Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders, 6th Edition PDF

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), 265 pancreatic function, 824–825 as an apical chloride channel, 816 Cuboidal metaplasia, 33 pulmonary performance, 822–824 on epithelial ion channels, 816 Cullen, William, 12...

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), 265 pancreatic function, 824–825 as an apical chloride channel, 816 Cuboidal metaplasia, 33 pulmonary performance, 822–824 on epithelial ion channels, 816 Cullen, William, 12 semen analysis, 825 functions of, 816 Culture-independent technique, 2116 vitamin D deficiency, 825 localization of, 816 Curtain sign, 504 complications, 830–834 loss of, impact, 816 Cushing syndrome, 1952, 2024, 2034 diagnosis, 821–822, 864 Cyst(s) causes, 2034 abnormalities in gas exchange, 824 bronchogenic, 1829–1830, 1830f clinical features, 2034 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), Cytochrome c oxidase, 1605 diagnosis of, 2034 818 Cytokines, 300–301, 332, 384 in SCLC, 2007t, 2009 CFRD screening, 825 in asthma, 740, 741t–744t Cutaneous sarcoidosis, 899–900 changes in lung volume, 824 inflammatory response to lung injury, Cutaneous syndromes, 2385 DXA scans, 825 342f Cutis laxa, 426, 850 evaluation of pancreatic function, mediated activation of fibroblasts, CVC. See Central venous catheter (CVC) 824–825 379 CVID. See Common variable high-resolution computed secretion, 315 immunodeficiency syndrome tomography (HRCT) scans, TH1-associated, 738 (CVID) 822 Cytomegalovirus, 607, 2193–2194 CVP. See Central venous pressure (CVP) liver functions, 825 Cytosine arabinoside, 1083t, 1084 CWP. See Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis mutations analysis, 825–826 Cytotoxic (CWP) pulmonary function tests, 822–824 antibiotics, 1075–1078, 1076t CXC chemokines, 339 semen analysis, 825 associated protein 4, 972 disparate angiogenic activity, 341t sodium and chloride concentration, effects of radiation, 969, 970f in pulmonary fibrosis, 341 822 T lymphocytes, 268 vascular remodeling, 341 sputum cultures, 817–818, 824 in pulmonary hypertension, 342 feeding and pancreatic insufficiency, D in pulmonary inflammation, 339 2637 Dabigatran, 1235 receptors, 339, 341t gallbladder anomalies in, 819 Daclizumab, 2533 trafficking of fibrocytes to lung, genetics of, 124–125, 815 Dacomitinib, 1088, 1867 342–343 class III mutations, 816 DAD. See Diffuse alveolar damage INDEX Cyanide poisoning, 1604t, 1605–1606 class IV mutations, 816 (DAD) Cyanosis common CF mutation, 815, 816t, DAH. See Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage capillary O2 content, 415 817f (DAH) causes of, 415 and lung transplantation, 1846 Damage-associated molecular patterns due to abnormal pigments in blood, macronutrients and micronutrients in, (DAMPs), 263 415 2636–2637 Dampness in buildings, 1552 due to venous admixture, 415 natural history and prognosis, 830 Dapsone, 2365 in methemoglobinemia, 415 osteoporosis in, 821 pharmacogenomic effects, 155t peripheral, 415 pancreatic insufficiency in, 818–819 Dasatinib, 1087t, 1090 in pulmonary disease, 415 pathogenesis, 815–817 DCS. See Decompression sickness “Cycle sensitivity,” 2596 pathophysiology, 817–821 (DCS) Cyclic guanosine monophosphate, in diabetes mellitus, 821 DDF. See Dust-related diffuse fibrosis PAH, 1219 endocrine disorders, 819–821 (DDF) Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, 769 gastrointestinal manifestations, d-dimer, 152f, 153 Cyclooxygenase metabolism, 295 818–819 Dead space, 563 Cyclophosphamide, 936, 992, 995, 1199 reproductive organs, 821 Death, in intensive care unit, 2659 adverse effects of, 972 respiratory tract, 817–818 Decannulation in pregnancy and lactation, 1667t sweat glands, 821 complications, 2625–2626 Cyclospora cayetanensis, 2381 vitamin D deficiency, 821 deep venous thrombosis, 2626 Cyclosporine, 974, 1849 and pregnancy, 1671 outcomes and long-term effects, 2625 in pregnancy and lactation, 1668t progression of pulmonary disease in, pulmonary embolism, 2626 Cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor type 1 819f waning ECMO, 2624–2625 antagonists, 776 psychosocial issues, 834 wound care, 2626 Cystic fibrosis, 109–110, 110f, 262, 674, related diabetes, 825 Decompression sickness (DCS), 818f, 1035, 1671, 1846, 2284, reproductive issues, 834–835 1593–1594, 1594f 2636 signs and symptoms, 818t risk reduction, 1594, 1594f (see also airways, 816 skin in, 426 Diving) associated liver disease (CFLD), 819, spermatogenesis and, 821 symptoms, 1593, 1594f 821, 825 strategies and recommendations, 2637 treatment of, 1594 atypical clinical presentations, 826 sweat glands of patients with, 821 Dectin receptors, 2072 bone disease, 821 testicular development and, 821 Deep cervical space infections, 800 changes in female reproductive tract, treatment, 826–830 Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 523, 821 vitamin D deficiency and, 821 1258 clinical evaluation Cystic fibrosis transmembrane Delirium, 2648–2649 chest radiography, 822 conductance regulator defined, 2649 mutation analysis, 825–826 (CFTR), 27, 124, 815, 815f from dementia, 2649t I-18 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 18 18/08/22 8:34 AM  hyperactive, 2649 pulmonary hypoplasia, 1833–1834, in HIV-infected (AIDS) patients, hypoactive, 2649 1835f 1155–1156 hypoxic, 2650 vascular disorders, 1824, 1824f, 1835 incidence and time course, 1624 in ICU patients, 2649 pulmonary artery sling, 1835–1836, in IPH, 1156–1157 metabolic, 2650 1836f pathogenesis of, 1625 mixed, 2649 scimitar syndrome, 1836–1837, posttransplant, 1623t, 1624–1625 outcomes associated, 2651 1837f, 1838f prognosis, 1625 pathophysiology, 2650–2651 tracheal stenosis, 1835–1836 recurrent episodes of, 1157 prevalence and subtypes, 2649–2650 unilateral absent pulmonary artery, risk factors, 1155, 1624–1625 preventing, 2651–2653 1836, 1837f in SLE, 1154–1155 risk factors, 2650 Dexamethasone therapy of, 1153 screening tools, 2651 for acute mountain sickness, 1586, treatment for, 1625 sedative-associated, 2650 1586t Diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis (DAB), septic, 2650 for altitude illnesses, 1586t 1164, 1170–1171 signs and symptoms, 2649 in pregnancy and lactation, 1668t, 1672 chest radiography, 1171f treating, 2653–2655 suppression test, 2034 Diffuse bronchiolitis unclassified, 2650 Dexfenfluramine, 1106 from toxin exposure, 1562 Demeclocycline, 2007, 2033 Dexmedetomidine, 2646 Diffuse cystic lung diseases (DCLDs) Demikhov, Vladimir, 15 Diagnosis of PE in Pregnancy (DiPEP) associated with interstitial lung Dendritic cells, 267, 269f, 2077 decision analysis modeling, diseases, 1040–1041 in asthma, 739 1673 caused by lymphoproliferative Denosumab, 2032 Diagnostic radiology, 968 disorders, 1035–1039 DEP. See Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) Diaphragmatic breathing technique, classification, 1030, 1031t Depositional diseases of lungs, 727 clinical, radiologic, and pathologic 1065t Diaphragmatic dysfunction features, 1045t–1046t Dermal edema at altitude, 1583 postoperative respiratory failure, definition, 1030 Dermatomyositis (DM), 420, 420f, 1328, 1810–1811 developmental, 1035 1952, 2039, 2039f after surgery, 1786–1787 diagnostic and management approach, Gottron papules in, 420f after upper abdominal surgery, 1805 1044–1049, 1047f–1048f INDEX Dermatophagoides farinae, 1552 Diaphragmatic hernias, 1633 laboratory tests, 1045 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 767, Diaphragmatic pacing, 1480–1481 pathologic assessment, 1047 1552 Diaphragm paralysis, 1473–1474 physical examination, 1044–1045 Desmoplastic mesotheliomas, 1355 Diaphragm ultrasonography radiologic assessment, 1045, 1047 Desquamative interstitial pneumonia of diaphragm excursion, 505–506 genetic and developmental, (DIP), 95, 937 of diaphragm thickening, 505–506, 1030–1035 clinical presentation, 937 506f smoking-related, 1041 outcomes and treatment, 939–940 of diaphragm thickness and thickening Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary smoking and, 937 fraction, 505 neuroendocrine cell Developmental disorders of lung, Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), 1548, hyperplasia (DIPNECH), 1824–1838, 1824f 1894 1939, 2024 airway disorders, 1824, 1824f Diet Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis bridging bronchus, 1828–1829, and lung cancer risk, 1891–1892 syndrome (DILS), 2049 1829f Dietary pulmonary hypertension, 1230 Diffuse interstitial amyloidosis, 1067 bronchial atresia, 1826, 1826f Diethylcarbamazine, 1189 Diffuse interstitial diseases, 404t bronchogenic cyst, 1829–1830, Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), 942, 988, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 1830f 1104, 1108, 2448, 2463 2024, 2056, 2057f bronchopulmonary sequestration, drug-induced, 1105 intravascular variant of, 2059, 2060f 1032t, 1832, 1833f Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), Diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia. See cardiac bronchus, 1828, 1829f 989–990, 992, 1144, 1150. See Lymphocytic interstitial congenital pulmonary airway also Idiopathic pulmonary pneumonia (LIP) malformation, 1830–1832, hemosiderosis (IPH) Diffuse panbronchiolitis, 842–843, 995 1831f ANCA-associated, 1151–1153, 1289 Diffuse pleural thickening, 1490 congenital tracheobronchomegaly, autoimmune, 1153 clinical and physiological 1826–1828, 1827f in bone marrow and stem cell manifestations, 1490 tracheal agenesis, 1825, 1826f transplant recipients, 1155 diagnosis, 1490 tracheal bronchus, 1828, 1828f chest radiograph in, 1625 pathogenesis, 1490 tracheobronchial anomalies, clinical course of, 1155 pathology, 1490 1828–1829, 1828f, 1829f clinical findings in, 1625 radiographic features, 1490 lung development and, 1824–1825 CT in, 1625 treatment, 1490 parenchymal disorders, 1824, 1824f, diagnosis of, 1624 Diffusing capacity for CO, 563–565 1832 due to exogenous agents or drugs, definition, 564 congenital lobar emphysema, 1156 factors influencing, 563–565 1832–1833, 1833f, 1834f due to molds, 1156 methods for analyzing pulmonary cystic mesenchymal in EGPA, 1153–1154 single-breath method, 564 hamartoma, 1834–1835 in GPA, 1289 steady-state method, 564 I-19 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 19 18/08/22 8:34 AM  Diffusion pathologic consequences, 1597–1598 diagnosis, 1101–1102 coefficient of a gas, 229 physiologic effects, 1595–1597 illicit drug use and, 1114–1115 definition, 229 pulmonary barotrauma, 1597, 1597f immunomodulatory biologics and, different capacitances effect, 229–230 saturation, 1594f, 1595 1111–1113 limitation, gas transport pathway, 214 surface-supplied, 1593, 1593f immunosuppressive agents and, physical properties influence, 229 toxic effects of high ambient pressure, 1113–1114 pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dl) of a 1595, 1595f with nonbiologic disease-modifying gas, 231–232 ventilatory drive, 1596 antirheumatic drugs, carbon monoxide, 232–233 DLBCL. See Diffuse large B-cell 1109–1115 influencing factors, 233–234 lymphoma (DLBCL) principles of treatment, 1115 nitric oxide, 233 DLSC. See Dual-lumen single cannula Drug response patterns, 153f oxygen, 232 (DLSC) Dry powder inhalers (DPIs), 772, 774 technical protocols, 234–235 DM. See Dermatomyositis (DM) DSA. See Donor-specific antibodies uncertainties in interpretation, 235 DNA methylation, 123 (DSA) Digital clubbing, 1952 DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), Dual-lumen single cannula (DLSC), Digital subtraction angiography, 1312 122 2613 Dignity, defined, 2660 Docetaxel, 972, 1085t, 1985 Protek cannula, 2613 Digoxin, 1235 Doctrine of double effect, 2660 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dimercaprol, 1569 Donation after cardiac death (DCD), 1476–1477 Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), 15 DUOX enzymes, 361 91–92 Donor-derived cell-free DNA, 1849 Dupilumab, 302, 744t, 777, 791, 1196, DIPNECH. See Diffuse idiopathic Donor-specific antibodies (DSA), 1849 2533 pulmonary neuroendocrine Dopamine and delirium, 2650 Durvalumab, 1873, 1874, 1982, 1993 cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) Doppler echocardiography, 1651 Dust-related diffuse fibrosis (DDF), 1513, Direct binding agents, in cyanide toxicity, Doripenem, 2167 1516. See also Coal workers’ 1606 Dorsal respiratory group (DRG), 173 lung disease(s) Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) Double/triple-hit lymphomas, 2056 Dutch-Belgian lung cancer screening staining, 2114 Down syndrome, 1034 trial, 1888, 1904 Direct observation of therapy (DOT), Doxapram, 2536 Dying patient, care for, 2662–2663 INDEX 2267 Doxorubicin, lung toxicity, 972 Dynamic CT, 1915 Dirofilariasis, 2392 Doxycycline, 907 Dynamic lung compliance, 560–561, DISE. See Drug-induced sleep endoscopy Drainage of pleural space, 1324–1325 560f (DISE) Drug- and toxin-induced eosinophilic Dysbarism, 1593 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs pneumonia Dysbiotic drift, 754 (DMARDs), 994 clinical features, 1202–1203 Dysphagia, 1171 Disease pathogenesis, 156 diagnostic criteria, 1203 in aspiration pneumonia, 1168 Disseminated and extrapulmonary drugs that cause, 1202t Dyspnea, 108, 994, 2194 blastomycosis, 2338 laboratory testing, 1203 abnormal breathing pattern in, Disseminated intravascular coagulation prognosis, 1203 406–407 (DIC), 1360, 2036 treatment, 1203 acute, 400 Disseminated nocardiosis, 2406 Drug delivery, 2523 in anemia, 405 Distal acinar emphysema, 653 Drug-induced bronchospasm, 1105 in asthma, 402 Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome Drug-induced diffuse alveolar breathing discomfort, 399 (DIOS), 819, 820f hemorrhage (DAH), breathlessness in, 406 Distributive justice, 2659–2660 1105 causes, 399t Diving, 1593–1595 Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), chemoreceptors, 400 arterial blood gases, effect on, 1597 1704 Cheyne–Stokes breathing in, 406, 406f arterial gas embolism, 1597 Drug-induced vasculitis, 1301–1302 chronic, 400 breath-hold, 1593, 1598, 1598f Drug interactions, 2334 in chronic cardiac disease, 405 decompression sickness, 1593–1594 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and in COPD, 401–402 fitness-to-dive assessment, 1598–1599 systemic symptoms (DRESS), CPET for evaluation of unexplained, and gas toxicity, 1598 1202 588 immersion effects, 1595, 1595f Drug-related bronchiolitis obliterans, efficiency of breathing, 400 immersion pulmonary edema, 846 evaluation of, 407–408, 407t 1597–1598 Drug-related pulmonary injury, 1100 gasping respirations, 407 impaired gas exchange after saturation amiodarone toxicity, 1106–1108 in GPA, 1289 dives, 1597 with anticonvulsants, 1109 Kussmaul breathing, 407 intrapulmonary gas exchange during, anticonvulsants and, 1109 length–tension inappropriateness, 400 1596–1597 anti-inflammatory and mechanics of breathing, 400 distributions of blood flow and immunomodulatory agents metabolic abnormalities and drugs, ventilation, 1597 and, 1109 405 gas mixing and diffusion, 1596–1597 aspirin and, 1109 in obstructive and restrictive hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, 1597 with cardiovascular drugs, 1106–1109 pulmonary disorders, ventilation/perfusion matching, 1597 clinical and histopathologic patterns of 401–405 mechanical load, 1595–1596, 1596f injury, 1102–1106 O2 cost of breathing, 400, 401f I-20 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 20 18/08/22 8:34 AM  in pulmonary arteriovenous repeat thoracentesis, 1330 ELSO. See Extracorporeal Life Support malformations (PAVMs), paramalignant, 1339 Organization (ELSO) 1308 pleural, 628, 634, 790, 1320 Embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous scaling methods, 400–401 in AEP, 1191 malformation, 1313–1314, sensation of, 398 causes, 1320f, 1321t 1313f–1314f in SLE, 993 in “crack” cocaine user, 1127 Embolotherapy devices, 1313f in tetralogy of Fallot, 405 diagnostic considerations, 1320– Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), 138 in upper airway obstruction, 794 1322 EMG. See Electromyogram (EMG) ventilatory control system in, 180–181 in GPA, 1291 Emphysema, 383–384, 634, 652f, 654, 659 ventilatory performance, 400 in HES, 1199 anatomic varieties of, 651f work of breathing, 400, 401f malignant, 633 centrilobular, 651–652 Dysregulated humoral immunity, 320 management of, 632–633 classification of, 651 in paragonimiasis, 1188 definition, 650 E in patients with NSCLC, 1090 differential diagnosis, 653–654 Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT), 17 in pulmonary embolism (PE), distal acinar, 653 Early Lung Cancer Action Project, 1904 1265 irregular, 653 Eaton-Lambert syndrome, 1476 pulmonary hypersensitivity and, like changes, 1377 EBUS. See Endobronchial ultrasound 1104 morphologies of, 651–653 (EBUS) in pulmonary hypertension, 1230 oxidative stress in, 363–364 Echinocandins, 2334, 2365 in PVOD, 1232–1233 panlobular, 652, 653f Echinococcosis, 2393–2395 in rheumatoid arthritis, 994 paraseptal, 653 Echinoderm microtubule–associated in SLE, 992 Empiric antibiotic therapy, 2231 protein-like 4 (EML4), 1987 sonographic characteristics of, Empyema, 1324, 2121, 2203, 2215 Echocardiography, 2466, 2563 1321 anaerobic bacteria in, 2216 E-cigarette and vaping-associated lung in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), bacteriology, 2214f, 2215t injury (EVALI), 1570–1571, 998 clinical features, 2217 1571f, 1572f, 2455 transudative, 1322–1324 diagnosis of, 2218 associated lung injury, 718 pseudochylous, 1329 management, 1325, 2218 ECLS. See Extracorporeal life support tuberculous, 1325–1326 microbiology, 2215–2216 INDEX (ECLS) EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor nonanaerobic infections, 2216–2217 ECMO. See Extracorporeal membrane receptor (EGFR) postpneumonectomy, 1972 oxygenation (ECMO); Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 426–427, 850, radiologic diagnosis, 2217–2218 Extracorporeal oxygenation 1034, 1445 stages of, 1325t (ECMO) Elastic load, immersion-related, 1596, treatment, 2218–2219 ECP protein, 300 1596f Enantiomers, 2524 Ectopic ACTH-producing tumors, 423 Elastic properties of respiratory Encephalomyelitis/subacute sensory Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone system, 162–164, 550–551, neuropathy, 2036–2037, syndrome, 2031t, 2034–2035 550f 2036t biology of, 2034, 2034f of chest wall, 550 biology of, 2036 clinical presentation, 2034 in health and disease, 551–552 diagnosis, 2036–2037 diagnosis, 2034 Electrocautery, 622, 623f, 624 treatment, 2037 treatment of, 2034–2035 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 1710 Endobronchial brushing, 2119 Edema at altitude, 1583 Electromagnetic navigational Endobronchial high-dose-rate EDN protein, 300 bronchoscopy, 599, 601, 1954 brachytherapy (HDRB), 625 EDS. See Excessive daytime sleepiness Electromagnetic navigation and guidance, Endobronchial laser therapy, 624 (EDS) 1920 Endobronchial needle aspiration, 1954 EEG. See Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electromyogram, 1710, 1774 Endobronchial one-way valves, 1390, Effector/memory CD4 T /cells, 332 Electronic cigarettes, 717. See also 1390f Effusions Tobacco smoking Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), 599, chylothorax, 1328 aerosols from, 1550, 1570–1571 801, 1404, 1957, 1964–1965, malignant associated lung injury, 718 1993 clinical manifestations, 1340 considerations for clinicians treating guided transbronchial needle common primary malignancies, for use of, 718 aspirations, 1359, 1875–1876 1339t future of, 718 in silicosis, 1523 diagnostic evaluation, 1340–1344, public health and, 717 Endobronchial valves, 627 1341f in smoking cessation and tobacco Endocrine sarcoidosis, 902 etiology, 1339 harm reduction, 717–718 End-of-life, in intensive care unit, 2660 management, 1345–1347, 1346f Electronic nicotine delivery systems, 758, communication and professionalism, paramalignant effusions, 1339 1886–1887 2661–2662 pathogenesis, 1339–1340 Electron microscopy with energy- dying patient, 2662–2663 prognosis, 1344–1345 dispersive x-ray analysis, life-sustaining therapy, 2660 management of recurrent and 1508 medical futility, 2661 persistent Electrooculogram, 1710, 1774 pain and suffering, 2660 indwelling pleural catheter, 1330 Elexacaftor, 128 providing palliative, 2663 pleurodesis, 1330 E-liquid, 1570 surrogate decision-making, 2660–2661 I-21 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 21 18/08/22 8:34 AM  Endoluminal airway obstruction, 621 biologic therapy targeting Epithelial-mesenchymal transition Endoplasmic reticulum, 26 interleukin 5 (IL-5), 1298 (EMT), 362, 376, 379 Endoscopic retrograde cyclophosphamide, 1199 Epithelial–myoepithelial carcinoma, cholangiopancreatography glucocorticoids, 1298 1943–1944, 1944f (ERCP), 1328 intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), Epithelium, lung tissue, 25–27, 26f–27f Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), 1404, 1199 cell population, 26, 26f–27f 1957 rituximab therapy, 1298 cilia orientation, 25, 27f Endoscopy, 800 Eosinophilic lung diseases, 302t, 1186t club cells, 26–27 Endothelial cells, 28, 29f, 362 association between pulmonary homeostasis, 27 Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), infiltrates and eosinophilia, lining cells, 25 140 1186 mucociliary escalator, 25 Endothelin 1 (ET-1), 380, 1685 parasitic infections associated with, network of mucins and receptor agonist, 1239–1240 1187t mucopolysaccharides, 25 Endothelin antagonist therapy, 1655 Eosinophilic myalgia syndrome, 1106 secretory cell population, 26 Endothelin receptor antagonists, Eosinophilic pneumonia, 1104 Epoprostenol, 1687 1686–1687 Eosinophils, 290 sodium Endotracheal tube–related trauma, 808 activation of, 298–299 in pregnancy and lactation, 1668t Endovascular infection, 2103 in asthma, 736–737 EPSCC. See Extrapulmonary small-cell End-stage sarcoidosis, 453 cationic protein (ECP), 298 cancer (EPSCC) Energy restoration hypothesis, 186–187 chemotactic for, 298 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 1854, 1936, ENG gene, 1307, 1307t contents 2116 Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, 806 chemokines, 300–301 related lymphoma, 1290 Enteral nourishment cytokines, 300–301 Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), 1676, challenges and complications of, 2640t enzymes, 300 1709, 1709t, 1774, 1775t, Enteric adenocarcinoma, 1931, 1932 lipid mediators, 300 2496 Enterogenous cysts, 1416 reactive oxygen metabolites, 301 Erasistratus, 2 diagnosis, 1416–1417 degranulation of, 298–299 ERK inhibitor monotherapy, 1872 embryology, 1416 derived neurotoxin (EDN), 298 Erlotinib, 347, 1087t, 1089–1090 presentation, 1416–1417 disease association, 302 pharmacogenomic effects, 155t INDEX terminology, 1416 granule proteins, 299–300 ERS. See European Respiratory Society therapy, 1417–1418 granulomatous inflammation with, 1188 (ERS) Entrectinib, 1867–1868 heterogeneity, 298 ER stress recovery, 187 Environmental microbiome, 754 host defense, 301–302 Erythema nodosum (EN), 395, 421, 424, Environmental Protection Agency Acid immunoregulatory capacity of, 301 424f Rain Program, 1545 integrins, 298 Erythromyeloid progenitor cells (EMPs), Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and localization of, 298, 299f 278 lung cancer risk, 1893 morphology and structure, 297–298, Erythropoiesis with altitude, 1583–1584 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 298f Escherichia coli, 2205 (ELISA) test, 152 origins and development, 297 Esophageal cancer, 806, 979 EOG. See Electrooculogram (EOG) peroxidase, 298, 745 Esophageal duplications, 1416–1417 Eosinophil-associated RNases (EARs), pharmacologic modulation of, Esophageal impedance testing, 1691 301 302–303 Esophageal toxicity, from radiotherapy, Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), 745 priming process, 298–299 1999–2000 Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), recruitment, 298 ESS. See Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS); 745 in vitro with CCL11 (eotaxin), 299f Epworth Sleepiness Scores Eosinophilic asthma, 298 Eotaxins, 298 (ESS) Eosinophilic granulomatosis with EPAP. See Expiratory positive airway ET-1. See Endothelin 1 (ET-1) polyangiitis (EGPA), 1150, pressure (EPAP) Etanercept, 429, 1111–1112, 1626 1153–1154, 1287 Epidermal growth factor receptor Etesevimab, 1672 clinical presentation and diagnosis, (EGFR), 347, 1825, Ethical dilemmas, 2659 1294–1295 1866–1867, 1866f Ethnicity, and lung cancer risk, diagnostic testing antibodies, 1091 1889–1890, 1890t chest radiographs, 1197 EGFR TKI therapy, 1866–1867 Etoposide, 972 diagnostic criteria, 1198 gene, 1864 lung toxicity, 972 laboratory testing, 1197–1198 inhibitors, 428–429, 1866 Euroglyphus maynei, 1552 pathology, 1198, 1198f oncogene addiction hypothesis, 1866 European Respiratory Society (ERS), 463, genetic factors, 1197 oncogene shock hypothesis, 1866 2600 pathogenesis, 1197 RTK signaling, 1864 classification system on idiopathic pleural effusions in, 1327 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 1087–1090 interstitial pneumonias, 872 prognosis, 1198–1199 Epinephrine, 810 European Society of Cardiology/ treatment, 1198–1199 Epithelial cells, 361–362 European Respiratory Society anti–IL-5 pathway agents, 1199 types of murine lung, 136f (ESC/ERS), 1846 azathioprine maintenance therapy, Epithelial-lined lung cysts, 1030 Eurotransplant International Foundation, 1199 Epithelial-mesangial trophic unit 1844 benralizumab therapy, 1298 (EMTU), 746 EUS. See Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) I-22 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 22 18/08/22 8:34 AM  EUS fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), centrifugal pump, 2620f treatment of, 2034–2035 1958 choice of, 2612–2615 hematologic syndromes, 2031, 2031t, EVALI. See E-cigarette and vaping- circuit, 2610 2035–2036 associated lung injury in COVID-19 pandemic, 1844 granulocytosis, 2031t, 2035 (EVALI); E-cigarette or dialysis and renal failure, 2626 thrombocytosis, 2031t, 2035–2036 vaping product-associated evolution of, 2610–2612 thromboembolism, 2031t, 2036 lung injury (EVALI) CESAR trial, 2611–2612 hypercalcemia, 2031–2032, 2031t Everolimus, 1849 EOLIA trial, 2612 biology of, 2031–2032, 2032f EVLP. See Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) H1N1 pandemic, 2612 diagnosis, 2032 E292V mutation, 95 inclusion and exclusion criteria for, treatment of, 2032 Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), 1773. 2615 hypertrophic pulmonary See also Central disorders of initiation, 2617 osteoarthropathy, 2038–2039 hypersomnolence; Sleepiness cannulas, oxygenators, tubing, and biology of, 2038 drugs and, 1778 pumps, 2619 diagnosis, 2038, 2038f prevalence of, 1778 decision to cannulate, 2617 treatment of, 2038–2039 Excessive dynamic airway collapse spectrum monitoring, 2619 hyponatremia, 2031t, 2032–2034 (EDAC), 602 technical considerations, 2617–2619 biology of, 2033, 2033f Exercise in lung transplant recipients, 1844, diagnosis, 2033 induced asthma, 294, 768 1848 treatment, 2033–2034 and lung cancer, 1892 maintenance of inflammatory myopathies, 2039 Exercise in pulmonary rehabilitation, 728. anticoagulation and bleeding in, dermatomyositis, 2039, 2039f See also Six 6-minute walk 2623–2624 polymyositis, 2039 test (6MWT) Chatter and Suck-down, 2623 neurologic syndromes, 2031, 2031t, upper extremity training, 728–729 fluid management, 2623 2036–2038, 2036t ventilatory muscle training, 729 imaging, 2624 cancer-associated retinopathy, Exhaled nitric oxide, measurement of, machine and cannula maintenance, 2037 557–558 2619–2621 encephalomyelitis/subacute sensory Exocrine gland sarcoidosis, 902 management, 2622 neuropathy, 2036–2037 Expectorants, 2534 physical therapy, 2624 Lambert–Eaton syndrome, INDEX Expiratory muscle recruitment, 72 systemic inflammation and fluid 2037–2038 Expiratory positive airway pressure resuscitation, 2623 opsoclonus/myoclonus, 2037 (EPAP), 1723, 1756, 2589 ventilator management, 2621–2622 paraneoplastic cerebellar Expiratory Pressure Study (EXPRESS), mechanics of, 2612 degeneration, 2037 2471 pre–lung transplant, 2626–2627 Extrinsic airway compression, 621, 622f Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) risks, 2615–2617 Exudate macrophages, 2076 postoperative reduction in, 1786 SARS-CoV-19, 2626 Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), 1843, Expired volume of ventilation, 563 tracheal agenesis, 1825 1847 EXRESS. See Expiratory Pressure Study Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (EXPRESS) for Severe Acute Respiratory F Exsufflation, 2495 Distress Syndrome (EOLIA) Fabry disease, 850, 1137–1138 External beam radiotherapy, 967 trial, 2612–2613 Face masks, 1555 Extracellular matrix (ECM), 376 Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP), Facial trauma, 807–808 assembly and turnover of, 377 1852 Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, 1480 extracellular cross-linking function of in post-HSCT BOS, 1629 FACTT. See Fluid and Catheter Treatment TG2 and, 384 Extracutaneous neutrophilic Trial (FACTT) production, 377 inflammation, 425 Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence, proteolysis of, 377 Extranodal natural killer T-cell 712t Extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT), 345 lymphoma (ENKTCL), nasal Familial interstitial pneumonia (FIP), Extracellular SOD (EC-SOD), 358–360 type, 2062 101, 917 Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal, Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis, 2355 Familial pulmonary fibrosis (FPF), 2627 Extrapulmonary small-cell cancer genetics of, 126 acute respiratory distress syndrome (EPSCC), 2010 Fanconi syndrome, 1307 with hypercarbic failure, Extrapulmonary syndromes, with lung Fas ligand (FasL), 2450 2627 cancer, 2031–2039. See also Fast motor units, 66 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Lung cancer Fast-twitch fibers, 65 2627 acromegaly, 2031t, 2035 Fat embolism, 1278–1279 Extracorporeal life support (ECLS), biology of, 2035 Fat embolization, in acute chest 2477 diagnosis, 2035 syndrome, 1646, 1647, 1647f Extracorporeal Life Support Organization treatment of, 2035 FB. See Follicular bronchiolitis (FB) (ELSO), 2617 carcinoid syndrome, 2031t, 2035 FDG. See 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone Febrile Pneumonitis Syndrome, 2122t (ECMO), 1605, 2165, 2474, syndrome, 2031t, 2034–2035 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act 2477, 2610 biology of, 2034, 2034f of 1969, 1513 in burn patients with smoke inhalation, clinical presentation, 2034 Fenfluramine, 1106 1612 diagnosis, 2034 Fenfluramine-associated PAH, 1231 I-23 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 23 18/08/22 8:34 AM  Fentanyl, 601 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFOX), role in allergic lung disease, 280 Fetal adenocarcinoma, 1931, 1932 1080–1081 Gamma rays, 968 Fetal lung fluid, 1825 Flu SC2 Multiplex Assay, 2116 Ganglioneuroblastoma, 1434 role of, 1825 Fluticasone Ganglioneuromas, 1434 Fetal oxygenation, 1665 in post-HSCT BOS, 1628–1629 Gas(es), 1559t, 1603 Fever, 419 Focal stereotactic radiosurgery, 1997 cooking stoves, 1550 18 F-Fluoride PET (F-PET), 532 Follicular bronchiolitis (FB), 658, 842, irritant, water solubility and 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG), 15 1036–1038, 2047–2048, 2047f mechanism of lung injury by, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 1407 Follicular helper T cells, 271 1559t Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 597, 2119 Follicular lymphoma, 2056 as source of indoor air pollution, Fiberoptic laryngoscopy, 800 Folliculin gene, 427 1550 Fiber system of lung parenchyma, 48 Forced expiratory vital capacity, 553–554, toxic, in smoke and inhalation injury, Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 348, 553f, 554t 1603–1606, 1604t 1352, 1825 Forced inspiratory vital capacity, 554, Gas exchange Fibroblast(s), 37, 362, 376 554f abnormalities, 824, 1262–1263 definition, 376 Forced oscillation technique (FOT), 560 aging and, 256–257 derived cytokines, 377 Forced vital capacity (FVC), 2492 parenchyma, 23 factors regulating, 379–381 Foreign body aspiration, 807, 2207 pathway, 211–213 functions, 377–378 Formaldehyde, 1548, 1551 airway cross-sectional surface area, heterogeneity, 376–377 Formoterol, 1569 212 innate immune function, 377 Formoterol, pharmacogenomic effects, alveolar O2 concentration, 212–213 interaction with mast cells and, 377 155t anatomic features of lung related, like mesenchymal cells, 362 FOSQ. See Functional Outcomes of 212f microhemodynamics, 377 Sleepiness Questionnaire cardiogenic mixing, 213 in proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors (FOSQ) CO2 exchange, 230–231 secretion, 377 Foundry fever. See Metal fume fever diffusion process, 213 tissue interstitial fluid pressure, Francisella tularensis, 334, 2424–2425 filling and emptying of cardiac 377 FRC. See Functional residual capacity chambers, 213 tissue-specific, 376–377 (FRC) inspiration of air into trachea, 211 INDEX Fibrocystic sarcoidosis, 907 Free interstitial cells, 37 during normal resting inspiration, Fibrosarcoma, 1359 Free-living amebae, 2378 211 Fibrosing mediastinitis, 1406–1409 Fumes, 1559t, 1603 of oxygen and carbon monoxide, Fibrosis, 654 Functional Outcomes of Sleepiness 230 Fibrotic airway stenosis, 622 Questionnaire (FOSQ), 1716 parabolic profile of laminar flow, Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), Functional residual capacity (FRC), 161, 213f 446, 1955 544, 1441, 1461, 2492 red cell transportation, 213 Fine particles, 1544, 1559t closed-circuit helium dilution method, Taylor dispersion, 211 FIP1L1-PGDFRA fusion gene, 303 546–547, 547f Gas-exchange units Fire environment, 1603–1606, 1604t. See comparison of dilution and airways, 39–42 also Smoke inhalation washout techniques, body branching process, 40 Flagellates, 2385 plethysmography, 548–549 diameter, 40–42 Flail chest, 1819, 1820f nitrogen washout method, 547 flow resistance, 40–41, 41f diagnosis, 1451–1452 plethysmographic technique, 547–548, flow velocity, 41 etiology, 1451–1452 548f generations of conducting, 40f respiratory function, 1452–1453 postoperative reduction in, 1786, 1787f, self-similar branching, 42 respiratory mechanics, 1452–1453 1787t complexity, 39 treatment, 1453 Fungal infections of lungs, 334, 414 connectivity, 39 Flexible single-use disposable fiberoptic Fungal pneumonia, 1326, 2117–2118, correlativity, 39 bronchoscope, 597 2120–2121 between entrance and periphery, 39 Flow–Volume loops, 1467–1468 Fungal skin tests, 2118 Gas transport pathway, 211 Fluconazole, 2334 Fungi across alveolar–capillary membrane, Fludarabine monophosphate, 1083t, as source of indoor air pollution, 1551 229 1085 Furosemide, 2033 potential disruptions of, 213–216 Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial Fusariosis, 2315 anatomically based inequality, 215 (FACTT), 2466, 2475 FVC. See Forced vital capacity (FVC) bronchoconstriction, 216 Fluid homeostasis at altitude, 1583 collateral ventilation and blood flow, Fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal G 215–216 antibodies, 2360 GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid diffusive limitation, 214 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Gagnan, Emile, 1593 gravity-based inequality, 215, 215f 1875, 2046 Galactomannan, 2141, 2304 hypoventilation, 214 Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission Galen of Pergamon, 2, 4f longitudinally based inequality, 215 tomography (FDG-PET), scheme of circulation, 4f reactive vasoconstriction, 216 2005 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 2650 shunt, 214 · · Fluoroquinolones, 2168 Gamma-delta T cells, 272, 279–280, 333, ventilation–perfusion (VA/Q) Fluoroscopy, 14 2076 inequality, 214–215 I-24 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 24 18/08/22 8:34 AM  Gas trapping, 654 primary ciliary dyskinesia, 126–127 G protein–coupled inwardly rectifying Gastric acid, 1165 pulmonary arterial hypertension, potassium (GIRK) channels, pneumonitis, 2206 125–126 1766 Gastric residual volumes, 2640 sickle cell disease, 127 G protein–coupled receptors, in PAH, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), surfactant metabolism dysfunction, 1218 772, 805, 1165, 1171, 126 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 976 1690–1691 messenger RNA, 118 Granule-associated acid hydrolases, 295 clinical features, 1691 mitochondrial mutations, and genetic Granule components, 2076 asthma, 1691 disease, 121–122 Granulocyte-macrophage colony- chronic cough, 1691 modes of inheritance, 120, 121f stimulating factor (GM-CSF), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1691 autosomal dominant mutations, 120 348 diagnosis, 1691 of autosomal recessive diseases, 120 in alveolar macrophage function, 1175, ambulatory esophageal pH X-linked, 120–121 1177f monitoring, 1691 somatic mutations and cancer, 122 autoantibodies in PAP patient–derived, esophageal impedance testing, 1691 targeted therapies for genetic disease, 1175–1178, 1176f–1177f pathophysiology, 1691 128–129 binding α-chain (CD116), 1175 treatment, 1691 Genitourinary sarcoidosis, 902 innate immunity and, 1178 Gastrointestinal disease, pulmonary Genome-wide association study (GWAS), role in differentiation of myeloid complications 1773 hematopoietic precursors, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gentamicin, 866 1007 1690–1691 in pregnancy and lactation, 1668t on surfactant clearance, 1175, 1177 clinical features, 1691 GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux Granulocytes, 38, 745 diagnosis, 1691 disease (GERD) Granulocytosis, 2031t, 2035 pathophysiology, 1691 GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, treatment, 1691 (GFR) 803–804, 1150–1151, 1150f, inflammatory bowel disease, 1692 GH. See Growth hormone (GH) 1287, 1913, 2107f Gastrointestinal sarcoidosis, 900 Giant-cell arteritis (GCA), 1299 cardiac involvement, 1293 Gaucher disease (GD), 1137, 1138f pleural effusions in, 1327 clinical presentation, 1288–1293 GBS. See Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) Giant-cell interstitial pneumonitis (GIP), perforation of nasal septum and/ INDEX GCS. See Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 1508 saddle nose deformity, 1288, Gefitinib, 347, 1087t, 1088–1089, 1867 Giant cell pneumonia, 2193 1289f lung toxicity, 972 Giardia lamblia, 2385 strawberry or mulberry gums, 1289f pharmacogenomic effects, 155t GIP. See Giant-cell interstitial cryptogenic organizing pneumonia in, Gemcitabine, 972, 1083t, 1084 pneumonitis (GIP) 1290 Gender Glandular acini, 26 differential diagnosis of, 1290 and lung cancer risk, 1888–1889 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 1164, 2644 diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in, 1289 Gene correction treatment approach, 140 GLILD. See Granulomatous and ethnic predilections, 1288 Gene expression profiling, 1356 lymphocytic interstitial external ophthalmoplegia, 1292f Gene therapy, 1365–1366 pneumonia (GLILD) focal necrotizing glomerulitis of, 1292f Genetics and genomics Global Initiative for MRSA Pneumonia histopathologic features, 1151 asthma, 756 (GLIMP), 2226 involving lower airways, 1289 classes of mutations, 118, 120f Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung necrotizing granulomatous frameshift mutation, 119 Disease (GOLD), 650 inflammation in, 1290 gene rearrangements, 120 Global lung glycolysis (GLG), 533f nervous system involvement, 1293 splice-site mutations, 120 Global lung parenchymal glycolysis parenchymal involvement, 1289 of common lung diseases, 127–128 (GLPG) calculation, 533f pleural effusions in, 1291, 1327 asthma, 127–128 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 1692 subglottic stenosis in, 1289 chronic obstructive pulmonary Glomerulonephritis, 685, 1149, symptoms, 1289 disease, 128 1291–1292 tracheobronchial inflammation of, sarcoidosis, 128 Glossopharyngeal insufflation, 1598 1291 DNA and RNA, 118 Glucose-6-phosphate, 380 treatment, 1296–1298 epigenetics, 122–124 Glutaminolysis, 380 remission maintenance therapy, 1297 DNA and histone modification, 122 Glutaredoxins, 360 of tracheobronchial disease, 1298 noncoding RNAs, 123–124 Glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Pxs), 360 Granulomatous and lymphocytic genes, 118 Glutathione-S-transferases, 360, 669, interstitial pneumonia coding region of, 119 1352 (GLILD), 2049–2050, 2049f mutations, 118–119 Glycopyrrolate, 601 Granulomatous colitis (Crohn disease), genome organization, 118 Glycosphingolipid (GSL) alpha- 424 glossary, 119t galactosylceramide Granulomatous mediastinitis, 1405 of inherited lung diseases, 124–127 (α-Gal-Cer), 280 Granulomatous necrosis, 1291 alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, 125 Golgi complex, 26, 34 Granulomatous polyangiitis, 425 alveolar capillary dysplasia, 126 Golimumab, 429 with eosinophilia, 425 cystic fibrosis, 124–125 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Granulomatous vasculitis with giant cells, familial pulmonary fibrosis, 126 (GnRH) analogues, 1059 1292f idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 126 Goodpasture syndrome, 412 Greek medicine, ancient, 2, 3t I-25 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 25 18/08/22 8:34 AM  Ground-glass attenuation, 462 Heart transplantation, 908 electrocardiogram monitoring, 2559 Ground glass opacities (GGOs), 1964, diaphragmatic dysfunction after, 1633 invasive central venous monitoring, 2136 mechanical ventilation after, 1632 2561 Ground-glass pulmonary nodules, pleural effusions after, 1633 central venous pressure, 2561–2562 462–463 PTLD in heart transplant recipients, pulmonary artery catheterization, Group counseling programs for smoking 1633–1634 2562 cessation, 712 pulmonary complications after, 1632 venous oxygen saturation, 2562 Growth factors Heimlich valves, 1389, 1389f novel hemodynamic monitoring tools, connective tissue growth factor Helical CT scanning, 797, 799f 2564 (CTGF), 348 Helium-oxygen flow-volume curves, ultrasonography, 2562–2563 epidermal (EGF), 347 561–562, 562f echocardiography, 2563 fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 348 Helminthic diseases of lung, 2388–2397 thoracic ultrasound, 2563–2564 granulocyte-macrophage colony- Hematogenous metastases, 1353 Hemoglobinopathies, 1232 stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Hematologic sarcoidosis, 900 Hemoglobin S, 1644. See also Sickle cell 348 Hematologic syndromes, with lung disease (SCD) mediated activation of fibroblasts, cancer, 2031, 2031t, Hemophilia, 415 379 2035–2036 Hemoptysis placenta growth factor (PLGF), 347 granulocytosis, 2031t, 2035 in adenoid cystic carcinoma, 802 transforming growth factor beta (TGF- thrombocytosis, 2031t, 2035–2036 anemia and, 412 β), 346–347 thromboembolism, 2031t, 2036 appearance of bloody material, 412 vascular endothelial growth factor Hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase in bullous disease, 856 (VEGF), 347–348 (H-PGDS), 295 in bullous lung disease, 856 Growth hormone, 2035 Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation cardiovascular disorders and, 414 releasing hormone, 2035 (HSCT), 290, 1620 causes, 412t, 413f GSDMB genetics, 756 allogeneic transplants, 1620 in DAH, 1156 Guide sheath techniques, 1920 autologous transplant, 1620 definition, 412 Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), early post-engraftment phase, 1620 differential diagnosis of, 412 1474–1475, 2439 indications for, 1620 evaluation of, 412 Gut microbial metabolites, 756 late posttransplant phase, 1620 measurement of coagulation INDEX Gut microbiome, 756, 2091 and malignancy, 2402 parameters, 412 mortality after, 1620 in Goodpasture syndrome, 415 H noninfectious pulmonary in GPA, 1289 HACE. See High-altitude cerebral edema complications of, 1620–1621, history of tobacco smoking and, 412 (HACE) 1621t infection in, 414 Haemophilus influenzae, 2235 bronchiolitis obliterans, 1626–1629, likelihood of a neoplastic cause of, 412, Hagen-Poiseuille law, 195 1628t 414 HAH. See High-altitude headache (HAH) diagnostic approach to, 1622 management of, 415 Haldane effect, 7, 226f, 227 diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, 1623t, massive, 412 Haller index, 1446 1624–1625 in menstruation (catamenial Hamartomas, 802f, 1912, 2022, 2022f early post-HSCT lung injury hemoptysis), 415 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), syndromes, 1622–1626, 1623t nonmassive, 412 2197 idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, in pneumococcal lobar pneumonia, clinical features, 2197 1620, 1623t, 1625–1626 414 presentation of, 2197 impact on patient outcomes, in pulmonary arteriovenous HAP. See Household air pollution 1621–1622 malformations (PAVMs), (HAP) interstitial lung disease, 1630 1308 HAPE. See High-altitude pulmonary late-onset complications, 1621, of pulmonary infarction, 414 edema (HAPE) 1626–1630 in right middle lobe syndrome, 414 Hard metal lung disease (HMLD), organizing pneumonia, 1629–1630 in transthoracic needle biopsy (TTNB), 1507–1509 peri-engraftment respiratory distress 613 clinical manifestations, 1507 syndrome, 1620, 1621f, in trauma, 414 giant-cell interstitial pneumonitis in, 1623–1624, 1623t in tuberculosis, 414 1508 pulmonary cytolytic thrombi, 1630 in vascular disorders, 412 interstitial lung disease in, 1507–1508, pulmonary edema, 1623 Hemorrhage 1507t pulmonary function testing for, 1622 bland, 1105 lung cancer, 1509 pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, in bronchoscopy, 610 mechanisms of injury in, 1509 1630 pulmonary infarcts, 414f occupational asthma, 1508–1509 risk factors for, 1622t in transthoracic needle biopsy, 613 Hardy, James, 15 temporal pattern of, 1621f Hemosiderin-laden macrophages Harvey, William, 2, 3 upper airway complications, 1623 (siderophages), 1147f HCVR. See Hypercapnic ventilatory peri-engraftment phase, 1620 Hemothorax, 1326–1327, 1816–1817 response (HCVR) survivorship, 1620 causes, 1327t Head and neck cancer, 801–802 Heme oxygenase, 360 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 1150, 1301 Health-related quality of life (HRQL), Hemodynamic monitoring, 2559 HEPA filters. See High Efficiency 2478, 2636 blood pressure, 2559–2561 Particulate Air (HEPA) filters I-26 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 26 18/08/22 8:34 AM  Hepatic cirrhosis, 1308 chronic mountain sickness, Histoplasmosis, 2328 Hepatic disease, pulmonary 1587–1588 clinical manifestations, 2328 complications disorders of altitude residence, 1588 epidemiology, 2328 hepatic hydrothorax, 1689–1690 high-altitude cerebral edema, 1586, mycology, 2328 hepatopulmonary syndrome, 1587f syndromes, 2333 1688–1689 high-altitude headache, 1584 History and physical examination portopulmonary hypertension, high-altitude pulmonary edema, preoperative, 1792 1685–1686 1586–1587 HL. See Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) spontaneous bacterial empyema, erythropoiesis and hemoglobin affinity HMLD. See Hard metal lung disease 1690 for oxygen, 1583–1584 (HMLD) management, 1690 exercise physiology and training, 1584 H1N1 pandemic and extracorporeal Hepatic hydrothorax, 1323, 1685 fluid homeostasis, 1583 membrane oxygenation, clinical features, 1689 oxygen at altitude, 1581, 1582f 2612 diagnosis, 1689–1690 patients with cardiovascular diseases, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), 1431–1432, epidemiology, 1689 1588–1589 2024, 2063 management, 1323 pulmonary circulation, 1583 Home sleep apnea testing (HSAT), 1700, pathophysiology, 1689 sleep and periodic breathing, 1583 1712 Hepatic sarcoidosis, 900 ventilatory adaptations, 1582–1583 Home spirometry, 1848 Hepatitis C infection, 1323 High-altitude pulmonary edema Honeycomb lung, 654 Hepatocyte growth factor, 1352 (HAPE), 1581, 1586–1587, Hooke, Robert, 5 Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), 520, 1586t Hoover sign, 397 1308, 1631, 1685, 1688 mechanism, 1587 Horner syndrome, 396, 1951, 1970 clinical course, 1689 prevention, 1587 Hospital-acquired pneumonia, 2243 clinical features, 1688 symptoms, 1586–1587 “Hot” forceps biopsy, 603, 604f diagnosis, 1688–1689 treatment, 1586t, 1587 Hounsfield, Godfrey, 14, 14f epidemiology, 1688 High-altitude simulation test, 700 Hounsfield units, 1415 management, 1689 High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) Household air pollution (HAP), liver transplantation, 1689 filters, 1554–1555 1548–1550 pathogenesis, 1688 High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), HP. See Hypersensitivity pneumonitis INDEX Hepatosplenomegaly, 1136 2515–2516, 2599 (HP) Hereditary angioedema (HAE), 810 High-flow nasal oxygenation (HFNO), HPNS. See High pressure nervous Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 2546 syndrome (HPNS) (HHT), 427, 427f, 1306 High frequency chest wall compression HPO. See Hypertrophic pulmonary genes associated with, 1307t (HFCWC), 2495 osteoarthropathy (HPO) Hereditary PAP, 1178 High-frequency chest wall oscillations HPS. See Hepatopulmonary syndrome clinical presentation, 1179 (HFCWO), 2495 (HPS) Hering–Breuer reflex, 30, 175 High-frequency chest-wall oscillatory vest HRQL. See Health-related quality of life Heritable pulmonary arterial (HFCWO), 826 (HRQL) hypertension, 1229 High-frequency oscillatory ventilation HRQOL. See Health-related quality of life Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), (HFOV), 2474 (HRQOL) 1138, 1139f High-frequency percussive ventilation HSAT. See Home sleep apnea testing genes and causes, 1138 (HFPV), 1612 (HSAT) Heroin, 1114, 1122f High-grade bacteremia, 2118 HSCT. See Hematopoietic stem-cell Herpesviruses, 2093 Highly active antiretroviral therapy transplantation (HSCT) Hess–Murray law, 42 (HAART), 608 HU. See Hounsfield units (HU) Heteroplasmy, 122 High-mobility group protein B1 Human ascariasis, 2389 HFCWC. See High frequency chest wall (HMGB-1), 1352 Human collagenase/matrix compression (HFCWC) High pressure nervous syndrome metalloproteinase 1 HFCWO. See High-frequency chest wall (HPNS), 1595, 1595f (MMP-1), 675 oscillations (HFCWO) High-resolution computed tomography Human epidermal growth factor receptor HFNC. See High-flow nasal cannula (HRCT) 2 (HER2), 1864, 1868 (HFNC) in divers, 1599 Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), 422 HFOV. See High-frequency oscillatory High-resolution computed tomography Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ventilation (HFOV) (HRCT) of lung, 694, 771, infection, 319, 394, 422–423, HH. See Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) 822, 862 1230 High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), Hippocrates, 2, 4f associated COPD, 668 1581, 1586, 1586t, 1587f Hippocratic corpus, 2 Kaposi’s sarcoma in, 422f High-altitude headache (HAH), 1581, Hippocratic oath, 2 Human immunodeficiency virus 1584 Hippocratic succussion, 2 syndrome, 608 High-altitude physiology, 1581 Histamine, 293, 1534 Human metapneumovirus, 2120 considerations of exposure and time Histochemical stains, 1944–1945, 1944f Human Tfh cells, 2079 course, 1581–1584 Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), 122 Humoral hypercalcemia, 2032 and disorders, 1584 Histone deacetylases (HDACs), 122, 658 Humoral immune responses, 268 acute mountain sickness, 1584–1586, Histoplasma capsulatum, 2328 Humoral immunity, defects in, 317–320 1584f Histoplasmin skin tests, 2118 Hunter syndrome, 1139 I-27 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 27 18/08/22 8:34 AM  Hydralazine-induced pulmonary disease, idiopathic variant, 1199 inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), 1108 lymphocytic variant, 1199 971 Hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1565 myeloproliferative variant, 1199 inducible transcription factor 1 alpha Hydrochlorothiazide, 1108–1109 organ damage in, 1200 (HIF-1α), 1582 Hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, and prognostic features, 1200 inhalation testing, 566 thiamine (HAT therapy), treatment, 1200 and post-inspiratory inspiratory 1167 Hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome, activity, 2489 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 773 313, 318 ventilatory response to, 567–568, 568t Hydrogen cyanide Hyperinfection syndrome, 2391 Hypoxic rebreathing test, 568 in smoke and inhalation injury, 1603, associated with Strongyloides, 1190 Hypoxic ventilatory response, 177 1604t, 1605–1606 Hyperosmolar agents, 866 toxicity of, 1605 Hyperoxia, 1596 I direct binding agents in, 1606 Hyperpnea at altitude, 1583 Iatrogenic pneumothorax, 1375, 1380, methemoglobin generators in, 1606 Hypersensitivity lung diseases, 2292 1380t sulfur donors in, 1606 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 787, 956, IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms and diagnosis, 1605, 1104, 1552, 1574 (IBD) 1605t chest radiography, 958–959, 959f–961f IκB-kinase (IKK)-β, 264 treatment, 1605–1606 chronic, 956 Ibrutinib, 2056 Hydrogen peroxide, 2076 clinical features, 956 Ibuprofen Hydroxocobalamin, 1606 definition, 956 for acute mountain sickness, 1586, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) diagnosis, 956, 958 1586t DNA adducts, 1352 etiologies, 956, 957t–958t for altitude illnesses, 1586t 25-hydroxy vitamin D, 821 histopathology, 961–962, 961f–962f ICDSC. See Intensive Care Delirium Hygiene hypothesis, 753 immunopathogenesis, 962–963 Screening Checklist Hyperactive delirium, 2649 laboratory findings, 959–961 (ICDSC) Hyperacute rejection prevalence of, 956 Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans, after lung transplantation, 1850 prognosis and treatment, 964–965 843–844 Hyperbaric chambers Hypertension and OSA, 1716–1717 Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, fitness-to-dive assessments, 1599 Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA), 787 INDEX portable, 1586, 1587 417, 1952 Idiopathic hypersomnia, 1781 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), Hypertrophic pulmonary Idiopathic interstitial fibrosis, 654 1605 osteoarthropathy (HPO), Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs), Hypercalcemia, 1360 2038–2039 608, 932 Hypercalcemia of malignancy, biology of, 2038 Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 805 2031–2032, 2031t diagnosis, 2038, 2038f Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial biology of, 2031–2032, 2032f treatment of, 2038–2039 pneumonia (iNSIP), 932, diagnosis, 2032 Hyperventilation, 407 933t intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) Hypoactive delirium, 2649 Idiopathic pauci-immune pulmonary level, 2032 Hypochlorous acid, 1565–1566 capillaritis, 1300 parathyroid hormone–related peptide Hypoglossal nerve stimulation, Idiopathic PAVMs, 1307 (PTHrP) and, 2031, 2032f 1723–1724 Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), treatment of, 2032 Hypoglycemia, 1360 1620, 1623t, 1625–1626 Hypercapnia during diving, 1596 Hyponatremia, 2103 and ARDS, 1626 Hypercapnic respiratory failure, 1000, Hyponatremia of malignancy, 2031t, clinical findings and evaluation, 1626 2436, 2437 2032–2034 incidence, 1625–1626 pathophysiology and mechanics of arginine vasopressin in, 2032 pathogenesis of, 1626 ventilation, 2488 biology of, 2033, 2033f prognosis, 1626 altered neuronal functioning, 2489 diagnosis, 2033 risk factors, 1626 neuronal drive to breathe, 2488 nonmalignant causes, 2033 treatment of, 1626 respiratory chemosensitivity, 2489 in SCLC, 2032 Idiopathic pulmonary arterial Hypercapnic ventilatory response treatment, 2033–2034 hypertension (IPAH), 989, (HCVR), 1596 Hypoventilation, 2493–2495 1227–1229 Hyperchloremic acidosis, 243 adjunctive treatments, 2495 national registry of, 1228, 1228f Hypercortisolism, 2034 gas transport pathway, 214 prognosis, 1228–1229 Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), 300, noninvasive positive pressure Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 101, 302 ventilation, 2493–2494 122, 140, 419, 608, 1519, central or peripheral nervous system, tracheostomy, 2495 1810, 1845, 2091–2093 role, 1200 Hypoventilatory syndromes, 2492 acute exacerbations of, 921–922 clinical presentation, 1199–1200 neuromuscular disease, 2492 alveolar type II progenitor cell function cutaneous manifestations, 1200 hypoventilation, 2493–2495 in, 922–923 diagnostic methods pathophysiology and disease basal cell aberrations and, 923 diagnostic criteria, 1200 progression, 2492–2493 bronchoscopic evaluation, 919–921 histopathologic examination, 1200 Hypoxemia, 1262, 1280, 1376, 1692, 1787 clinical course of, 915 laboratory testing, 1200 Hypoxemic respiratory failure, 2436, 2437 clinical presentation, 918 effect on bone marrow, 1200 Hypoxia, 1213 comorbidities with, 917–918 I-28 MCGH423-Ind_Vol1_pI-1-I72.indd 28 18/08/22 8:34 AM  CXCL8 in, 341 Imatinib, pharmacogenomic effects, evaluation, 636 diagnostic algorithm, 921 155t cardiopulmonary exercise tests, 640, endoplasmic reticulum stress and, 923 α-Imidazole, 241 642 epithelial apoptosis and injury in, 922 Imipenem, 2167, 2408 classification, 640t epithelial cell depletion in, 922 Imipenem-relebactam (IR), 2168 comparison of PFTs and fibroblast biology, 923–924 Immersion effects, of diving, 1595, 1595f cardiopulmonary exercise genetic factors and familial, 917 Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE), tests, 642–643 genetics of, 126 1597–1598 Crapo’s reference standards, 640 high-resolution computed tomography, Immobilization, postoperative, 1792 cut points for impairment 918–919, 919t Immune checkpoint inhibitors, 1872 classification, 640 histopathologic classification, 920t pharmacologic, in lung cancer,