Asian Political Systems - First Lecture 2024 PDF

ASIAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS DR.NIBAL EZZ EL DIN DR. NIBAL EZZ Since ancient times, Asia occupies a leading place in any strategic thought, and its importance has always been associated with being a gateway or bridge to domination of the world, due to its cultural depth in history, and its sensitive ge...

ASIAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS DR.NIBAL EZZ EL DIN DR. NIBAL EZZ Since ancient times, Asia occupies a leading place in any strategic thought, and its importance has always been associated with being a gateway or bridge to domination of the world, due to its cultural depth in history, and its sensitive geopolitical position, in addition to its enormous energy and demographic value. These characteristics allowed Asia to be the most region of greater importance in the world.. Dr. Nibal Ezz What increases the importance of the region is that it has always been an arena for international struggle over leadership, which was evident during the period of what was known as the Cold War, when Asian regions witnessed clashes between several actors and crises that still exist until now; It was caused by the global rivalry over control. This competition, which allocated to Asia the lion’s share of its track, was not the result of strategic luxury, but rather it was founded on it by geopolitical perspectives and strategic rules. The consensus among them was that Asia is the key to leading the world, so we can explain the cause of the crises In Asia, and giving logical explanations for the phenomenon that most of the global problems are concentrated on the Asian field  The enormous economic, geographical and cultural capabilities in Asia are bolstered by the active Asian powers in the international system, such as China so the only guarantee for obtaining global status is to find a foothold in Asia and control one of its regions and try to form a policy of encircling the region for fear of the emergence of real forces Of which.  Demographics - East Asia showed the strongest indicators of human development in general. Those achieved over the past forty years have nearly doubled. China is the second to investigate this case, since 1970. It is the only country that has made it to the "Top 10 Movers" list purely because of income and not for any education or health investigations. Nepal has emerged as one of the fastest growing factors in the world due to its health and educational achievements. The current life expectancy has increased by 25 years than it was in the 1970s. Japan and South Korea rank first among the countries in terms of the Human Development Index. It is followed by Hong Kong and Singapore. Afghanistan ranks first among the Asian countries with a population of 155 out of a total of 169 countries.  Asia covers about 8.8% of the total land area and is the largest continent with the largest coastline as well. Which covers nearly four-fifths of the total of Eurasia. It is found in the west of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains, then the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, and finally the Indian Ocean in the south of the huge Asian continent. There is a total of 48 countries on the continent. Among them, Turkey and Russia also have parts in Europe.  Economy - Of all the continents in the world, Asia has the second largest in terms of nominal GDP. It was found that it includes the largest economies in Asia through India, China, Japan, Indonesia and South Korea. Asia also dominated office locations according to Global Office Locations 2011, with 4 out of 5 in Asia in Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Shanghai and Seoul. India is one of the fastest growing economies in Asia. According to forecasts, it is expected to surpass Japan in terms of nominal GDP by 2020. China will be the world's largest economy by 2027, as predicted by Goldman Sachs.  Asia is the largest continent in the world, with its rich amounts of natural resources such as forests, fish, water, copper, rice, petroleum and silver. Parts of East and Southeast Asia were very strong in the manufacturing sector. A number of companies from Europe, South Korea, North America and Japan have started to operate in the developing countries of Asia so that they can take advantage of the cheap and abundant labor available, as well as through the advanced infrastructure facilities. Hong Kong, Tokyo, Shanghai and Singapore are the four major financial centers in Asia. It has attracted a large pool of English-speaking workers in India and the Philippines with a number of call centers and business promotion centers in those countries. India and China have emerged as financial centers due to the practice of outsourcing. As such, India has become a major hub for IT outsourcing. This is all about the current economy of Asia.  Religions - Asia has been the origin of most of the world's major religions. The myths of the continent are very diverse and really complex. Judaism, Islam and Christianity originated in Western Asia. Hindu philosophy and Buddhist philosophy were formed as part of Indian philosophy. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism all originated in India. Confucianism, Zen Buddhism, and Taoism originated in East Asia. ASIAN COUNTRIES ARE GROPUED INTO REGIONS Norht Asia consists of the Russian Federation. It sells oil and gas to other countries East Asia China, Mongolia, Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, South Korea. The main industrial region. South Asia India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan. The poorest region. India has most of the industry, runs IT services. South East Asia Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines Malaysia and Indonisia. They depends mainly on agricultural.  West Asia 9Middle East) KSA, Kuwait, Iraq, Lebanon, Jprdon ……it has the biggest share of world’s oil and gase services. Central Asia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, some definitions also include Afghanistan. They are poor but they have gold and minerals.  Thank you Stay positive  Thank you Stay positive CHINA  WHY STUDY THIS CASE?  The first of China’s superlatives is its history, which extends back at least 4,000 years. Several millennia before most modern nations and states existed in even rudimentary form, China had taken shape, creating a relatively unified country and people. To be certain, China was torn apart innumerable times during this process by civil strife and external invasion. Yet in spite of these difficulties, a continuous Chinese civilization has existed for thousands of years and directly shapes and informs modern Chinese society and politics.  Second is the sheer size of China’s population. China is the most populous country in the world, with more than 1.3 billion people. This is four times the population of the United States and, with the exception of India (whose population also exceeds 1 billion), no other country’s population even comes close to China’s. Overpopulation has been both a source of concern for the Chinese government and for foreign businesses that have dreamed for centuries of the profits that could be gained if they could somehow tap this vast market.  This leads to a third superlative quality, China’s recent and rapid development. In centuries past, China was one of the most powerful empires in the world, easily dominating its much smaller neighbors. China saw itself as the center of the world. Over time, this superiority led to isolation and from isolation to stagnation. Foreign imperialism in the nineteenth century forced China open but also led to war and revolution.  By the time of the Communist takeover in 1949, foreign powers had finally been expelled, and China once again enjoyed a period of isolation. But starting in the late 1970s, the ruling Chinese Communist Party introduced more liberal economic policies while maintaining its tight control over political power. Known as reform and opening, these changes led the country to a period of economic growth unmatched in the world.  In the three decades after reform and opening began in 1978, China’s GNP grew at an average rate of just under 10 percent a year—double the rate of the other fast-growing Asian tigers, such as South Korea and Singapore, and quadruple the average growth rates of the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom.  MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES.  In addition to boasting the largest population in the world, China, not surprisingly, is also one of the largest countries in terms of landmass, exceeded only by Russia, Canada, and the United States. Its physical size allows for a range of climates and geographic features.  The southwestern portion of the country, including Tibet, is known for its mountain ranges (the Himalayas and the Altai), and most of the northwestern Xinjiang region is desert.  The northeastern portion, bordering Mongolia and Russian Siberia, is marked bybitterly cold winter temperatures. Most of the Chinese population, therefore, lives in the southern and seaboard portions of the country, where the climate is more temperate and there is greater rainfall, yielding the majority of China’s arable land. Intersecting this region are the two lifelines of China: the Yellow (Huang He) and Yangtze (Chang Jiang) Rivers, which flow east toward the Pacific Ocean.  the Chinese are a puzzlingly homogeneous population, with over 90 percent of the population considered part of the main ethnic group, known as Han. China was first unified as early as 221 B.C.E., and with political centralization the diverse cultures and languages of southern China were slowly absorbed into the larger Han identity. It is at this point in history that we can begin to speak of the emergence of a singular Chinese state.  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE  The paradox of China’s political development is how a country with such an ancient civilization and such early political centralization could become such a weak state by the nineteenth century, lacking both the capacity and autonomy to resist Western imperialism. But a closer examination reveals that China’s early development and later weakness are closely related.  Chinese empire (and the name China) was born. During this period, China first experienced political centralization, with the appointment of nonhereditary officials to govern provinces, the minting of currency, the development of standard weights and measures, and the creation of public works, such as roads, canals, and portions of the famous Great Wall.  CENTRALIZATION AND DYNASTIC RULE  Sovereign power was centralized and expanded by the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E–. 220 C.E.), a reign marked by great cultural development, the rise of domestic and international trade, foreign exploration, and conquest. At this time, China was far ahead of Europe in its understanding of timekeeping, astronomy, and mathematics. With the collapse of the Han dynasty, China was divided for nearly four centuries, until the Sui and Tang dynasties (591–907 C.E.). These dynasties restored the unity of the empire: the bureaucratic institutions of the Han period were resurrected, and the economic and cultural life once again flourished. The institutionalization of the bureaucracy also helped foster the development of a gentry class made up of landowners and their children, who were groomed from birth to join the bureaucracy. This bureaucratic class became the glue that held China together. Subsequent dynasties continued to rely upon the bureaucracy to maintain Chinese unity, even when new dynasties were established by foreign conquerors, as under the Yuan (Mongols) and the Qing (Manchus). Such continuity helped foster economic development and innovation, which continued to advance faster than in Europe and other parts of the world. AFFLUENCE WITHOUT INDUSTRIALIZATION—AND THE FOREIGN CHALLENGE At the advent of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), China still led the world in science, economics, communication, technological innovation, and public works. Although such knowledge offered the foundation for Chinese modernization and industrialization, these processes did not take place. During these three centuries, as Europe experienced the Renaissance, international exploration, and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution, Chinese innovation and economic development began to stagnate. By the mid-1400s, the Chinese empire had banned long-distance sea travel and showed little interest in developing many of the technological innovations it had created.  There are several possible reasons.  One argument is cultural. Confucian thought helped establish political continuity and a meritocratic system in China, but over the centuries these ideas became inflexible and outdated. During the early twentieth century, bureaucratic examinations were still based on 2,000-year-old Confucian texts. Rigid Confucian ideology placed China at the center of the world (and universe), viewing any new or outside knowledge as unimportant and rejecting changes that might disrupt the imperial system.  A second argument is economic. During the early centuries of the Chinese Empire, entrepreneurialism was the main path to wealth. But with the rise of the bureaucratic elite, this role became a more powerful means of personal enrichment, particularly through rent-seeking and corruption. The financial rewards of public employment led many in the upper classes to divert their most talented children to the civil service. It also concentrated economic power in the hands of the state, while business activity was stunted by a Confucian disdain for commerce and steep, arbitrary  A third argument is geographic and furthers the points above. The geographic factors that facilitated early unification and continuity also limited competition, since there was less danger that a lack of innovation might lead to destruction by outside forces. In Europe, by contrast, innumerable states continuously vied for power, making isolation impossible and conservatism a recipe for economic and military defeat. No one power in Europe could ban seafaring or abolish the clock; states that resisted progress and innovation soon disappeared off the map. China, however, could reject technology and embrace isolation since there were no rival powers to challenge such policies.  Europe’s economic and technological development continued, and its age of exploration and conquest began just as China was closing itself to the outside world. The Portuguese first reached China by 1514, and during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries other European traders sought to expand these initial contacts. These remained tightly controlled by the Chinese, however, and attempts to expand connections were futile.  But the Chinese Empire was losing its ability to ignore the outside world, and external forces were beginning to test China’s power. The First Opium War (1839–1842), with Great Britain, resulted in a resounding Chinese defeat, forcing China to cede Hong Kong to the British and pay restitution. Various Western powers quickly demanded similar access, and subsequent wars with the French and the Japanese only further extended the control of imperial powers over the country. Foreign pressures in turn contributed to growing domestic instability. THE EROSION OF CENTRAL AUTHORITY: CIVIL WAR AND FOREIGN INVASION  By the beginning of the twentieth century, the centralized authority of the Chinese state, developed over two thousand years, effectively crumbled. In 1911, a public revolt finally swept away the remnants of the Qing dynasty, and China was declared a republic, but it soon fell under the control of regional warlords. In the midst of this chaos, two main political organizations formed to compete for power.  The Nationalist Party, also known as the Kuomintang (KMT), slowly grew in strength under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen. The party was aided by student protests in 1919, known as the May Fourth movement. These nationalist revolts rejected foreign interference in China and called for modernization, radical reform, and a break with traditional values and institutions, including Confucianism.  The second organization was the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), formed in 1921 by one of the leaders of the May Fourth movement. Though the KMT’s Sun had been educated in the United States, both parties received support from the recently established Soviet Union. In fact, the Soviets saw the KMT as a more likely contender for power than the CCP and hoped to move the KMT into the Soviet orbit. Following Sun’s death in 1925, relations between the KMT and the CCP unraveled.  Chiang Kai-shek, head of the KMT’s armed forces, took control of the party and expelled pro-Soviet and pro-CCP elements. Chiang also ensured that both warlords and the CCP were brutally suppressed in areas under KMT control. By 1928, the KMT had emerged as the effective leader of much of the country, while the CCP was pushed out of the cities and into the countryside. The KMT quickly shed any pretense of democracy, growing ever more dictatorial and corrupt.  During the repression of the CCP, power within the party began to pass into the hands of Mao Zedong (1893– 1976). Deviating from the Marxist convention that revolutions be led by the urban proletariat, Mao believed that a Communist revolution could be won by building an army out of the peasant class. Mao and the CCP established their own independent Communist republic within China, but KMT attacks forced the CCP to flee westward in what came to be known as the Long March (1934–1935). In this circuitous retreat, the CCP and its loyal followers traveled over 6,000 miles and lost many lives.  The Long March represented a setback for the CCP but secured Mao’s leadership and strengthened his idea that the party should reorient itself toward the peasant majority. The CCP fostered positive relations with the peasantry during the Long March, which contrasted strongly with the more brutal policies of the KMT. The revolutionary ideology of the CCP and its call for equality drew all classes of Chinese to its ranks.  In 1937, both the KMT and the CCP faced a new threat as Japan launched a full-scale invasion of the country after several years of smaller incursions. The two parties formed a united front, though they continued to battle each other even as they resisted the Japanese advance. While the war weakened KMT power, which was based in the cities, it bolstered the CCP’s nationalist credentials and reinforced its ideology of a peasant- oriented Communism of the masses. The war also forged a strong Communist military, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), geared to fight the enemy and win public support.  This birth of Chinese Communism through peasant guerilla warfare is quite different from the Soviet experience, in which a small group of urban intellectuals seized control of the state through a coup d’état. In fact, the CCP  THE ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSOLIDATION OF A COMMUNIST REGIME  Japan’s defeat at the end of World War II found the CCP much strengthened and the KMT in disarray. The Communists now commanded the support of much of the countryside, while the KMT’s traditional urban base of support was shattered by war and tired of corruption.  Communist attacks quickly routed the KMT, and in 1949 the Communist forces entered Beijing unopposed and established the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Chiang and the remnants of the KMT fled to the island of Taiwan, declaring themselves the true government of China—which the United States recognized (rather than the PRC) until 1979. Taiwan continues to function independently of China, though the PRC has never recognized it and asserts that eventually the so called renegade province will return to mainland control.  The new Communist regime faced the challenge of modernizing a country that was far behind the West and ravaged by a century of imperialism and war. The CCP’s assets, forged during the war, were its organizational strength and a newly established reservoir of public legitimacy.  Forming a close alliance with the Soviet Union, China began a process of modernization modeled after the Soviet experience under Joseph Stalin: nationalization of industry, collectivization of agriculture, and central planning. At the same time, the CCP began to ruthlessly repress anyone viewed as hostile to the revolution, including landowners, EXPERIMENTATION AND CHAOS UNDER MAO  Within a few short years, however, China had diverged from the typical Soviet style path of Communist development. This difference resulted partly from growing tensions between the Soviet Union and China and partly from the particular ideological facets of Chinese Communism that had developed in the wake of the Long March. Stalin died in 1953, bringing to an end his ruthless terrorizing of the Russian people. His successor, Nikita Khrushchev, openly denounced Stalin in 1956, taking tentative steps toward allowing greater personal liberty and bringing an end to the  In China, too, some liberalization took place. Mao’s Hundred Flowers campaign of 1956 encouraged public criticism and dissent, though it soon ended and the most prominent critics were removed from their positions of authority. Mao and other Chinese leaders began to see Soviet de- Stalinization as a retreat from Communist ideals and revolutionary change, and they upheld China as the true vanguard of world revolution.  China’s own experience in constructing peasant- based Communism in a largely agrarian country provided China’s leaders with justification for assuming this leadership role. After all, its  In 1966, the cult took shape as Mao and his backers accused the CCP itself of having “taken the capitalist road” and encouraged the public (particularly students) to “bomb the headquarters”—that is, to challenge the party-state bureaucracy at all levels. Schools were closed, and student radicals, called the Red Guard, took to the streets to act as the vanguard of Mao’s Cultural Revolution. Authority figures (including top party and state leaders, intellectuals, teachers, and even parents) were attacked, imprisoned,  By weakening all social, economic, and political institutions in China, Mao made himself the charismatic center of all authority and wisdom. The result of this new vision was years of chaos and violence as the country slid into near civil war among various factions of the state, society, and the CCP. State capacity and autonomy largely disappeared. The only remaining institution having any authority, the PLA, was finally used to restore order. The excesses of the Cultural Revolution were largely curbed by 1968, though factional struggles within the party continued until Mao’s death, in 1976. THANK YOU THANK YOU China Chinese Socio-Economic Nature  Natural Resources: Coal, iron, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (World's largest)  Natural hazards: Frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts  Environment—current issues: air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal, produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species. Chinese Socio-Economic Nature  Population: 1,246,871,951 (July 1999 est.)  Population growth rate: 0.77% (1999 est.)  Life expectancy at birth: 69.92  Ethnic Groups: Han Chinese 91.9% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%  Religions: Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2%- 3%, Christian 1% (est): officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic.  Literacy: 81.5% Executive Branch  Chiefof state: President and Vice President HU Jintao  Head of Government: Premier and Vice-Premier  Cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress (NPC)  Elections: President and vice president elected by the National people's congress for five-terms; premier nominated by the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress.  Political Party: CCP/Chinese Communist Party Economy-overview  Beginning in the late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the economy from a sluggish soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented economy but still within a rigid political framework of Communist Party control. To this end the authorities switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment.  The result has been adoubling of GDP since 1978. Agricultural output doubled in the 1980s, and industry also posted major gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment helped spur output of both domestic and export goods.  On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. In late 1993 China's leadership approved additional long- term reforms aimed at giving still more play to market-oriented institutions and at strengthening the center's control over the financial system; state enterprises would continue to dominate many key  In 1995-97 inflation dropped sharply, reflecting tighter monetary policies and stronger measures to control food prices. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to maintaining growth in living standards. Another long-term threat to continued rapid economic growth is the deterioration in the environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development.  Unemployment rate: officially 3% in urban areas; probably 8%-10%; substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas (1998 est.)  Exports: $183.8 billion (f.o.b., 1998)  Exports commodities: electrical machinery and equipment, machinery and mechanical appliances, woven apparel, knit apparel, footwear, toys and sporting goods (1998)  Debt-external: $159 billion (1998 est.) Japan Historical Evolution  1945- US planes drop two atomic bombs, one on Hiroshima (6 August), the second on Nagasaki (9 August). Emperor Hirohito surrenders and relinquishes his divine status. Japan is placed under US military government. All Japanese military and naval forces are disbanded.  1947- A new constitution comes into force. It establishes a parliamentary system, with all adults eligible to vote. Japan renounces war and pledges not to maintain land, sea or air forces for that purpose. The emperor is granted ceremonial status.  1951- Japan signs peace treaty with the US and other nations.  1952- Japan regains its independence. The US retains several islands for military use, including Okinawa.  1955- Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) formed. Apart from brief interlude in the early 1900s, this party governs almost uninterruptedly for the rest of the century and beyond.  1956- Japan joins United Nation.  1964- Olympics Games held in Tokyo. 1972- Japanese prime minister visits China and normal diplomatic relations are resumed. Japan subsequently closes its embassy in Taiwan. Okinawa is returned to Japanese sovereignty, but US retains bases there. 1982- Japanese car firm Honda opens its first plant in the US. 1989- Emperor Hirohito dies, succeeded by Akihito. Shinto religion  1993- Elections held against a background of bribery scandals and economic decline see the LDP ousted for the first time since 1955. A seven-party coalition takes power.  1994- The anti-LDP coalition collapses. An administration supported by the LDP and the Socialists takes over.  1995 January- An earthquake hits central Japan, killing thousands and causing widespread damage. The city of Kobe is hardest hit.  1997- The economy enters a severe recession.  1998- Keizo Obuchi of the LDP become prime minister.  2000- Obuchi suffers a stroke and is replaced by Yoshiro Mori. Obuchi dies six weeks later.  2001 April- Junichiro Koizumi becomes new LDP leader and prime minister. 2009 August- Opposition Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) wins general election by a landslide, ending more than 50 years of nearly unbroken rule by the Liberal Democratic Party. 2011 February – Japan is overtaken by China as world's second-largest economy. 2011 March- Huge offshore earthquake and subsequent tsunami devastate miles of shoreline. Damage to the Fukushima nuclear plant causes a radiation leak that leaves extensive areas uninhabitable and contaminates food supplies.  Executive Branch Chief of state: Emperor Akihito (since 7 January 1989) Head of government: Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi (since 30 July 1998) Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister Elections: none, the monarch is hereditary, the Diet designates the prime minister, the constitution requires that the prime minister must command a parliamentary majority, therefore, following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister. Legislative Branch Bicameral Diet or Kokkai consists of the House of Councilors or Sangi-in (252 seats, one-half of the members elected every three years- 76 seats of which are elected from the 47 multi-seat prefectural districts and 50 of which are elected from a single nationwide list with voters casting ballots by party, members elected by popular votes to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Shugi-in (500 seats-200 of which are elected from 11 regional blocks on a proportional representation basis and 300 of which are elected from 300 single-seat districts, members elected by popular vote to serve four- year terms) Political parties and leaders: Liberal Russia   The first of China’s superlatives is its history, which extends back at least 4,000 years. Several millennia before most modern nations and rudimentaryRussia is a democratic federal state with states existed in even a republican form of government. The legislative body of the Russian Federation is the bicameral Federal Assembly (the Council of Federation and the State Duma). The Council of Federation consists of representatives of each federal entity. Political The deputies of the State Duma are elected for a term of 5 years from party lists by proportion of the votes that each System party receives nationwide.  The Head of State is the President of the Russian Federation, who is also the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President is elected by citizens of Russia by direct secret ballot for a term of 6 years. Vladimir V.Putin was elected President on March 4, 2012.  and people. To be certain, China was torn apart innumerable times during this process by civil strife and external invasion. these difficulties, a continuous Chinese civilization has existed for thousands of years and directly shapes and society and politics.  The executive power is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma. The Russian Federation consists of 85 federal entities (republics, territories and regions), including the cities of Moscow, St.Petersburg, and Sevastopol. Moscow is the capital of Russia. form, China had taken shape, creat ing a relatively unified country The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted on December 12, 1993. The adoption of the 1993 Constitution marked the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian statehood. The Constitution forms the country’s legal foundation, proclaims the President of the Russian Federation the head of state and lays upon him the responsibility for defending the Constitution, human rights and civil liberties, safeguarding Russia’s sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity, and ensuring the coordinated functioning and cooperation of the state bodies of power.   The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, Supreme Commander-in-chief and holder of the highest office within the Russian Federation. However, he is not the head of the executive branch. The Government of Russia is the highest organ of executive power. The current President of Russia is Vladimir Putin.  As the guarantor of the Constitution and the entire system of constitutional law, the President ensures that the constitutions, laws and regulations of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation be in full compliance with the Constitution and federal laws. presiedent  The President is highly active in appointing top officials in the country. He nominates candidates for official state positions, who must ultimately be appointed based on parliamentary vote. The President submits nominations to the Federation Council, the upper house of the parliament, for judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court, as well as for Prosecutor General of Russia. The President submits to the State Duma, the lower house of parliament, nominations for appointment to the office of the Chairman of the Central Bank, and submits to the State Duma any proposal to relieve the Chairman of the Central Bank of his duties. Under the procedure stipulated by the Constitution, the President exercises his right to submit draft legislation, as well as the right to sign bills into law or to veto them. The President has the right to suspend laws and regulations issued by executive bodies of Russia’s constituent territories if such laws and regulations contravene the Constitution,  federal laws or international obligations of the. Russian Federation, or violate human and civil rights and liberties, pending the resolution of the issue in an appropriate court. The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of the Federal Assembly under extraordinary circumstances. Other powers of the President in the sphere of legal activities and in his interaction with the Parliament include calling elections to the State Duma, dissolving the State Duma in certain cases, and calling referendum.  Within the bounds of the authority granted to the head of state by the Constitution and other laws, the President also shapes the basic domestic policy guidelines by issuing legal regulations and through organizational and regulatory activity, such as issuing decrees and executive orders. Each year the President is required to make an Address to the Federal Assembly regarding the situation in the country and the internal and foreign policy of the state.  The President is invested with extensive rights to implement the state’s foreign policy. The President determines Russia’s position in international affairs and represents the state in international relations, conducts negotiations and signs ratification documents. The President appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of Russia to foreign states and international organizations. These appointments are preceded by consultations with the respective committees or commissions of the two houses of the Federal Assembly. The President signs international treaties.   The government exercises executive power in the Russian Federation. The members of the government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers. It has its legal basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law “On the Government of the Russian Federation.”  The prime minister is appointed by the president of governme the Russian Federation and confirmed by the State nt Duma. He or she succeeds to the presidency if the current president dies, is incapacitated or resigns.  The government issues its acts in the way of decisions and orders. These must not contradict the constitution, constitutional laws, federal laws, and Presidential decrees, and are signed by the Prime Minister.  The government is the subject of the 6th chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to the constitution, the government of the Russian Federation must: 1.draft and submit the federal budget to the State Duma; ensure the implementation of the budget and report on its 1.Iensure the implementation of a uniform financial, credit and monetary policy in the Russian Federation ; 2.ensure the implementation of a uniform state policy in the areas of culture, science, education, health protection, social security and ecology; 3.manage federal property; 4. adopt measures to ensure the country’s defence, state security, and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation; 5. implement measures to ensure the rule of law, human rights and freedoms, the protection of property and public order, and crime control; 6. exercise any other powers vested in it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and presidential decrees.   The Federal Assembly is the national legislature of the Russian Federation. It consists of Federal the State Duma, which is the Assembly lower house, and the Federation Council, which is the upper house. Both houses are located in Moscow. The Chairman of the Federation Council is the third important position after the President and the Prime Minister.  The Nationalist Party, also known as the Kuomintang (KMT), slowly grew in strength under the leadership of Sun tThe jurisdiction of the State Duma includes: consent to the appointment of the Chairman of the Government, deciding the issue of confidence in the Government, appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank, appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounting Chamber, appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for human rights, proclamation of amnesty, advancing of charges against the President for his impeachment and others.  The jurisdiction of the Council of the Federation includes: approval of changes in borders between subjects of the Russianrejected foreign interference in China and called for modernization, radical reform, and a break with traditional values and institutions, including Confucianism.  Federation, approval of the decree of the President on the introduction of a martial law or on the introduction of a state of emergency, deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of Russia outside the territory of the Russia, appointment of elections of the President, impeachment of the President, appointment of judges of higher courts of Russia, appointment and dismissal of the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation, appointment and dismissal of Deputy Chairman and half of the auditors of the all Accounting Chamber and others. Thank you