Medieval Period PDF

1ST: MEDIEVAL PERIOD ​ Period of human development, centralization, political disruption, and violence, resulting anny major historical events that shaped european countries ​ Dominated by Christianity Famine ​ Extreme scarcity for food ​ Resulted in black death “first pandemic” ​...

1ST: MEDIEVAL PERIOD ​ Period of human development, centralization, political disruption, and violence, resulting anny major historical events that shaped european countries ​ Dominated by Christianity Famine ​ Extreme scarcity for food ​ Resulted in black death “first pandemic” ​ Aggressive because they needed food to survive ​ happened in the start = reason why it is called “Dark Ages” Bubonic Plague ​ Infectious disease caused by bacteria ​ People believed that the bacteria came from the shipment (carried the food) had bacteria ​ Boils all over the body, diarrhea, vomiting = symptoms ​ Rapid death/deadly ​ Animals got infected as well ​ Doctors didn't want to treat the infected since they thought it was gross and a punishment from God. ​ 19th century: Alexander Yersin proved that Yersinia Petis causes bubonic plague -​ Able to prove that it came from the port of france -​ Proved that it is airborne ​ Still exists today (at least 1000 cases each year) BUBONIC PLAGUE VS. COVID-19 ​ Both has a negative perspective to the people who were infected ​ Lack of food ​ Wore masks ​ People were scared and panicked ​ Airborne Forms of Government Absolute Monarchy: ​ Supreme power is in the hands of the ruler ​ TOTAL POWER Constitutional Monarchy ​ Ruler has limited powers, and is usually guided by a constitution ​ Allowed to have a governing body Feudal society ​ Ownership, land, power ​ Feudal Pyramid of Power (exchange)  ​ King/Monarch: The top of the pyramid, holding ultimate power and control over the land. ​ Nobles/Lords: Individuals who were granted large estates or fiefs by the king in exchange for loyalty and military service. ​ Knights: Vassals to the lords, granted land in exchange for military service and protection. ​ Peasants/Serfs: The lowest tier, working the land for the nobles and knights in return for protection and shelter, but often bound to the land with limited rights. Manorialism ​ Economic system (self-sufficient) = everything they need, the manor has it ​ Relationship between peasants and lord = working estate ​ Manor = vast area of land ​ Separated area to contribute to the economy ​ Manor house = where the lord resides ​ Controlled by the lord Demesne “Da main” ​ For the lord's personal use Dependent Holdings ​ For serfs to ensure that the serfs will provide labor ​ Secluded area = no one can go in & out Free Peasant ​ Cultivated by peasants ​ To build population = more labor Guilds = group of people who specialize in certain things ​ Vital in society ​ Craft guilds = making ​ Merchant guilds = advertising Apprentice ​ First phase, train for 7 years under a master Journeyman ​ Given the chance to sell to the markets (allowed to make profit) ​ People have to approve of JM to become a master Master ​ Allowed to have apprentices ​ Has a shop ​ Highest guild Education in Medieval Period  ​ Largely influenced by social studies ​ Centered on the church ​ reading , writing, and latin ​ Boys and girls were treated differently ​ ECCLESIASTICAL SCHOOL -​ Academic institutions, centered on church -​ Practices christian life ​ Schools were destroyed during wars and invasions ​ Cambridge and Oxford were established Art in the middle ages ​ Wide variety ​ Centered on religion Byzantine art ​ Dark ages ​ Lack of realism ​ Exhibit symbolism ​ Early medieval art ​ Lacks dimensionality - no 2D, 3D ​ plain , dark, straight to the point Romanes art ​ More life and colors ​ Influenced by the art in ancient rome ​ Detailed ​ Stained glass art Gothic Art ​ Brighter colors ​ Broader perspective ​ Realism, life-like, relatable ​ Artistic commissions Examples: ​ Donatello's statue of mary magdalene -​ Detailed, human anatomy -​ Statue was controversial because of her facial expression (represented Penitence) ​ Giotto: Father of Italian Renaissance art -​ Visual representation of Jesus -​ Religious scenes ​ Cimabue: The crucifixion (highlighted masculinity)  -​ Strict, perfectionist, teacher -​ Issue with Giotto because he was more popular = destroying Giottos artworks Medieval Literature ​ Most was written in Latin ​ Themes centered on romantic relationships -​ Wanted the people to have values ​ All should have moral or lesson Chivalry (knights) ​ Bravery, honor, loyalty Beowulf (course hero) ​ Epic Poem: Written in Old English between the 8th and 11th centuries. ​ Heroic Journey: Follows Beowulf, a hero from Geatland, who aids King Hrothgar of Denmark. ​ Heroism, bravery, and loyalty. ​ The struggle between good and evil. ​ Legacy: Considered a foundational work of English literature. Canterbury Tales ​ Connected with the church (pilgrims) ​ Author: Geoffrey Chaucer. ​ Premise: A group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury tell stories to pass the time. ​ Cultural Significance: A pioneering work in English literature, providing insight into medieval society. Divine Comedy ​ Generally classified as an Epic Poem ​ Author: Dante Alighieri ​ Premise: Dante’s journey through the 3 realms of the Dead ​ Cultural Significance: Reflected the human condition as well as brought up questions of both morality and spirituality. Architecture Romanesque ARCH. 1.​ Massive sizes ​ To intimidate enemies ​ Had to ensure that it serves protection to the people, and for the kings to show off ​ Walls are think ​ Has stained glass 2.​ Cathedral like floor plan  ​ Architects found a way to include religious designs ​ Sense of holiness in their houses 3.​ Arches ​ Round to provide support ​ Creates an open space Ex. Leaning tower of Pisa Gothic ARCH. 1.​ Pointed arches ​ To help build vaulted ceilings (connection of roof to ceiling) 2.​ Flying Buttress ​ To have stability in a building ​ External support 3.​ Detailed ornamentations ​ More patterns, colors, decorations Ex. oxford and cambridge 2ND: RENAISSANCE PERIOD ​ “rebirth “ period where most well known “thinkers” became popular ​ First began in Italy, thanks to the Medici Family (sponsors) ​ Advancements in arts, architecture, philosophy, literature, and science ​ Humanism started - movement that focuses on how to live/ human development Elements of Humanism ​ Francesco Petrarch (father of Humanism) -​ Emphasized human emotion, individual experience, and self-reflection. -​ Influenced later Renaissance humanists and thinkers. -​ Called the "Father of Humanism" for sparking the Renaissance movement. Renaissance Art ​ Tells a story ​ Some artworks are personal to the artists -​ Describes how life was like back then 1.​ Perspective ​ Artists wanted to create an illusion 2.​ Balance and proportion ​ Artists are perfectionists ​ Very accurate  ​ Visual stability 3.​ Light and dark colors ​ Developed color palettes ​ EX. blue = humanity and purity (because Mama Mary was always wearing a blue outfit) Red = power, wealth, religious significance Phases of Renaissance Art Early 1400-1479 ​ 2D/3D artworks ​ Subject evolved beyond religious topics ​ Influenced by Humanist Philosophy ​ Historical artworks ​ Fresco techniques = plaster on the wall and ceiling so it is smoother to draw on -​ Durability and resilience High 1475-1525 ​ Linear perspective (artists used more lines) ​ Human figure as a divine element ​ Human movement and psychological depth (more emotions) ​ Mannerism art style (EXAGGERATED) ​ Visual Illusionism (analyzing artwork to find message) -​ deceptive Renaissance artists Michelangelo ​ Wasn't interested in school ​ Would rather watch artists in churches ​ Made the painting of the Sistine Chapel (Vatican City) -​ Pope Julius said to make the paintings want the people to go to church -​ Took him 4 years to make the paintings -​ Focuses on creation, humanities fall on grace, birth of Jesus Leonardo da Vinci ​ Renaissance man = inventor, artist, scientist ​ Self taught (interested in human anatomy) ​ Mona Lisa -​ Painter: Leonardo da Vinci, painted between 1503–1506. -​ Sitter: Believed to be Lisa Gherardini, wife of Florentine merchant Francesco del Giocondo. -​ Famous for: The enigmatic smile and use of sfumato (blending technique).  -​ Cultural Icon: Known for its mystique and widely referenced in popular culture. ​ Last supper -​ Subject: Depicts the moment when Jesus announces that one of his disciples will betray him. -​ Composition: Features Jesus and his 12 disciples, grouped in threes, showing a range of emotional reactions. -​ Focus: Jesus at the center, forming a calm triangular shape, contrasting with the emotional chaos around him. -​ Cultural Impact: One of the most famous religious paintings, influencing countless works of art and pop culture interpretations. -​ “I know someone will betray me” Raphael ​ Master painter/architect during high renaissance art ​ Mastered artistic skill in a young age ​ School of Athens -​ Plato: Points upward, symbolizing belief in ideal, abstract truths. (changing the world is one shadow higher) -​ Aristotle: Gestures downward, symbolizing focus on observable, physical reality. -​ Contrast: Represents the philosophical debate between idealism (Plato) and empiricism (Aristotle). Sandro Botticelli ​ Directly funded by the Mitichi Family (had humble beginnings) ​ Birth of Venus -​ Goddess of love and beauty -​ Venus is being welcomed -​ Venus is covering her body to show modesty Caravaggio ​ Has problems with his temper (arrested multiple times) ​ Artwork had negative messages ​ Narcissons (greek myth) Forms of Government House of tudors Henry 7th (1485-1509) ​ Won the battle of Bosworth (Lancasters - won vs. Yorks)  ​ “War of roses” because of the mixed emblem -​ Shows unity because Henry married elizabeth (part of Yorks) ​ Founder of the tudor family ​ Protestant (dedicated to bible but not to the church) is not allowed = goal of Henry Henry 8th (1509-1547) ​ Son of Henry 7th ​ Parliament (legislative body of government) = increased in power which was the only thing he was interested in ​ 6 wives: 1.​ Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533) ​ 1st wife, gave birth to bloody mary ​ Divorced because henry had no interest since she didn't give birth to a son NOTE: HENRY WANTED ENGLAND TO BE PROTESTANTS SO HE CAN MARRY HIS NEXT WIFE 2.​ Anne Boleyn (1533-1536) ​ Gave birth to baby girl elizabeth ​ Executed since henry told the government that Anne committed treason 3.​ Jane Seymour (1936-1537) ​ TRULY LOVED because she gave birth to Edward ​ died 4.​ Anne of Cleves (1540 Jan-July) ​ Divorced 5.​ Kathryn Howard (1540-1542) ​ Executed because of adultery 6.​ Katherine Parr (1543-1547) ​ widowed HENRY DIED BECAUSE OF HIS LIFE STYLE. Edward 6th (1547-1553) ​ Youngest king ​ Transformed england to full protestant country Mary I (1553-1533) ​ First queen regnant -​ a queen ruling in her own right, not through marriage ​ Bloody Mary = burned 300 men, women, children protestants ​ Grew up with anger because henry never loved her ​ Built hospitals, improved education, developed the navy and army ​ Coup d’etat -​ Impeaching of a government member  -​ Did this to her enemies ​ Married Philipin the 2nd (spain) Elizabeth I (1558-1603) ​ Mary was envious of Elizabeth ​ More serious in governing, more peaceful ​ Diplomatic skills for government to be stable, power centralized -​ Expanded territory, paid all debts ​ Virgin queen ​ Act of supremacy (consults with the church) ​ Act of uniformity -​ Catholicism or protestantism is still under christianity 3RD: REFORMATION AND COUNTER REFORMATION Reformation -​ Root word: reforms -​ To renew/change, surrounding political, social, and economic institutions -​ Called reformation because effects of the renaissance became evident during the time -​ People wanted to remove injustices and corruption of church and government -​ Questioned power of church and authority -​ Some kings felt overpowered by popes coz some were richers -​ Movement was to discover and fight against corruptions and impurities of church -​ Church was able to gain so much wealth and power Pope Alexander the 6th -​ Admitted he had a lot of children with women -​ Admitted that Other priests had children, gambled, and drank -​ Did not correlate with teachings of church, not what they are preaching -​ Illegal activities occurred within multiplied Churches around Europe (e.g Simony) -​ Simony is buying and selling and ecclesiastical positions in the Church -​ People saw the benefit of being part of the Church, some took advantage of that. -​ KEYWORD: BUYING AND SELLING -​ Indulgence - people paid to be forgiven for their sins (reduced the length of punishment that “God or heaven would bestow upon them”.) -​ KEYWORD: PAYMENT - manipulation also occurred -​ Caused the people to distrust the Catholic Church and question the true intention of propagating the religion. All of these issues were included in the writings of Martin Luther Martin Luther -​ Father of protestant reformation -​ 1517 - he learned a priest named Johann Tetzel collected indulgence to help in building St. Peter’s Basilica. -​ Got invested because of Tetzel’s actions and wanted to discover the injustices of the Church -​ Exposed all the wrongdoings of the church through “95 these”, his writings focused on key reforms that he asked from the Church -​ Nailed up his work in the front door of Wittenberg Church in Germany, for the people to get to know the wrongdoings happening around them -​ A lot of people got interested and printed the copy of the 95 theses -​ Johannes Gutenberg - developed the movable printing press -​ Really help in spreading criticism of catholic church -​ Gave free copy if the 95 theses to others -​ Not just the Rich should acquire the books but the masses too, everyone has the right to know whats happening, to be aware of the wrongdoing and injustices of the Church 95 Theses - by Martin Luther -​ Solely focused on reforms that he asked for from the Church -​ Major Reforms: -​ Faith: the only key to heaven, therefore no need for Simony and Indulgences - faith is enough to be saved and pay for our sins -​ Holy Bible: the only basis for our faith, not order of king/what the church wants, commitment should be on whatever is written on the Bible -​ Religious Freedom: each individual has a connection to the Lord, Church cannot dictate to us how we should understand a certain passage/the Bible, we have the freedom to give our own interpretation of what's written on the Bible -​ Just some of the reforms that Martin & other reformists wanted -​ Church didn’t like what Martin did -​ Pope Leo the 10th sent a letter to Martin that if you don’t retract/take back your statements from the Church, you will be excommunicated -​ Martin burned the letter, saying that he wanted everyone to know the truth -​ King Charles the 5th ordered Luther to face the leaders of the government and Church (to threaten and force his to retract his statements from the 95 theses) -​ Martin was tortured and threatened -​ If you don’t stop what you’re doing you will eventually face death -​ Fredrick the Wise - hid Martin in his place to be protected -​ 1522 - Martin came back to Wittenberg, and realized that many people were fond of his work, called them the “Lutherans” Counter-Reformation -​ Church still made an effort to protect and defend religion and clergy -​ Church did they best that their intentions were true & all the care about was for the betterment of their religion and to deepen their faith -​ Tried to counter the attacks of the people and the lutherans -​ Organizations established during counter-reformation: -​ Council of Trent - Pope Paul III, Trent Italy -​ Goals: develop and strengthen the doctrines of the church -​ Abolish the practice of Indulgence -​ Instill the power of the Pope as the true leader of the Church -​ Encourage the people to do good, as it shows their faith through the catholic church -​ Create an index of forbidden books that catholics must not read as it gives them negative notions on the Church (not allowed to read the 95 theses) -​ Society of Jesus - Ignatius Loyola, 1534 -​ Priests were called Jesuits​ -​ Known for being disciplined priests -​ Had notions to propagate religion more, and stop ideas of Luther from spreading, went to asia and america to spread christianity -​ Inquisition - court established by Church -​ Spread the word that the Lutherans has beliefs against Bible and Catholic church in GENERAL -​ Decided if the lutherans should be punished/given a second chance -​ Hard to believe in the Church and the power that they hold because Martin Luther opened their eyes that even if you give so much faith and devotion, at the end of the day they have the power to betray the people, their trust, and corruption. Generalize: -​ This time in history, perspectives were changed on how people viewed Religion -​ Martin Luther reminded society to be aware of false teaching or preaching -​ It’s about your faith, how you follow the teachings of the Lord -​ No one can save us but Jesus Christ himself -​ Your desires should correspond with your actions -​ Was able to fight for injustices with using violence Ms Ira hopes that this generation has the courage that the people had at the time. She said we have a long way to go with the improvement of our country. She is challenging us, that as students, to do our part in helping fight for injustices and wrongdoings. Pondering quote: stand up to injustice, even if you stand alone