Economic Changes in China Post-1978

<p>China (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overpopulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>South East Asia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Civil strife and external invasion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>India (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forced China open but also resulted in wars and revolutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An inability to maintain political autonomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Han dynasty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of a gentry class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ming dynasty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintained unity and governance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Division of China for nearly four centuries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of a need for modernization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automobile technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outdated bureaucratic examinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It placed importance on imperial stability over innovation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of bureaucratic elites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of rival powers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prohibition of long-distance sea travel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stifling of business activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>European states were in constant competition for power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural acceptance of isolationism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>China was forced to cede Hong Kong and pay restitution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of foreign powers and subsequent wars. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relations unraveled, leading to mutual hostility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chiang Kai-shek (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They thought the KMT would be more effective in gaining power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It caused a backlash against foreign influence and traditionalism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They maintained control in the absence of a strong central authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tighter monetary policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deterioration of the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical machinery and equipment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introduction of a new constitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1952 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liberal Democratic Party (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of a free-market economic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

China's history spans back at least 4,000 years, making it one of the oldest civilizations in the world.

China is home to over 1.3 billion people, making it the most populous country on Earth.

China has experienced rapid economic and social development in recent decades, transforming from a largely agrarian country to a global economic powerhouse.

For centuries, China's isolation and stagnation led to foreign intervention and ultimately to war and revolution.

The Chinese government has been concerned about overpopulation, its impact on resources, and its implications for economic growth.

The vast market of China has attracted foreign businesses for centuries in hopes of tapping into its enormous potential.

China's ancient history and cultural heritage have had a profound impact on its modern society and politics. Traditions and values often carry over to the present day.

China, once a dominant power, experienced a period of decline and foreign influence, leading to its transformation and rise to prominence in the 21st century.

The Chinese Communist Party implemented economic reforms known as 'reform and opening' in the late 1970s, transforming China into a major economic force. These reforms aimed to liberalize the economy while maintaining tight control over politics.

China's GDP grew at an average rate of nearly 10% per year for three decades after the 'Reform and Opening' policies began in 1978. This rapid economic growth is unmatched in the world.

Despite being one of the largest countries in terms of landmass, most of China's population lives in the south and along the coast. This is due to the more temperate climate and abundant rainfall, providing fertile land.

The Yellow (Huang He) and Yangtze (Chang Jiang) Rivers serve as important lifelines for China. They flow eastward towards the Pacific Ocean, nourishing agriculture and supporting transportation.

The southwestern portion of China, including Tibet, is known for its Himalayan and Altai mountain ranges. In contrast, most of Xinjiang in the northwest is characterized by desert landscapes.

The Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.) was a period of significant growth and development for China, marked by advancements in culture, trade, and exploration.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties (591–907 C.E.) restored the unity of the Chinese Empire after the collapse of the Han Dynasty. This period witnessed a resurgence of economic and cultural prosperity.

China's northeastern region, bordering Mongolia and Siberia, experiences bitterly cold winters. This extreme climate contrasts with the more temperate conditions in the south.

The Han ethnic group forms the vast majority of China's population, exceeding 90%. This homogeneity is attributed to historical processes of unification and cultural assimilation.

The development of a strong bureaucratic class during the Han Dynasty and its subsequent dynasties played a crucial role in maintaining China's unity and stability. This bureaucracy, made up of educated officials, served as the glue that held the vast empire together.

China's early unification in 221 B.C.E. led to the consolidation of diverse cultures and languages into a single Han identity. This process marked the emergence of a unified Chinese state.

The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) saw China at the forefront of scientific, economic, and technological innovation. Though China had the foundation for modernization and industrialization, these processes did not take place.

The paradox of China's political development is how a country with such an ancient civilization and early political centralization could become weak in the 19th century, unable to resist Western imperialism. China's early development and its later weakness are interconnected.

China's early empires, such as the Han Dynasty, saw the establishment of a centralized government. Key features of this centralization included the appointment of officials to govern provinces, the use of standardized currency, and the development of infrastructure like roads and canals. This laid the foundation for a strong and unified China.

Despite its technological advances, China did not embrace industrialization during the Ming Dynasty, leading to its weakening in the face of Western imperialism. This lack of modernization left China unprepared for the changing global landscape.

The Yuan Dynasty was founded by the Mongols, and the Qing Dynasty was founded by the Manchus. Both dynasties adopted the existing bureaucratic system of the previous Han Dynasty, ensuring continuity and stability in the empire.

A belief system that emphasizes social harmony, respect for authority, and ethical conduct, often associated with bureaucracy and stability.

The role of government officials in China changed from entrepreneurial activities to more lucrative and influential positions, often involving rent-seeking and corruption.

A system of examinations based on Confucian texts that determined government positions, which limited innovation and discouraged new ideas.

Confucian disdain for commerce and high taxes hindered business growth and entrepreneurship in China.

China's geographical isolation and internal stability reduced external pressures for change, allowing for complacency and lack of innovation.

Europe's numerous states competing for power encouraged innovation and technology for survival, while China's relative peace allowed for stagnation.

China's decision to limit long-distance sea travel in the mid-1400s marked a turning point in its engagement with the world, leading to isolation.

The period when Europe was exploring and conquering the world, while China retreated into isolation, marked a significant divergence in their paths.

A war between Great Britain and China (1839-1842) that resulted in a Chinese defeat, forcing China to cede Hong Kong to the British and pay reparations. It marked the beginning of unequal treaties and foreign influence in China.

Japan's constitution, put in place in 1947, establishes a parliamentary system and renounces war, making the country unable to maintain its own military forces.

The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was formed in 1955 and continued to govern Japan uninterruptedly for most of the century, proving their dominance over the political landscape.

A period of instability in China where regional warlords controlled different parts of the country following the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.

In 1972, Japan and China resumed normal diplomatic relations after a break, marking a significant step in their relationship.

A nationalist movement that emerged in China in 1919, fueled by student protests against foreign interference and calls for modernization and reform.

China's population control program, used to control population growth, has become weaker due to resistance, policy shifts, and weakened authority by rural cadres. Maintaining rapid economic growth has become difficult.

The Nationalist Party in China formed under Sun Yat-sen, aimed at achieving national unity and modernization.

China faces environmental issues, including air pollution, soil erosion, and declining water tables, which threaten their economic future.

The Chinese Communist Party founded in 1921, initially supported by the Soviet Union, seeking to establish a socialist China.

China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. This poses a serious threat to their food security and future growth.

The clash between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party following the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, leading to a period of civil war and instability.

China's unemployment is officially reported as 3% in urban areas, but estimated to be significantly higher with unemployment and underemployment in rural areas.

The period of civil war in China (1927-1949) between the KMT and the CCP, culminating in the CCP's victory and the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

The leader of the KMT, known for his ruthless suppression of the CCP and warlords after Sun Yat-sen's death, eventually exiled to Taiwan in 1949.

China's exports primarily include electrical machinery, machinery and mechanical appliances, apparel, footwear, toys, and sporting goods.