Five Factor Taxonomy & Personality Disorders PDF

Five Factor taxonomy & personality disorders: Jan.21 o discuss mean-level changes in the five-factor taxonomy as a function of age o define the maturity principle o review the diagnostic criteria for PDs o distinguish between clusters of PDs o review symptoms of schizotypal...

Five Factor taxonomy & personality disorders: Jan.21 o discuss mean-level changes in the five-factor taxonomy as a function of age o define the maturity principle o review the diagnostic criteria for PDs o distinguish between clusters of PDs o review symptoms of schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, and o obsessive-compulsive PDs o distinguish between antisocial PD and psychopathy o discuss criticisms of the categorical representation of PD o discuss the maladaptive personality trait model o consider the efficacy of therapeutic interventions for PDs Trait theories: Does personality change across life span? The five-factor taxonomy has a mean level change as a function of age. Mean level change = a change from time to time Ex: conscientiousness, mean level change of time 1=19 but time 2=23. Findings: Social outgoingness/vitality= reduces as age increases Social dominance = increases as age increases Agreeableness= increase as age increases Consciousness= increase as age increases Emotional stability= increases as age increases Openness to experience= decreases close to end of life Overall: personality improves as we age. Maturity principle: Principle in which as we age, we become more conscientious, dominant, agreeable, and emotionally stable. Personality disorders: What are personality disorders? 1. An enduring pattern of inner experience & behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of one’ culture. Ex: the 6th sense dependence is a symptom of the schizotypal PD yet in some cultures the 6th sense is accepted. PD must manifest in 2+ of following: 1. Cognition 2. Affect 3. Interpersonal functioning 4. Impulse control  2. Enduring pattern that is inflexible and pervasive across the broad range of personal and social situations 3. Enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairments in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning 4. Enduring pattern is stable and of long duration, its onset can be traced back to adolescence or early adulthood. (Ex: cannot diagnose child with SAD) There are 10 PD in 3 clusters: Cluster A: Eccentric Intense social awkwardness Odd behaviour 1. Schizotypal PD: (diagnosis +5 of symptoms) Pervasive pattern (unwelcome influence) of social and interpersonal deficits that show as acute social discomfort. odd appearance, behaviour, thinking and speak (metaphorical or vague) Acute discomfort for close relationships Cognitive & perceptual distortions Eccentricities of behavior Ideas of reference Magical thinking Excessive social anxiety Suspiciousness or paranoia Range of affect very small Believe being highly judged or criticized o Ex: an advertisement playing they believe is mean for them or it’ a sign for them Cluster B: Erratic Reduced emotional control 1. Antisocial PD: (diagnosis +3 of symptoms & age 18+) Pervasive pattern of violation of rights of others and their disregard. Consistently brake laws Irritability and aggressiveness Disregard for safety of others  Failure to meet expectations in work contexts Closely related to conduct disorder Tendency to hurt and harm others What is the difference between Antisocial & psychopathy? Antisocial = behavioral indicators of maladaptive personality Psychopathy = Behavioral features and emotional/interpersonal features (unable to feel remorse, guilt or fear) 2. Narcissistic PD: (5+ or more) Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration & lack of empathy. Grandiose self-importance Fantasies of power and success Arrogant Unempathetic Jealous of others or believe jealous of oneself Cluster C: Anxious Anxiety o Reduce anxiety by avoidance 1. Borderline PD: (5+ or more) Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and impulsivity. Efforts to avoid real/imagined abandonment Unstable interpersonal relationships Impulsivity Self damaging (sex, spending, driving..) Anger Paranoid ideation Chronic feeling of emptiness 2. Avoidant PD: (+4 or more) Pervasive pattern of feeling inadequate, social withdrawals and hypersensitivity to evaluation. “Lonely loners” although they seek social engagement due to loneliness they fail to begin/keep relationships due fear of rejection and judgment. Avoid occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact Social inhibition  Restraint (control) within intimate relationships Preoccupied with criticism and rejection 3. OCD PD: (+4 or more) Preoccupation with orderliness. Preoccupied with details Perfectionism Hoarding behaviour Criticism of PD: They are not product of research but clinicians coming together There was subjectivity with the diagnosis of these categories (subjective identification) High degree of comorbidity o 80% likelihood of diagnosis with two different disorders o Large degree of overlap High rate of “PD NOS”(not otherwise specified) – generally meet the broad category of PD but not specific characteristics Poor test-res test reliability diagnoses (0.5-0.6 low therefore no consistency over time) Dimensions of PD: Is it possible to destigmatize PD? Because PD stigmatize people. PD are better represented as extremes on personality dimensions as oppose to categories. Maladaptive personality trait model & facets: (solution to stigmatization) Psychoticism Disinhibition Detachment  Antagonism Negative affectivity Categorical idea of healthy or unhealthy is prevented by dimensions, a spectrum of extreme dimensions that does not distinct some from others. Meta-analytic findings suggest that PDs may be modified through therapeutic interventions: Study by Roberts et al. Suggest that it is possible to help individuals with PD to improve extreme levels of traits although studies had shown that PD are most resistant to therapeutic interventions