US History Finals - Colonial Era - PDF
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This is a study guide or summary of US History focusing on the Colonial Era. It covers topics such as the Columbian Exchange, colonial life, and reasons for differences between the thirteen colonies. The text appears to be an outline or a set of notes rather than a complete exam.
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U. S History Finals Colonial Era 1. C olumbian Exchange - The Columbian exchange was a widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World and the Old World - There wa...
U. S History Finals Colonial Era 1. C olumbian Exchange - The Columbian exchange was a widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World and the Old World - There was an increase in population in Europe with the previous lack of food ( increasing populations in Africa& China) - Columbus may not have found the new world but his journey inspired travel of the New War Middle Passage - The transatlantic slave trade where millions of enslaved Africans were forcibly transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. This journey was part of the larger triangular trade system, which involved: -European ships carrying manufactured goods (like guns, cloth, and tools) to Africa. -Trading these goods for enslaved Africans. - Transporting the enslaved Africans across the Atlantic (the Middle Passage) to America Characteristics of Native Americans European relationships - Europeans and Native Americans engaged in trade, exchanging goods like furs, food, and manufactury - Many interactions were marked by conflict and violence. Europeans often viewed Native Americans as "savages" and engaged in raiding kidnapping, and warfare. - Native Americans, in turn, resisted Europeans on their land - Conflict, violence, and suspicion the majority of the time Reasons for differences between the thirteen colonies - The New England Colonies: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, - The Middle Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, NewJersey, Delaware, - Southern Colonies: Maryland, North Carolina, SouthCarolina Geography - Geography: The natural environment played a significant role in shaping the colonies. For example, the New England Colonies had rocky soil and a colder climate, which made large-scale farming difficult. In contrast, the Southern Colonies had fertile soil and a warmer climate, ideal for plantation agriculture. - Economy: The economic activities of the colonies varied greatly. The New England Colonies focused on fishing, shipbuilding, and trade, while the Southern Colonies relied heavily on plantation agriculture, producing crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo. The Middle Colonies had a mixed economy, combining agriculture with trade and manufacturing. - Religious beliefs and practices also differed among the colonies. The New England Colonies were largely Puritan, emphasizing a strict, community-oriented religious life. The Middle Colonies were more religiously diverse, with Quakers, Catholics, and other groups coexisting. The Southern Colonies were less focused on religion and more on economic pursuit Mercantislm Chataerstics of James Town (Virginia) - 1608-1610 about 500 people came and only 60 remained - The soil was good for tobacco in England - The colony of Virginia need labor for tobaccos and need indentured servants (temporary slavery) with indentured slavery becoming a majority among southern slaves - Slaves and indentured slaves were very similar in these days - Jamestown was set up for money Characteristics of Macchestus Bay Colony( New England) - Purtains were beloved in the perfect society where god was punished and messed up in any way - Very Religious people 2. American Revolution - Root causes of colonial anger toward British taxes and the British putting too many limitations on their rights - The Americans want independence to move from the Mother Country because they have outgrown the British - A British perspective on colonial resistance - The meeting in Philadelphia of the 13 colonies and choosing to meet next year ( a sign of an American uprising ) - The Shot Heard around the world Stamp Act - Placed direct tax on certain paper - Newspaper print, legal contracted - No taxation without representation - Comment of Coreespnde led to organizing boycotts, and mob reactions and caused Britain to strengthen laws Lexington & Concord - Lead up with tensions escalated between the American colonies & British authorities to seize Concord - Paul Revere rides to colonial militias and gets captured - Battle of Lexington - shots were fired at Lexington Green, a small militia unknowing who shot first at the military Bristh or America - Battle of Concord - Bristh moved on to Concord with strong resistance Aftermath - sparked the revolution war Strengths and Weakness of America - Strengths: 2.5 Million colonists, foreign aid, American Morals, good leadership, American territory being too vast to control - Disadvantages: Not united in colonies, bad military not trained, not often money Olive Branch petition - The 13 colonies vote to help with peace to go back under the King - Refuses with atonement the Petiotion because of the recent fight with an army when received by King George Battles of Trenton and Princeton - Big win had a major impact on the way the war - American morality is at its lowest at this point - Restores morally keeps the cause alive Ways the Revolution Truly changed American society at the time - The Revolution led to the establishment of a democratic government, replacing the monarchy - The Revolution led to greater religious freedom. The Anglican Church, which was associated with British rule, lost its influence, and various denominations flourished - aid the groundwork for the development of American society and had lasting impacts on the L nation's political, social, economic, and cultural landscape Ways the Revolution was not at revolution as revoulatiary as it was supposed - Ideals of freedom equality, and slavery continued to exist after the Revolution. - The Revolution did not bring about substantial changes in women's status. They were still largely excluded from political life and lacked many legal rights. - The Revolution did not improve the situation for Native Americans. Many Native American tribes who had allied with the British faced displacement and loss - The economic dominance of British merchants still had a big gap between the poor and the rich - Rich, white men still had the most power in the country before and after the revolution - Slavery still existed and the South grew more reliant on it 2. Early republic - The government constitution formed a federal system that separated powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. - George Washington became the first president, and his administration set many of the rules they have today Weakness of the Articles of Confederation - A weak central government lacked the power to control taxes, enforce laws, and no way to enforce laws or inept them to uphold national policies - Supermajority requirements major decisions needed 9/13 states to pass important legislation - States retained most of the power and operated almost like independent countries Compromise of the Constitutional Convention - The Federalist Papers - Newspaper editorials were made to convince people that ratifying the Constitution was a bad idea - articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay - Promote the ratification of the United States Constitution and explain the new government's framework and principles How a Bill Becomes Law 1. A bill is introduced by a member of Congress 2. The bill is reviewed by a committee, which may hold hearings, make amendments, and vote on whether to send the bill back to the full chamber. 3. The bill is debated on the floor of the chamber where it was introduced. 4. The bill undergoes a similar process in the second chamber, including committee review, debate, and voting 5. The versions passed by the House and Senate, a conference committee made up of members from both chambers work to reconcile the differences 6. The final bill is sent to the President, 7. If the President signs the bill or Congress overrides a veto, the bill becomes law and is enforced. Judicial Review - The Supreme Court is the final judgment on a case - Rubery V Madison Alien & Sedation Acts - aws were passed to limit the abilities of French immigrants which included a limit on freedom L of speech Antebellum Period - Andrew Jackson as President( Good & Bad) - He was a war hero who spoke for the people who get things done - Democratic Expansion - Strong Leadership on the nullification crisis, asserting federal authority over states' rights. - Tyrannical transferred money out of the national bank ( feud with Herny Clay ) - He made the Indian Removal Act despite Congress's agreeing with the Natives - Vetos because he could - Jackson implemented the spoils system, appointing loyal supporters to government positions - John C. Calhoun Immigration ( Irish and German) - Characteristics of American Industarlation - Reasons for the Rise of Reform Movements - Second Great Awakening - The rapid growth of industries and cities led to significant social and economic changes, creating new challenges and inequalities that reformers sought to address - Abolitionist Movement - Women seeing an increase in men voting makes them want to be a part o the movement Underground Railroad/ Harriet Tubman - Manifest Destiny - Definition of Impact - The American dream over the belief that Americans desire all the land and can take over the whole part - Territorial Expansion the annexation of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the acquisition of lands following the Mexican-American War - The belief in Manifest Destiny justified the forced removal and relocation of Native American tribes - Severe consequences for Native American populations and sectional conflictsabout slav Impact of the Mexcian War - The Civil War / Reconstruction - Compromise of 1850 - - Harriet Beecher Stower/ Uncle Tom Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stower was an abolitionist and the author of the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a dramatized novel about the lives of Southern slaves; a best-seller of its time - Fort Summer - Role of African Americans during the War - Battle of Antimean - Impact on the war - Gettysburg Address - 13th Amendment - the law abolishing slavery - 15th Amendment - gave citizens (including black Americans) the right to vote - Success/ Failure of Reconstruction - - Plessy vs. Ferguson - “Separate” but “Equal” - Wounded Knee - Dawes Act
