world and are motivated to The transition to parenthood requires considerable adaptation and understand it. adjustment on the part of parents. Infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at an earlier age than Children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. was previously thought. The quality of childcare is uneven, and childcare remains a controversial topic. Attachment is a close emotional bond that infants develop with their Quality childcare can be achieved and may provide many benefits—especially caregivers. to children in low-SES homes. Securely attached babies use the caregiver, usually the mother, as a secure base from which to explore their environment. Three types of insecure attachment are avoidant, resistant, and disorganized. The strange situation is a useful tool for examining attachment. © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 52 © 2023 McGraw Hill Limited 53