Final Review In Science 10 PDF

**LESSON1: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Mountain Range** **Topic: Plate Tectonic** **ACTIVE VOLCANO -** A volcano with accounts of eruption documented within 10,000 years **CONTINENT -** A big body of land on the globe **EARTHQUAKE -** A vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy. **E...

**LESSON1: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Mountain Range** **Topic: Plate Tectonic** **ACTIVE VOLCANO -** A volcano with accounts of eruption documented within 10,000 years **CONTINENT -** A big body of land on the globe **EARTHQUAKE -** A vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy. **EPICENTER -** The location on the Earth\'s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. **FOCUS -** The exact site of the origin of an earthquake, below the epicenter. **MAGMA -** The liquid rock below the Earth\'s surface. **MOUNTAIN RANGE -** A chain of mountain **MOUNTAIN -** A land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill. **SEISMIC WAVES -** Earthquake waves **PRIMARY WAVE -** The first type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic station, these compression waves are the fastest and travel through solids, liquids, and gases **SECONDARY WAVE -** The second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic station; these shearing waves are stronger than P-waves, but only move through solids **SEISMOGRAM -** The graphical record of an earthquake **THE CRUST:** - the outer portion of the earth - It is made of a variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. - It has an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50 km. - The crust is thickest in a part where a relatively young mountain is present and thinnest along the ocean floor. **TWO KINDS OF CRUST:** **CONTINENTAL CRUST -** the thick part of the Earth's crust, not located under the ocean thicker but less dense. **OCEANIC CRUST -** the thin part of the Earth's crust located under the oceans is relatively thinner but denser than continental crust. According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called **PLATE** **PLATES -** rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit. - Earth\'s land masses move toward and away from each other at an average rate of about 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inches) a year. - The tectonic plates can move 0.4mm Per day. Per year gradually increases upto 15 centimeters. - There are seven relatively large plates and a number of smaller ones, including the Philippine plate. - The plates move very slowly but constantly, and this movement is called tectonics - the theory of moving lithospheric plates is called plate tectonics. **7 MOJOR TECTONICS PLATES:** In order from largest to smallest 1\. Pacific Plate, 2\. North American Plate 3\. Eurasian Plate 4\. African Plate 5\. Antarctic Plate 6\. Indo-Australian Plate 7. South American Plate. **JUAN DE FUCA PLATES** is the smallest of earth\'s tectonic plates. It is approximately 250,000 square kilometers. It is located west of Washington State and British Columbia, under the Pacific Ocean. The subduction of this plate is responsible for many earthquakes on the West Coast of North America. **PLATE TECTONICS -** a theory which suggests that Earth's crust is made up of plates that interact in various ways, thus producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, and other geologic features **Earthquake -** Vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy. **AN EARTHQUAKE RELEASES THREE TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES** **Primary (P-waves)-** the first type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic station. **Secondary (S-waves)-** second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic station. **Seismogram -** a record made by seismograph. **Seismograph -** a device used to record earthquake waves. **LESSON 2: PLATE BOUNDARIES** 1\. During the convergence of an oceanic plate and a continental plate, the denser oceanic plate slides under the continental plate. This process is called subduction. 2\. Geologic events such as formation of volcanoes and trenches as well as occurrence of earthquake will take place because of this process. 3\. When two oceanic plates converge they also undergo subduction process. This gives rise to the formation volcanic island arcs, trenches and generates shallow, intermediate, or deep earthquakes. 4\. Strong earthquakes generated at the ocean floor may cause displacement of large volume of water and launch big waves called tsunami. 5\. When two continental plates meet head-on, neither is subducted. Instead, the crust tends to buckle and be pushed upward causing formation of mountain ranges and other highlands. The Himalayas or Mount himalaya is the highest mountain range in the world, and has 9 out of 10 of the world\'s highest peaks, including Mount Everest. These mountains, referred to as the Third Pole, are the source of some of Asia\'s major rivers and also help to regulate our planet\'s climate. Mount Everest is the highest of the Himalayan mountains, and---at 8,850 meters (29,035 feet)---is considered the highest point on Earth. Mount Everest is a peak in the Himalaya mountain range. It is located between Nepal and Tibet, an autonomous region of China. **HOW DO THE PLATES MOVE?** Tectonic plates interact at locations called plate boundaries Are the lines at the edges of the different pieces of the lithosphere **THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT PLATE BOUNDARIES:** -TRANSFORM -DIVERGENT -CONVERGENT **WHAT HAPPENS TO THE LAND WHERE PLATE BOUNDARIES MOVE?** **DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES** -Places where plates are coming apart -plates move apart, creating a zone of tension. **CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES** -where plates collide. -the two plates are moving toward each other. **TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES** -Places where plates slide past each other -Plates slide or grind past each other without diverging or converging. **There are three main types of plate boundaries** **Convergent boundaries (Destructive)** Two plates are colliding. -Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust. The denser plate is subducted underneath the less dense plate. The plate being forced under is eventually melted and destroyed. **1. *Where oceanic crust meets ocean crust*** -Island arcs and oceanic trenches occur when both of the plates are made of oceanic crust. Zones of active seafloor spreading can also occur behind the island arc, known as back-arc basins. These are often associated with submarine volcanoes. -When two oceanic plates converge they also undergo subduction process. This gives rise to the formation of volcanic island arcs, trenches and generates shallow, intermediate, or deep earthquakes. -Strong earthquakes generated at the ocean floor may cause displacement of large volume of water and launch big waves called ***tsunami.*** ***2. Where oceanic crust meets continental crust*** -The denser oceanic plate is subducted, often forming a mountain range on the continent. The Andes is an example of this type of collision. -The reason for this is because the denser oceanic crust undergoes what we call subduction process or the bending of the crust towards the mantle. **(submarine valleys)** ocean trenches are the deepest part of the ocean. One of the deepest is the Philippine trench with a depth of 10 540 meters. ***3. Where continental crust meets continental crust*** **-**Both continental crusts are too light to subduct so a continent-continent collision occurs, creating especially large mountain ranges. The most spectacular example of this is the Himalayas. **CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES(Constructive)** **Two plates are moving apart.** -The space created can also fill with new crustal material sourced from molten magma that forms below. Divergent boundaries can form within continents but will eventually open up and become ocean basins. ***1. On land*\ **-Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, which produce rift valleys. ***2. Under the sea*\ **-The most active divergent plate boundaries are between oceanic plates and are often called mid-oceanic ridges. **TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES (Conservative)** **Plates slide past each other.** The relative motion of the plates is horizontal. They can occur underwater or on land, and crust is neither destroyed nor created. **San Andreas Fault -** Longest fault system of the world, major fracture of the Earth\'s crust in extreme western **North America -**The fault trends northwestward for more than 800 miles (1,300 km) from the northern end of the Gulf of California through western California, U.S., passing seaward into the **Pacific Ocean** in the vicinity of San Francisco. **MODULE 4: Earth's Mechanism** **Asthenosphere-** soft, weak and plastic-like layer, upper part of the mantlewhere lithospheric plates float and move. **Magma-** hot molten rocks formed beneath the Earth's surface. **Convection current-** facilitates the movement of the lithospheric plates. **Core-** innermost layer of the earth which generates heat to the mantle. **Plate Tectonic Theory** -was developed in **1960s**, stating that the Earth's lithosphere-the crust and the upper mantle- is broken up into a several pieces called plates that move slowly. It explains how the massive plates move along the different types of plate tectonic boundaries (convergent, divergent and transform fault) where they interact, and the geologic events (earthquakes and subduction) -and geologic features (formation of mountains, volcanoes and trenches) that occur at their boundaries. **What Makes Lithospheric Plates Move?** -A convection current is a heat transfer process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another. The convection currents tend to move a fluid, gas particles, or molten rock. These are due to the differences in the densities and the temperature of a specific gas or a fluid. Due to this temperature difference, the hot fluid tends to rise as it expands, whereas cold fluid tends to sink because it contracts. Convection is one among the kinds of heat transfer; the other two are radiation and conduction. **[Convection]** is a kind of **[heat]** transfer caused by differences in **[Density]** and **T[emperature]** of a gas, fluid or molten rocks. Hot fluid materials **[Rise]** because they are **[Less]** dense, while cold fluid materials **[sinks]** because they are **[more]** dense. In the mantle, the repeating rising and sinking of **[magma]** creates a convection **[curren]t** driving the **[Lithosphere]** plates that ride on **asthenosphere** to move slowly and constantly. There are three kinds of heat transfer, namely, **[Convection,]** **[Conduction]** and **[radiation]** Aside from mantle convection, **[ridge push]** ,**[slab pull]** are other forces that move lithospheric plates. In the process of slab pull, the presence of a **[heavier]** subducting plate pulls down the trailing slab into the subduction zone. In a ridge push or **[gravitational sliding process]**, the old oceanic crust becomes heavier than the new oceanic crust and **[Sinks]** because of the weight of the raised ridge which pushes down the older oceanic crust towards the trench at the subduction zone. -The decomposition of radioactive elements causes heat in the interior part of the Earth. -Heat moves to the core -Heat slowly rises to the mantle and creates convection current -Lithospheric plates move in the asthenosphere due to rising and sinking of materials -The process repeats as cycle. **MODULE 5: Evidence Of Plate Movements** **Alfred Wegener-** first proposed the theory of continental drift. **[Continental drift]** was Wegener's theory that all continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have drifted apart since. Wegener named this supercontinent **[Pangaea]**. A Greek word which means "All Earth " Wegener's theory was rejected by scientists because he could not explain what force pushes or pulls continents. **GEOLOGICAL EVIDENECE** -Fit of Continents Across the Atlantic(Geological Fit)- the matching of large-scale geological features on different continents\ -Mountain ranges in South America line up exactly with those in Africa! **FOSSIL EVIDENCE** -Fossil remans of the triassic land reptile CYNOGNATHUS -Fossil evidence of the triassic land reptile LYSTROSAUROUS -Fossil of the fern glossopteris -Fossil remains of the freshwater reptile MESOSOSAURUS **ANIMAL EVEDENCE** -The Mesosaurus is known to have been a type of reptile, similar to the modern crocodile, which propelled itself through water with its long hind legs and limber tail. It lived during the early Permian period (286 to 258 million years ago) and its remains are found solely in South Africa and Eastern South America. Now, if the continents were still in their present positions, there is no possibility that the Mesosaurus would have the capability to swim across such a large body of ocean as the Atlantic because it was a coastal animal. -The now extinct **Cynognathus**, was a mammal- like reptile. Roaming the terrains during the Triassic period (250 to 240 million years ago), the Cynognathus was as large as amodern wolf. **Its fossils are found only in** **South Africa and South America.** As a land dominant species, **the Cynognathus would not have been capable of migrating across the Atlantic.** -The **Lystrosaurus**, which translates to "shovel reptile," is thought to have been a herbivore with a stout built like a pig. Lystrosaurus fossils are only **found in Antarctica, India, and South Africa**. Similar to the land dwelling Cynognathus, **the Lystrosaurus would have not had the swimming capability to traverse any ocean** **PLANT FOSSILS** The **Glossopteris** fossil is found in Australia, Antarctica, India, South Africa, and South America---all the southern continents. **Glossopteris seed is known to be large and bulky and possibly could not have drifted or flown across the oceans to a separate continent.** Therefore, **the continents must have been joined at least one point in time in order to maintain the Glossopteris' wide range across the southern continents.** **GLACIAL EVIDENCE** **Glacial deposits** and rock surfaces scoured and polished by glaciers are found in several land masses. **( South America, Africa, India, Australia)** **GOODLUCK SA EXAM!!**