Introduction to Nursing and Health Care System PDF

# Foundation of Nursing/Theory ## NUR 122 ### 1st Lecture **كليات الرؤية** **VISION COLLEGES** ## Introduction to Nursing and Health ### Care System # LEARNING OUTCOMES - Identify influences on client's definition of health, wellness and well-being. - Describe seven dimensions of wellness. - Co...

# Foundation of Nursing/Theory ## NUR 122 ### 1st Lecture **كليات الرؤية** **VISION COLLEGES** ## Introduction to Nursing and Health ### Care System # LEARNING OUTCOMES - Identify influences on client's definition of health, wellness and well-being. - Describe seven dimensions of wellness. - Compare the various models of health. - Identify the variables affecting health status, beliefs, and practices. - Differentiate illness from disease. - Describe effects of illness on individuals' and family members' roles and functions. # Definition of Health - **Traditional** - Was defined in terms of the presence or absence of disease. - **Florence Nightingale** - Defined health as a state of being well and using every power; the individual possesses to the fullest extent. - **World Health Organization (WHO)** - Defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". - **Talcott Parsons** - An American sociologist conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles. # DEFINITION OF WELLNESS - Wellness is a set of healthy habits and behaviors, while well-being is a state of mind (feeling good). - Naturally, the two go hand-in-hand (together): wellness contributes to well-being, and a sense of well-being often begets more wellness habits. - Wellness describes a healthy lifestyle beyond acute illness. - 'Wellness' is 'the state of being healthy'. Well-being, on the other hand, is considered 'general health and happiness, a state of emotional/physical/psychological well-being'. # 7 COMPONENTS OF WELLNESS - **Physical:** The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g., pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally practice positive lifestyle. - **Social:** The ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a part, to develop and maintain intimacy with significant others, and to develop respect for those with different opinions and beliefs. - **Emotional:** The ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately. - **Emotional wellness involves:** the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one's limitations. - **Intellectual:** The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. - **Intellectual wellness involves** striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively. - **Spiritual:** The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. It includes a person's own morals, values, and ethics. - **Occupational:** The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time. - **Environmental:** The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community. This includes influences such as food, water, and air. # The seven components of wellness The document contains a diagram showing the seven components of wellness arranged around a center circle labeled "Wellness". Arrows connect the components to the center circle, and to each other. # MODELS OF HEALTH & WELLNESS - **Clinical model** - The absence of signs and symptoms of disease indicates health. - Illness would be the presence of conspicuous signs and symptoms of disease. - People who use this model of health to guide their use of healthcare services may not seek preventive health services, or they may wait until they are very ill to seek care. - **Role performance model** - Health is indicated by the ability to perform social roles. - Role performance includes work, family, and social roles, with performance based on societal expectations. - Illness would be the future to perform a person's roles at the level of others in society. - This model is basis for work and school physical examination and physicians-excused absences. - The sick role, in which people can be excused from performing their social roles while they are ill, is a vital component of the role performance model. - **Adaptive model** - The ability to adapt positively to social, mental, and physiological change is indicative of health. - Illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes in adaptive toward these changes/challenges. - **Clinical model:** - Health = absence of S/S of disease/disability - Medically orientated - **Role Performance Model:** - Health viewed in terms of performance of social roles - Health = effective performance of roles - **Adaptive Model:** - Health = maintaining flexible adaptation to environment and interacting with it to maximum advantage - **The Health Belief Model** - This model is based on the premise فرضية that for a behavioral change to succeed, individuals must have: 1. The incentive to change, 2. Feel threatened by their current behavior, and 3. Feel that a change will be beneficial and be at acceptable cost. - They must also feel competent كفاءة to implement that change. - The purpose of the model is to explain and predict شرح السلوك الصحي الوقائي والتنبه به preventive health behavior. # HEALTH ILLNESS CONTINUA - **Dunn's High-Level Wellness Grid** - Dunn (1959) described a health grid in which a health axis and an environmental axis intersect. - The grid demonstrates the interaction of the environment with the illness-wellness continuum. The document contains a diagram with 2 axes: - **Health:** Ranging from Death to Peak Wellness - **Environmental:** Ranging from Very unfavorable environment to Very favorable environment. The diagram shows four quadrants: - **Protected poor health in a favorable Environment:** Examples include an ill person (e.g., one with multiple fractures or severe hypertension) whose needs are met by the health care system and who has access to appropriate medications, diet, and health care instruction. - **High-level wellness in a favorable environment:** Examples include a person who implements healthy lifestyle behaviors and has the bio psychosocial, spiritual, and economic resources to support this lifestyle. - **Poor health in an unfavorable Environment:** Examples include a young child who is starving in a drought-stricken country. - **Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment:** Examples include a woman who has the knowledge to implement healthy lifestyle practices but does not implement adequate self-care practices because of family responsibilities, job demands, or other factors. # Levels of Prevention Model - This model suggests that the natural history of any disease exists on a continuum, with health at one end and advanced disease at the other. - The model delineates three levels of the application of preventive measures that can be used to promote health and arrest the disease process at different points along the continuum. - The goal is to maintain a healthy state and to prevent disease or injury. - **Primordial prevention** - Preventing the risk factor. - Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in populations or countries in which they have not yet appeared. - Efforts are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles. - Preventing and reducing childhood obesity, achieving an optimal diet through avoiding excessive salt consumption, and removing barriers to physical activity and healthy sleep throughout childhood. - **Primary prevention** - To prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. - An action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. - Legislation التشريعات and enforcement الانفاذ to mandate فرض safe and healthy practices (e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets) - Education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. eating well, exercising regularly, not smoking) - Immunization against infectious diseases. - **Secondary prevention** - Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications. - More expensive and less effective than primary prevention. - Regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer) daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes. - **Tertiary prevention** - All measures available to reduce or limit impairment and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient's adjustment to irremediable conditions. - Substance abuse treatment programs. - Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs. - Insulin for diabetes. # HEALTH STATUS, BELIEFS & PRACTICES - **Health Status** - State of health of an individual at a given time - **Health Beliefs** - Concepts about health that an individual believes are true - **Health Behaviors** - The actions people take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal health, prevent illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and mental potential. # Variables Influencing Health, Status, Beliefs, And Practices - **INTERNAL VARIABLES** - Are often described as nonmodifiable variables because, for the, most part, they cannot be changed. - **EXTERNAL VARIABLES** - Modifiable variables. - **INTERNAL VARIABLES** - **BIOLOGIC DIMENSION** - Genetic makeup. Influences biologic characteristics, activity level, and intellectual potential. - Sex. Influences the distribution of disease. - Age. The distribution of disease varies with age. - Developmental level. A person's thought and behavior patterns has a major impact on the individual's health status. The nurse considers the patient's level of growth and development when using his or her health beliefs and practices as a basis for planning care. - **EXTERNAL VARIABLES** - **ENVIRONMENT** - Includes geographic location, climate, pollution, environmental hazard and other environmental contaminants may affect the individual's health and their level of wellness. - **STANDARDS OF LIVING** - Includes occupation, income and education which may influence health, morbidity, and mortality. - **FAMILY AND CULTURAL BELIEFS** - The family passes on patterns of daily living and lifestyles to off-spring. - Cultural and social interactions also influence how a person perceives, experiences, and copes with health and illness. - **SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS** - Having a support network and job satisfaction helps people to avoid illness. # ILLNESS AND DISEASE - **ILLNESS** - Is a highly personal state in which the person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished. - Perceived notion of un wellness - **DISEASE** - Alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span. - Must be diagnosed by a medical expert # TERMINOLOGIES IN ILLNESS & DISEASE - **ETIOLOGY** - Is the causation of disease condition - **ACUTE ILLNESS** - Is typically characterized by symptoms of relatively short duration. - **CHRONIC ILLNESS** - Is one that lasts for an extended period, usually 6 months or longer, and often for the person's life - **REMISSION** - When the symptoms disappear - **EXACERBATION** - When the symptoms reappear. # Any Questions # REFERENCES - Kozier, B., Berman, A. Snyder, S., & Erb, G. (2019). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concept, Process, and practice (10th Ed.) New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc..