AP History Exam Review 2025 PDF

EXAM REVIEW - Multiple Choice There are four parts to the examination: Quizlets: MODERN CANADA , WWI, 20's, 30's, WWII, COLD WAR, FULL REVIEW QUIZLET: HERE SECTION ONE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) Modern Canada A)​ Brexit The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union B)​ Recessi...

EXAM REVIEW - Multiple Choice There are four parts to the examination: Quizlets: MODERN CANADA , WWI, 20's, 30's, WWII, COLD WAR, FULL REVIEW QUIZLET: HERE SECTION ONE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) Modern Canada A)​ Brexit The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union B)​ Recession/Depression Recession: a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced. SOME AFFECTED. Depression: A dramatic downturn in economic activity and a sharp fall in growth, employment, and production. Are more severe than recessions. EVERYONE AFFECTED. (1930s) C)​ Money printing as an economic policy ➔​ Money printed out of thin air (digitally), endless supply, debts/ loans ➔​ Bad economic policy as excess printing leads to hyperinflation and housing bubbles as there is more money circulating in the market D)​ What happened during the crisis of 2008? Has the situation been resolved? The 2008 financial crash was caused by a housing market bubble fueled by risky subprime mortgages and complex financial products like cheap credit and lax lending. When homeowners defaulted on loans, major financial institutions faced huge losses. Lehman Brothers collapsed, triggering panic in global markets. Governments intervened with bailouts and stimulus packages to prevent total economic collapse, but the crisis led to a deep global recession, massive job losses, and stricter financial regulations like the Dodd-Frank Act. E)​ What are Central Banks? ➔​ The national bank that provides financial and banking services for its  country's government and commercial banking system, as well as implementing the government's monetary policy and issuing currency F)​ What is Z.I.R.P. and what impact does it have on savers and consumers? ZIRP - Zero interest rate policy (people start borrowing like crazy, become indebted) G)​ What does the term “Helicopter Money” represent? Helicopter money refers to increasing a nation's money supply through more spending, tax cuts, or boosting the money supply. H)​ What happened to G.T.A. housing in 1989? HOUSING BUBBLE: Between 1985 and 1989 the average price of a house in the GTA increased by 113% in real terms or by $240,992 in today's dollars. A housing bubble occurs when housing prices rise rapidly and significantly above their true value, driven by high demand, speculation, and easy access to credit. I)​ What defines a “bubble?” Do we have one in G.T.A. housing? ➔​ When current asset prices greatly exceed their intrinsic valuation, due to hyperinflation (greater demand). ➔​ Many predict that the GTA housing bubble is about to burst as interest rates go up J)​ What is the current state of Canadian Debt? Canada is one of the most indebted nations in the world, as in the first quarter of 2022, Canadians owed $1.83 in debt for each dollar they made in a year. K)​ What does “real wages” represent? How are they confused with “nominal” wages? Real wages - Wages that are adjusted for inflation, accurate weighing of purchasing power Nominal wages - Wages measured in money as distinct from actual purchasing power L)​ What do “inflation, stagflation, hyper-inflation, deflation mean? ➔​ Inflation: Increase in prices, fall in purchasing power  ➔​ Stagflation: A period when slow economic growth and joblessness coincide with rising inflation ➔​ Hyperinflation: The prices of goods and services rise uncontrollably over a defined period of time. Triggered by a very quick growth in the money supply ➔​ Deflation: The prices of goods and services decrease across the entire economy, increasing the purchasing power of consumers M)​How would you characterize the modern era? ​ Tumultuous, unstable, turning point N)​ What is the NEP? Who did it benefit? National Energy Program (NEP) - An energy policy of Canada from 1980 through 1985. Its goal was to ensure that Canada could supply its own oil and gas needs by 1990. The NEP was initially popular with consumers and was a symbol of Canadian economic nationalism. However, private industry and some provincial governments opposed it. The NEP would guarantee Canadian consumers access to made-in-Canada oil and gas at set prices. It was also designed to increase revenue for the federal government. O)​ Who was Rene Levesque and why is he important? Former member of the Liberal Party, and formed the Parti Quebecois (PQ) which envisioned a separate Quebec through peaceful negotiations. Their plan was based on sovereignty-association, which creates an independent Quebec with strong ties to Canada. P)​ What happened to Canada from a constitutional standpoint in the early 80s? ➔​ Pierre Trudeau started the process of renewing Canada’s constitution. He petitioned Britain to patriate the BNA Act and add in an Amending Formula and The Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This would impose the Federal Government laws onto the provinces. ➔​ In November 1981, the federal government and nine of the 10 provincial governments (all but Quebec) agreed on a proposal to send to Britain. The Constitution Act of 1982 achieved full independence for Canada by allowing the country to change its Constitution without approval from Britain. It also enshrined  the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Canada’s Constitution, the highest law of the land ➔​ Quebec felt betrayed. The constitution was supposed to be a way to meet Quebec’s needs but the constitution was now being forced on them. Q)​ Why is the computer important in the 80s? How did it influence the modern era? The introduction of computers into public schools, where they had been rare, began during the 1980s. The involvement of provincial departments or ministries of education ranged from initiating local projects to commissioning custom hardware and software. By 1989, approximately one-third of Canadian workers used computers as part of their work. Collapse Of The USSR And The Russia/ Ukraine Conflict A)​ Who is Mikhail Gorbachev? ​ The last leader of the Soviet Union (a communist, multi-ethnic entity) B)​ What is nationalism, and how did it affect the USSR? a.​ After the USSR collapsed, many areas began to fight for independence due to nationalism and pride in their countries. b.​ He failed to recognize the need for a policy addressing nationalism within the Union and thus instituted reforms exacerbating the problem. C)​ What is “Glasnost”? The open discussion of political and social issues. Implemented by Mikhail Gorbachev D)​ What is “Perestroika”? ​ Reconstruction by loosening price controls, encouraging more entrepreneurism and limiting private businesses, and making imported consumer goods easier to purchase E)​ What is a UDI? “Unilateral declaration of independence” - Several countries declared independence after the collapse of the soviet union such as Albania and Serbia. F)​ What is a coup d’etat? An illegal seizure and removal of a government and its powers by a political faction, rebel group, military, or dictator. A coup d’état is when a small group of people, often from the military or government, takes over the country’s leadership by force or through illegal means. G)​ When did the Soviet Union collapse? December 26th, 1991 H)​ Who led the newly created country of Russia? Boris Yeltsin I)​ How does the Russia/Ukraine conflict relate to Russia under Soviet Rule? Ukraine was a part of the Russian-dominated Soviet Union and its relationship with the Soviet State was fraught with serious problems. Under the Soviet leadership of Joseph Stalin, Ukrainians endured mass starvation (genocide against the Ukrainian people). J)​ What do alliances have to do with the Russia/Ukraine conflict? ➔​ Several countries have refused to sanction Russia such as India, China, and other countries who have been purchasing Russian energy at a discount. ➔​ The United States, as the largest party in NATO, has insisted that sanctions be maintained against Russia at any cost. The EU has also agreed with this American stance. K)​ What are the agents of contention in the Russia/Ukraine conflict? Russia invaded Ukraine because of: ◆​ Oil and other energy resources were found in the Crimea ◆​ Russia was worried about invasion via the North European Plain ​ Russia has historically been worried about the North European Plain, an area that begins narrow around Germany and widens across Russia. There is a fear that Russia is susceptible to invasion from the West on this plain. Many Eastern European areas have joined NATO since the demise of the Soviet Union, so Russia controls less of the  Plain and is more vulnerable to an attack. There is a prevalent Russian fear that should Ukraine be admitted to NATO as well, then Russia would be at an acute geopolitical disadvantage against a NATO-backed Ukrainian force. ​ No one has expressed interest in invading Russia, they have PTSD from earlier invasions from this plain (i.e. Polish Invasion). L)​ What are the economic and geo-political features of the conflict? ➔​ Sanctions meant that Russian oil and gas could not be accessed. By sanctioning Russia, world powers sanctioned their own resources. ➔​ With Russian petroleum products no longer available, world oil prices spiked dramatically. Europe has seen gas spiking in price as much as ten-fold (i.e. Germany). Many European companies are presently unable to pay for energy and are closing, causing a large spike in unemployed Europeans. ➔​ As winter nears, there is a panic over how Europeans will find sufficient energy to keep warm, and for surviving companies to use to prevent economic collapse The End Of Communism A)​ What caused the reunification of East and West Berlin? When the Berlin wall fell on November 9 1989. Marked the end of the Cold War, in 1990, Germany was reunited. B)​ Compare the ways Romania, Hungary, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Russia handled the end of Communism. Make a chart Romania Civil war, executed president Hungary Ended through voting Albania Ban on opposition parties were lifted Czechoslovakia Toppled government without bloodshed Yugoslavia Held its first multi-party election Russia Yeltsin suspended the communist party C)​ What does the term “START” represent? Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty - A treaty between the United States and the Soviet  Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive armss D)​ What conclusions were made about the Cold War trouble spots Korea and Vietnam? ➔​ Korea was one of the first trouble spots, as North Korea became communist ➔​ Fighting in Vietnam is seen as a mistake, as it was the war America lost E)​ What was the cost of the Cold War? Billions were spent on building nuclear weapons, money which might have otherwise been spent on improving living standards. Post-Cold World Trouble Spots (Modern Era) A)​ What prompted the first Gulf War? The conflict between Iraq and Kuwait over a Petrol dispute. B)​ Who is Saddam Hussein? Former Iraqi President, a dictator who ruled the country with an iron fist, invaded Kuwait C)​ What was the Canadian role in the conflict? Canada complied with UN sanctions and sent forces to join an international military coalition that was gathering in case Saddam ignored the UN’s order D)​ What are WMD? Weapons of mass destruction E)​ What controversy exists about the first Gulf War? a.​ Saddam was humiliated by the defeat, making problems worse, increasing tensions b.​ Some argued that the coalition forces should have continued to Baghdad and driven Saddam from power c.​ Some didn’t believe that the Gulf War was fought due to concern for those in Kuwait, but rather for coalition allies to ensure their continued access to oil d.​ The sanctions against Iraq hurt the citizens more than Saddam, limiting their access to vital resources.  F)​ Which nationalities make up Yugoslavia? Balkan states of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Macedonia, and Montenegro. When communist dictator Josep Tito died, independence movements surfaced as tensions were already high due to ethnic, religious and cultural differences. G)​ What caused the ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia? Many completely different ethnic groups were merged into one country despite their differences H)​ What did Canadian General Lewis MacKenzie state concerning the conflict? MacKenzie blamed the UN for sending peacekeepers on a mission that was bound to fail. MacKenzie believed that this mission marked a turning point for peacekeeping - the notion would have to be more active. I)​ What is the conflict in Kosovo about? Albanian Kosovars demanded independence, while Serbian Kosovars wanted to retain their connection with Serbia. By 1998, Serbia militarily opposed Kosovo’s claims to independence and used mass murder and mass explosions as tactics. J)​ How did the Somali conflict impact Canadian peacekeeping? The Somalia affair tarnished Canada's peacekeeping record as some members of the Canadian regiment reacted badly, committing violent acts against Somali citizens. Shidane Arone was a 16-year-old Somali teenager who was captured by members of the Canadian Airborne Regiment during a peacekeeping mission in Somalia in 1993. He was accused of being a part of a group that was responsible for attacking Canadian peacekeepers. K)​ What are the issues at the root of the Rwandan conflict? Rwanda had been in a state of conflict because the two main ethnic groups, Hutus  and Tutsis, were struggling for power. A peace agreement was reached and respected, but then in April 1994, an airplane carrying the Hutu Rwandan president was shot down. Though no one knew who had committed the crime, Tutsis were blamed. L)​ How is this conflict a “genocide?” Many Hutus went on a murderous rampage killing Tutsis and even Hutus who had criticized the Hutu government. Over the next hundred days up to 800,000 people were murdered and more than 90% of them were Tutsis. This resulted in a mass genocide. M)​How did the UN “fail” in Rwanda? a.​ The genocide in Rwanda combined with the troubles peacekeepers were experiencing in Yugoslavia and Somalia raised questions about the UN's ability to protect threatened populations. b.​ Critics argued that traditional ideas about peacekeeping should be abandoned for more active peacekeeping - a strategy that forces an end to conflict rather than just helping two warring parties keep the peace. N)​ Explain the role of peacekeeping after the Rwanda debacle? After Rwanda, many argued that peacekeeping should take a more active approach O)​ What happened on 9/11? a.​ On September 11th, 2001, four American commercial flights were hijacked over the United States. Two of the planes were used to destroy the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; another crashed into the Pentagon in Washington DC; and a fourth crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Osama Bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda, claimed responsibility for the attacks. b.​ Canada declared a national day of mourning and PM Chretien pledged to support the US. He declared that Canada would join a UN-approved NATO coalition attack force to invade Afghanistan, the stronghold of al-Qaeda. c.​ The Taliban and al-Qaeda showed opposition to the U.S.. Bin Laden believed that American forces in Saudi Arabia were desecrating a Muslim country although the Saudi royal family had invited the American presence. P)​ How did this conflict show cooperation with the U.S., but also opposition?  ➔​ Canada declared a national day of mourning and PM Jean Chretien pledged to support the US. He declared that Canada would join a UN-approved NATO coalition attack force to invade Afghanistan, the stronghold of al-Qaeda. ➔​ The Taliban and al-Qaeda showed opposition to the U.S. Bin Laden believed that American forces in Saudi Arabia were desecrating a Muslim country although the Saudi royal family had invited the American presence. Q)​ What was Canada’s role in Kandahar province, after the invasion of Afghanistan? Canada was responsible for Kandahar province, which is perhaps the most dangerous location in the whole country. The Guerrilla tactics included improvised explosive devices and insurgents disguised themselves as ordinary Afghans so they were hard to identify and capture. Globalization A)​ Define the term “globalization,” are there different forms? Explain. Globalization is the growth of international connections and happens when societies and individuals build their networks to connect with others. Deglobalization - the unwinding of globalization policy which has been driving the world for years Deglobalization refers to the process of reducing or reversing the interconnectedness and interdependence between countries, particularly in terms of economic, political, and cultural exchanges. It is the opposite of globalization, which involves increasing global trade, communication, and the movement of people, goods, and ideas across borders. B)​ What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization? ➔​ Advantages: Increasing business reduces poverty by providing jobs, brings people closer together and promotes international understanding and peace, alliances with other countries, and increased trade ➔​ Disadvantages: Companies that source cheap labour may be taking advantage of workers in less developed countries, more developed countries can use their multiple advantages to win in the marketplace (i.e. Walmart), only remaining jobs are service jobs C)​ How was the world of communication and news changed by globalization?  ➔​ Communication is fast and efficient ➔​ You can know what is going on in a different part of the world instantly D)​ How did container shipping revolutionize international trade? Less time-consuming and expensive E)​ What is a “multinational corporation?” A company that operates in more than one country F)​ What is the WTO? The World Trade Organization has been the chief manager of economic globalization and free trade since 1995. Representatives had agreed that free trade would help the world recover from World War II, avoid another severe depression like the one endured during the 1930s, and promote prosperity. G)​ How does the WTO oversea economic global exchange? The WTO manages free trade and makes trade more efficient and affordable H)​ What is the role of the Auto Pact, the FTA and NAFTA on the evolution of North American trade? The Auto Pact, FTA, and NAFTA made trading easier, but also made countries more reliant on each other. The Auto-Pact: Canada and the United States signed an automotive agreement which eliminated tariffs on many vehicles and cleared the way for the big three American automakers to expand their Canadian operations. It provided Canadian consumers with a wider variety of cheaper cars and allowed Canadian Parts manufacturers to expand. The Big Three refers to the three largest American automobile manufacturers, which are: 1.​ General Motors (GM): Founded in 1908, GM is one of the largest automobile manufacturers in the world. It is known for brands such as Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, and Cadillac. 2.​ Ford Motor Company: Founded by Henry Ford in 1903, Ford is famous for its mass  production of vehicles and innovation in automotive manufacturing. Some of its key brands include Ford and Lincoln. 3.​ Chrysler (now part of Stellantis): Founded in 1925, Chrysler is known for its cars, minivans, and trucks. In recent years, Chrysler merged with Fiat to form Stellantis, which also includes other brands like Jeep, Dodge, and Ram. The FTA: A free trade agreement between Canada and the US NAFTA: The FTA expanded to include Mexico. Canada benefited far more than the US. I)​ Is free trade good? Free trade can be both bad and good. While it leads to a wider variety of goods being available, it also leads to an overreliance on other countries. Context Matters: ​ Developing vs. Developed Countries: Free trade can be more beneficial for developed countries with competitive industries, but it might hurt developing countries whose industries are not yet competitive on the global stage. ​ Trade Agreements and Fairness: Free trade is often more beneficial when there are fair agreements in place that ensure all parties are treated equitably and that environmental and labor standards are considered. J)​ What is the G20? How is it a global institution? The G20 includes countries with the world's largest economies that meet to discuss global economic issues and foreign policy. It includes representatives from regions all around the world. World War One Know the Map of Europe at various stages. Describe the following. ​ 1914 ​ 1919 ​ 1939 A)​ What happened in Sarajevo?​  On 28th June 1914, citizens were getting ready to welcome Archduke Franz Ferdinand. At 10 AM, a bomb was hurled at the Archduke’s limousine. The tour continued, but a few moments afterward 19 y/o Gavrilo Princip stepped up to the limousine and shot both the Archduke and his wife. He was a member of a Serbian terrorist group called The Black Hand, who wanted the Serbian parts of Austria-Hungary to join the independent country of Serbia. This assassination is the “spark” that caused the war to begin. Direct Causes - Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip member of the black hand), the Black Hand, Serbia (ASSASSINATION) Indirect Causes (MAIN) - Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism Nationalism: An intense pride of one’s nation/ a strong love for one’s culture. European countries began to believe that they were superior to other countries and that other cultures were inferior. It was as though a country must consist of only one cultural group. What the Serbian terrorist group (The black hand) sought to achieve was the unity of all Serbians in one country. This included the Serbs living within Austria-Hungary. One of the ways governments spread nationalism is through propaganda. Nationalism sparked a desire to break away from imperial powers and form smaller countries in which there would be only one cultural group. Imperialism: As European countries industrialized, weapons for war became increasingly advanced. Therefore, the ability to invade other countries and create empires became possible. The idea of imperialism was born. Imperialism means a country’s desire to create an empire by invading smaller countries and imposing on them political rule. Militarism: Settling disputes between countries by building large armies to intimidate political neighbours. The common belief was that the only way to prevent war was by preparing for war; If the countries around you believed that your country was very powerful, there was no reason to fear an attack. This caused an arms race where all countries in Europe increasingly built up their armies and navies. Britain was concerned about Germany’s naval growth, due to a policy called the two-power standard: Britain’s navy had to be twice the size of the second and third-largest navies in the world. Alliances: Large conflicts involving alliances affect a large number of people, and can fuel hostility and conflict between countries instead of a peaceful resolution.  B)​ The war in Canada - Significance of the British Declaration of War -​ In 1914 Robert Borden was Canada’s PM -​ Canadians were willing to support the war effort and would set sail for England once they had some preparation -​ Thousands of young men were wanting to go to the recruitment stations -​ Borden knew that Canada was ill-prepared to fight the war and thus appointed Sam Hughes as Minister of the Militia -​ C)​ Sir Sam Hughes Canadian Minister of Militia during World War I. Did more for the war effort than any other Canadian. Recruited thousands of volunteers and raised thousands of dollars. Persuaded reluctant industrialists to invest heavily in the production of much-needed war materials. Stepped down from the role after protests from Quebec. Quebec's protests against Sir Sam Hughes stemmed from French Canadians' opposition to his policies D)​ The War Measures Act Invoked to protect the nation from threats of war for the welfare of Canada. It allowed the government to: -​ Censor and suppress publications, writing, maps, plans, photographs, communication etc. -​ Arrest, detain, exclude, and deport persons -​ Control harbours, ports, and territorial waters of Canada and the movement of vessels -​ Control the transport of persons and things by land, air, or water -​ Control trade, production, and manufacturing The War Measures Act was created in 1914 to provide the Canadian government with emergency powers to deal with threats to national security during wartime or crises. E)​ Prejudice (WW1)  Canadians became suspicious of enemy aliens (immigrants from enemy countries). The government ordered that all enemy aliens turn in any weapons they possessed and register with the police. By October 1914, the government issued orders to intern 2009 Germans and 5954 Ukrainians. F)​ The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s plan to attack France and Russia ​ Devised by German General Alfred Von Schlieffen to give Germany the upper hand and victory over the Triple Entente ​ The plan called for a swift and decisive attack upon France - no more than 6 weeks ​ Once France had fallen, focus on Russia. Russia’s troops were not well trained nor disciplined—Schlieffen calculated that it would take the Russians weeks or months to mobilize (they would have to cover great distances on poor roads and railways) The Plan: ➔​ German troops would make a wide sweep through Belgium fanning out as they entered France ➔​ Most troops would sweep behind Paris in a great arc coming up behind the French armies, which Schlieffen calculated would be close to the French-German border The Risks: ➔​ Violation of Belgium neutrality The Result - Trench Warfare: ➔​ The Belgians fought back, which slowed the Germans down ➔​ The French army defeated the Germans at the Battle of the Marne (along the Marne River) ➔​ The Germans were forced to retreat at the Aisne River G)​ Shell Shock ​ Mental disorder emerged from trench warfare on the Eastern and Western Front ​ Soldiers were often misdiagnosed and deemed as cowards ​ Doctors still needs to cure these men as they were needed back on the front ​ By December 1914, the first hospital for victims of shell shock was opened ​ The trench environment affected their sanity and caused them to feel hopeless. H)​ Trench Warfare - Diseases  By October 1914, both sides decided to strengthen and secure their positions by digging into the ground before winter. They dug rows of trenches that were protected by machine guns and barbed wire. Lines of trenches stretched hundreds of kilometres from the English Channel to the border of Switzerland. ​ Wet weather, trenches became slippery and waterlogged, troops often stood in water up to their knees ​ Because the soldiers were constantly cold, wet and dirty, sickness and disease spread rapidly ​ Trench foot and trench mouth: Rotting of the flesh between and around the toes, painful gum infections ​ Lice in mud-caked uniforms ​ Rats ran through trenches feeding on garbage and human waste ​ At night there was fear of enemy attack, raiding parties would creep across no-mans land In World War I, raiding parties referred to small groups of soldiers sent from the trenches to infiltrate the enemy's lines across No Man's Land (the area between opposing trenches). I)​ Battles - Ypres, The Somme, Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele ​​ Ypres: -​ April 1915 -​ Germans attacked a Canadian force that was inexperienced at war -​ First time either side used poison gas in battle chlorine gas -​ There were no gas masks initially, got by with a wet strip of cotton (urine) tied over the nose and mouth -​ One of the first Canadian victories in war The Somme: -​ September 1916 -​ One of the biggest battles of the war, lasted over 5 months and cost the Allies (i.e. Canadians, British) over 600 000 casualties -​ First time tanks were used in battle, tanks were bogged down in the mud and proved ineffective. But they would soon change the face of warfare ​ Vimy Ridge: -​ Won by Canadian troops on Easter Monday 1917  -​ First time Canadians attacked as a national unit -​ Victory was most important on the Western front at the time -​ Canadians took 4000 Germans as prisoners at the cost of 3600 lives -​ Fought in tremendous sleet Passchendaele: -​ Fall of 1917 -​ Many Canadians died and were wounded -​ This month-long battle was a waste because Germans won back territory soon after -​ Fighting was done in a sea of mud, the footing was difficult, the cover was non-existent -​ First time Germans used mustard gas -​ British politicians thought it was a waste of time and “insane” J)​ The Last 100 days - Germany’s final offensive ​ In the spring of 1918 a crisis had come in Germany—food supplies were running short ​ United States had entered the war ​ Germany’s allies were on the brink of collapse ​ Germany planned a final offensive on the Western Front before the US troops arrived in large numbers ​ Thousands of Germans poured into France and were stopped only 80 km from Paris ​ Canadians and Allies launched a counter-attack with 500 tanks: the Allies swept north and east towards Germany. Eventually, France was liberated, then Belgium. ​ By November the Allies reached the frontiers of Germany. On 11 November 1918, the Germans formally surrendered K)​ The U.S. role - The Lusitania (the first event that got the US upset with Germany, the event killed many Americans) ​ In 1915, hoping to terrorize the British into making peace, Germany unleashed its submarines in the Atlantic and sank all ships flying Allied flags. The Lusitania was one of them, a British liner, that took more than 1000 lives, a large chunk of them were American. ​ The British were shipping ammunition on the ship  ​ In February 1917, Germany announced that all ships (the Allies and their trading partners) would be sunk without warning if found to be in what Germany designated forbidden waters. America entered the war. TELEGRAM SENT BY ARTHUR ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM ​ The British intercepted a secret telegram intended from the German minister to Mexico where the German foreign secretary offered Mexico a deal: Germany would help Mexico retrieve territory lost to the US if Mexico would ally with Germany and declare war on the US (in the event that the US declared war on Germany). The British quickly handed over the telegram and it was released to the press. L)​ The role of women Took over many jobs left behind by men, went to war as nurses, and lead to push for women’s rights/ suffragists. Knit socks and rolled bandages for soldiers. M)​Conscription - The Military Services Bill As enlistments dropped and French Canadians stopped supporting the war efforts, PM Borden saw the need for Conscription. N)​ War on the home front ​ Many Canadians planted “victory gardens” in order to produce as much food as possible to send to fighting forces and civilians from other Allied countries. ​ At home people were trying to conserve as much food and waste nothing ​ Students in Saskatchewan (wheat-producing areas) were often dismissed early to replace the farm workers overseas. ​ Women knit socks and rolled bandages for soldiers. ​ Every community held card games, dances and variety shows (fundraising for supplies to send to troops) ​ Canadian workers helped pay the enormous costs of the war by buying Victory Bonds. Private and commercial investors loaned over 1 billion to the government ​ Income tax was introduced as “temporary” O)​ Halifax Explosion ​ Just moments after sunrise the Mont-Blanc is arriving in Halifax, intending to join a convoy of ships bound for France. On board are explosives meant for The Allies.  ​ At the same time, the Imo is preparing to make its way to the harbour from a bay where it had anchored overnight. It is carrying grain to Belgium. ​ A steamship cuts across Imo’s path. In a hurry, the pilots agree to pass each other on the right side. The Imo is now in the path of oncoming traffic. ​ The Mont-Blanc is moving its way between two packed ferries in these busy waters. ​ The Imo, still in the wrong shipping lane, is suddenly facing a tugboat. The Imo is trapped. It is now right in the path of that explosives-laden Mont-Blanc. ​ The Mont-Blanc signals that it has the right of way and is staying the course. The Imo signals that it won’t yield. ​ The two captains cut their engines but the momentum keeps the ships moving forward. The Imo ends up pivoting in place and rips into the side of the Mont-Blanc. That opens up several barrels of flammable Benz crawling along the deck of the explosives-heavy Mont-Blanc. Others have no idea what the Mont-Blanc is carrying below deck. Stored throughout is something called picric acid—more powerful than TNT. ​ In an instant, all buildings within 800 meters are destroyed. Sixteen hundred people are killed right away. The acrid smell of smoke and explosives chokes the city. P)​ The Treaty of Versailles - Fair or unfair (UNFAIR TREATY TO GERMANY) – The objective was to weaken Germany, and make them unable to build toward another conflict. Hatred developed in Germans, leading to Hitler’s legal election) The Twenties A)​ What was the Winnipeg General Strike? Labour unions grew as working conditions got worse and they demanded higher wages, shorter working hours, safer conditions, and pensions. In Winnipeg, a GENERAL STRIKE was organized in which 30,000 workers participated and the whole city faced the threat of shutting down. B)​ Canada in the post-war period ​ No jobs—factories stopped production of war materials, caused layoffs, jobs were filled by people who did not fight in WW1, limited opportunities for those wounded/ disabled ​ Higher cost of living—The cost of living went up dramatically, prices doubled C)​ The committees Winnipeg was divided between two groups. The Striker’s Committee led the striking workers. The Citizens Committee argued that the union leaders were “communists” wanting to overthrow the government. The strike was peaceful but the government used violent measures to end it. D)​ Bloody Saturday Marked the end of the Winnipeg strike (had been going on for 6 weeks), leaving 2 dead and dozens injured E)​ Explain the economy and Society in the 1920s. Branch Plant Economy ​ Branch plant economy: British investors were replaced by American investors. The benefits were more jobs for Canadians, money, development (products made in Canada) and taxes imposed but the cons included the sale of natural resources and foreign investment. Other cons included important decisions made outside Canada, top jobs belonged to Americans, and profits went to the American parent company; in short, it was the Americanization of Canada. Post-War Economy ​ Following WW1 there was a brief depression: workers were laid off, and soldiers returned looking for work but no one was hiring ​ Soldiers were bitter since while they risked their lives overseas businesspeople made a fortune on them and the war and soldiers were unemployed ​ Soon after, the economy picked up as Europe began to rebuild needed food and raw materials which Canada had: prairies had wheat, Ont. and Que. had pulp and paper and hydroelectric power, Alb. had oil, Sudbury had metallic minerals F)​ Growth of the economy in the 1920s: Describe the upward economic cycle. Upward economic cycle (inventions and credit): -​ The expansion of credit allowed families to purchase items that they could not immediately afford through a series of payments. This caused a great demand for products and raised the overall cost of the product since paying by this method incurred expenses (a percentage of interest on the purchase price). Overuse of credit caused consumers to become indebted and caused mass bankruptcy and the development of the Great Depression of the 1930s.  -​ Consumers developed a great interest in new goods and were able to purchase them with newfound credit availability G)​ Changes to society - attitudes, fashion ​ Live for today (carpe diem), freer values/ less discipline, present-minded, concern for the accumulation of material goods H)​ The Political Landscape in the 20s ​ Meighen Arthur (conservative): 1920 to 1921 PM. Replaced Sir Robert Borden (leader of conservatives for 11 years, resigned in 1920), found himself the leader of an unhappy nation and unsurprisingly lost the 1921 election: -​ French Canadians still upset over conscription in 1917 -​ Maritimers demanding more jobs, recognition -​ Prairie farmers opposed tariffs, railways should be taken over by the government, freight rates reduced -​ Organized labour saw Meigen as a friend of big business and an opponent of the working class ​ Mackenzie King (liberal): Replaced Meighen as PM in 1921, replaced Wilfrid Laurier as leader of the Liberal party in 1919. Was successful since he recognized that without national unity there would be no Canada, the key to harmony was compromise. Due to his successful principles and ideologies, he is the nation’s longest-serving PM. ​ Thomas Crerar: Leader of the Progressive party who sought to eliminate tariffs for western farmers ​ Robert Forke: The 1925 election: The Liberals (under King) and Progressives (under Robert Fork) formed a coalition. King led the Coalition. ​ The 1921 Election: Mackenzie King surprisingly won a minority win, followed by progressives and conservatives ​ The 1925 election: King sought a majority government and thus called for an election but Meighen and his conservative party received the highest number  of seats. However, because Meighen did not have a majority, the Liberals (under King) and Progressives (under Robert Fork) formed a coalition. King led the Coalition and remained prime minister. ​ The 1926 election: -​ It was revealed that some Liberal members of parliament had taken bribes permitting liquor into the US where prohibition was in place -​ Progressives withdrew from the coalition -​ King’s government asked Governor Byng to call a new election but refused since Meighen’s government had the highest number of seats and could form a government without an election. Meighen tried to form a government but failed, leaving the governor with no choice but to call an election -​ King shifted the view of the election from liberal corruption to the rights of an elected prime minister over an appointed British official such as Byng -​ People's attachment to Britain was already fading and many elected him with a majority government I)​ What is Prohibition? List differences between Canada and the U.S. ​ Groups that were against drinking alcohol were formed such as the “Women's Christian Temperance Union” and the “Anti-Saloon League”. ​ Differences between Canada and the U.S.: -​ In Canada liquor laws were decided by individual provinces and prohibition started earlier but didn't last as long. -​ Canada could get alcohol legally in many parts but Americans could not. J)​ Canada's role in U.S. Prohibition Rum-running: A fishing ship from the Maritimes could sit in “Rum Row” off the US Coast and make a lot of money in one trip by selling to American customers. Smuggler's made great profit during the prohibition K)​ The Volstead Act The Volstead Act and the problems it caused (i.e. bootleggers, rum runners etc.): The U.S. government passed a law in 1919 making it illegal to manufacture and sell alcoholic beverages. L)​ Various inventions of the 1920s  ➔​ Electric stove, washing machines, irons, vacuum cleaners, toasters ➔​ The Ford company was able to produce cars cheaply and thus made it economical for many Canadian families to be able to afford cars The Thirties A)​ What caused the Great Depression? The Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s, was caused by a combination of factors, both in the United States and globally. The key causes include: 1. Stock Market Crash (1929): ​ On October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, the U.S. stock market collapsed. This triggered widespread panic and led to a loss of wealth for many people, as stock prices plummeted. Investors began selling off their stocks in a frantic attempt to avoid further losses, which caused the market to spiral downward. ​ This crash exposed the underlying weaknesses in the economy, as many individuals and businesses had been speculating with borrowed money, amplifying the crisis. 2. Bank Failures: ​ After the stock market crash, many banks faced insolvency as the value of their assets (especially stocks and real estate) fell drastically. This led to a wave of bank failures, wiping out people's savings and further eroding confidence in the financial system. ​ As banks failed, credit became scarce, which deepened the economic decline. People became reluctant to spend, which reduced demand for goods and services, causing further layoffs and business closures. 3. Overproduction and Underconsumption: ​ During the 1920s, factories and farms had been producing goods at an unsustainable pace, anticipating that demand would continue to rise. However, wages did not increase at the same rate, leaving many people unable to afford these goods. ​ Overproduction of agricultural products led to a fall in farm prices, and a collapse in consumer purchasing power led to a reduction in demand for industrial goods, contributing to business failures. 4. Global Trade Collapse:  ​ The Great Depression was not confined to the U.S.; it spread globally due to interconnected economies. The U.S. had been a major exporter, but the worldwide demand for goods collapsed as other countries faced similar financial struggles. ​ The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) increased tariffs on foreign goods, which worsened the global trade situation. Countries retaliated with their own tariffs, and international trade fell drastically, deepening the economic downturn. 5. Drought and Agricultural Failures: ​ In the U.S., particularly in the Midwest, a severe drought occurred in the early 1930s, creating the Dust Bowl. This led to widespread crop failures, further hurting farmers who were already struggling due to low commodity prices. ​ The agricultural sector’s collapse exacerbated the economic pain, especially in rural areas, where many people depended on farming for their livelihood. 6. Monetary Policy Errors: ​ The Federal Reserve initially raised interest rates during the 1920s to curb stock market speculation. However, after the crash, they failed to provide enough liquidity to the banking system, which made the financial crisis worse. ​ The contractionary monetary policy worsened deflationary pressures and deepened the depression. 7. Weak Economic Structure and Speculation: ​ The 1920s had seen rapid growth in stock market speculation, often on credit (buying on margin). This speculative bubble eventually burst, but the economy was not strong enough to withstand the aftermath. ​ Many businesses were also poorly managed, and the economic structure was unstable, with a heavy reliance on certain industries, particularly agriculture, which were vulnerable to fluctuations in demand and prices. The combination of these factors caused the Great Depression, which affected economies worldwide, leading to mass unemployment, poverty, and political instability in many countries. B)​ What is a downward Economic cycle (draw and explain each part)? What is a boom/bust cycle? An upward economic cycle AKA boom cycle: Higher purchasing power → greater demand → higher production → greater sales → higher employment → higher profits  A downward economic cycle AKA bust cycle: Less purchasing power → decreased demand for goods → lower production → fewer sales → loss of jobs → less profit C)​ Was the Depression hard for all Canadians? Yes, it was. The stock market crash caused thousands of people to lose millions of dollars. Banks were not able to give people back all the money that they had deposited. International trade was on the decline. Most people were unemployed. D)​ What would suggest that Maurice Duplessis is a dictatorial leader? -​ Engineered the Padlock Law in 1937 in Quebec: Introduced by Duplessis’ Union Nationale gov’t, shut down newspapers, labour groups, and religious organizations -​ Tightened grip on Quebec (took more and more money), licenses for Jews, Chinese and black performers gone E)​ What were the major political developments of the 1930s? (Consider Bennett and King)  -​ Bennett: R.B. Bennett made the bold promise to end unemployment in his election campaign and he did not succeed, garnering distrust and disapproval from unemployed men. He then went on to create relief camps which had deplorable conditions (backbreaking toil for 20 cents a day), an alternative to “bloodshed on the streets”. Bennett’s government was criticized for establishing the camps rather than addressing the need for reasonable work and wages. -​ King: After the crash of 1929, Mackenzie King made it clear that he would not give a “five-cent piece” to any province that did not have a liberal government. This showed his lack of respect and indifference to the reality of what was happening in the country. The people of Canada voted King and the Liberals out of power in the next (1930) election. F)​ What were some of the leisure activities of the 1930s, and which personalities were prominent? Sports (everyone played), Foster Hewitt was a prominent sports broadcaster G)​ How did the role of women change during the 20s and 30s? (Use specific examples) In the 1920s, women gained more independence with the rise of the "flapper" lifestyle, voting rights (U.S. 1920), and increased workforce participation, especially in office and clerical jobs. However, the Great Depression of the 1930s reversed some of these gains, as women were pushed out of jobs to make space for men. Despite this, many women continued to work in sectors like healthcare and education, and social activism persisted, though the feminist movement slowed. Women also made their mark in Hollywood and entertainment during both decades, influencing cultural change. H)​ What is the C.C.F.? What were some of this group’s main ideas? A socialist party (revolutionary) in Saskatchewan (founded in Calgary in 1932) made up of left-wing Progressives seeking economic reform to help Canadians affected by the Great Depression. I.e. seeking universal health care. Members believed capitalism led to inequality and greed and they wanted to make governments accountable. Their platform, “The Regina Manifesto” would serve as the CCF philosophy until the emergence of the NDP. It called for eradicating capitalism and adopting socialist economic and social policies: universal pension,  health and welfare insurance, unemployment insurance, a minimum wage and farm security. I)​ What was the Social Credit Political party? What impact did it have on western Canada? ➔​ Founded by William Aberhart ➔​ In his 1935 Alberta election campaign, Aberhart promoted the A + B Theorem/ Social Credit: A = Raw material cost and B = Labour. People only had money from working, they did not have the money to cover the cost of the raw materials incorporated in the cost of the product. The government would alleviate the difference with social credit. Wacky philosophy ➔​ Aberhart won the Alberta provincial election in 1935 and immediately scrapped the A+B Theorem - the Social Credit Party became a hardline Conservative party. Aberhart resorted to money printing and hated the press which he later censored The World War Two period - Pre-war Review all visuals, maps, treaties, and battles. A)​ What was the Treaty of Versailles and how did it contribute to the rise of Hitler? In 1921 the Allies presented Germany with a reparations bill totalling 33 billion dollars in accordance with the treaty of Versailles. The Germans protested that they would never be able to repay that amount, and their currency began to decline as a result. The Treaty of Versailles hindered the Weimar government by dividing the already unstable coalition when disputes over details in the Treaty of Versailles arose. In 1923 Hitler orchestrated the Beer Hall Putsch with the intent to pre-empt the local government as the first step in taking control of the entire country, thereby destroying the Weimar Republic and the Versailles treaty. Despite the Putsch being a failure, Hitler was seen as a hero for trying to bring about change to Germany's pitiful political and economic situation. B)​ Did the Depression help Hitler rise to power? There was a world trade slump, and therefore, the German economy, which had been recovering through the sale of exports, began to suffer discernible collapse.Many sought other governmental solutions and began to follow extremist parties. Hitler saw the  opportunity that the economic collapse and campaigned to make Germany 'strong" again. More people than ever began to take his message seriously. C)​ Why was the Weimar government so weak? A coalition was utilized in the Weimar government, although it led to an unstable and fractured government making it difficult for laws to be passed. The Treaty of Versailles hindered the Weimar government by dividing the already unstable coalition when disputes over details in the Treaty of Versailles arose. The harsh and binding nature of the Treaty of Versailles did not help the viability of the Weimar Government either D)​ What evidence is there to suggest that appeasement was a disaster? Neville Chamberlain favored appeasement, accepting Hitler's territorial demands to avoid war. The Munich agreement was an agreement between Germany, Britain and France as a way to appease Hitler. It stated that it would allow Hitler to have the Sudetenland if he did not demand any more territory. He did not stay true to the agreement and took over all of Czechoslovakia. E)​ How did Mein Kampf give insight to the world about Hitler’s intentions? ​ Hitler’s greatest hope was to conquer the USSR, as outlined in Mein Kampf. He enacted this idea with Operation Barbarossa. He wrote the german people needed Lebensraum, which was to be taken from areas of eastern Europe. He wrote, “When we speak of new territory we must think of Russia, Russia will provide living space”. 1939-1945 A)​ Chart Hitler’s territorial conquests in historical order (remember your timeline assignment) 1.​ 1935- Hitler restores ownership of the Tsar 2.​ 1936- Hitler's Army occupies the demilitarized Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles 3.​ 1938- Hitler occupied Austria (Anschluss). Hitler was granted the Sudetenland 4.​ 1939 - Hitler took over all of Czechoslovakia. Secretly divided Poland with the Soviet Union. Invaded Poland on September 1. 5.​ 1940 - Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, France 6.​ 1941 - Balkan countries - he forced Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania to become his allies, then occupied Yugoslavia and Greece, island of Crete 7.​ 1943 - Italy B)​ What evidence is there to suggest that the Nazi leaders were criminally minded before and after they took power? The Reichstagg fire: the Nazis secretly set the German Parliament on fire and blamed the affair on Communists who wanted to take over Germany. Hitler argued that to stop the Communists and absolute dictatorship was required. The Ordnertruppe was a group of goons created by Hitler who would cause trouble at the meetings of other political parties. They would later go on to become the S.A., a Nazi secret police. In 1920, Hitler personally led the Ordnertruppe in an attack, leading to his being charged with a 3-month prison sentence. In 1923 Hitler orchestrated the Beer Hall Putsch. His intent was to pre-empt the local government as the first step in taking control of the entire country, thereby destroying the Weimar Republic and the Versailles treaty. Hermann Goering was the elected president of the Reichstag and created the Gestapo/ secret police which hunted down Germans opposed to Hitler. He directed the building of the first concentration camps. Joseph Goebbels was Hitler’s propaganda chief called for book burning ceremonies of all books written by Jewish, communist, or other "unapproved" authors. Heinrich Himmler, Hitler's SS chief, was in command of all extermination camps. He also ordered Nazi doctors to use camp prisoners as human guinea pigs in horrible medical experiments. C)​ Why are the following battles and events important: Dunkirk. Ortona, Dieppe, Barbarossa, Battle of Britain, Pearl Harbor and D-Day. Dunkirk - With the collapse of France, there was an urgent need to move soldiers out of France to Britain. A fleet of volunteer British ships evacuated 350,000 men safely to Britain. Ortona (Italy) - On September 3, 1943, the Italian government surrendered. Mussolini's government was quickly overthrown. Germany quickly seized control of Italy. Canadian troops had previously invaded Sicily and began to move northward. Canadian troops faced rain, poor mountain roads and German resistance as they moved northward. Germany held on strong to northern and central Italy, even though the Allies gained control of southern Italy. Some of the bitterest fightings of the war took place in the push for the Allies to secure the small town of Ortona on the Adriatic coast. Ortona was heavily guarded by the Germans and was one step in the process for the Allies to secure Rome. Fighting between the Allied and German troops often included hand-to-hand combat. By the fall of 1943, the Germans retreated from Ortona and by June 4, 1944, Allied troops entered Rome and Victory in Italy was achieved. Dieppe - Germans had penetrated deep into Russia and Allied forces continued to face the Germans across the English Channel. They decided to mount a major raid on the French port of Dieppe, hoping to alleviate the burden faced by the Russians on the Eastern front. By doing this they hoped to open a Western front. Original plans for the attack were to take place in July 1942, however bad weather forced the mission to be aborted. Although it was urged that the entire mission be abandoned, it was quickly revived and renamed "Operation Jubilee”. The attack took place on August 19, 1942. 5000 Canadian troops were involved; they were to attack five points along the coastline just before dawn. As the assault approached, landing crafts for the eastern sections of the beach encountered a German convoy. Unfortunately, a battle ensued, and the noise alerted the Germans of the approaching attack. This left the Allies little chance for success. As troops began to reach the beaches, many were delayed and in daylight, they were quickly overwhelmed. Within 2½ hours Allied troops were forced to surrender. Landing crafts fought through heavy fire to rescue as many troops as they could. 907 Canadians lost their lives. Barbarossa - June 22, 1941, Operation Barbarossa was off to a great start with the typical blitzkrieg tactics working perfectly. By September, they had captured Kyiv and were besieging Leningrad. Millions of Russians were captured or killed. Germans had not prepared for the winter weather. The lack of preparation slowed the advance, making it exponentially more difficult, however, the forces eventually reached Moscow. The Russians however, were able to repel the German advance, forcing Hitler to reconsider his strategy. If the German army had conquered Moscow instead of turning back to Kyiv, they may have been able to defeat Russia and win the war, and it is thus one of the greatest military blunders in history. Battle of Britain - On July 10, 1940, the German airforce “The Luftwaffe” set out to eliminate the Allied forces from European soil. Their key aim was to destroy the British Air Force (the R.A.F.) which was about half its size. At the outset, Germany was successful in its strategy; however, the R.A.F. began to bomb German cities such as Berlin. Hitler retaliated by bombing London, therefore, taking aim away from military targets. Help from Canada and the U.S. allowed the R.A.F. to repel the German attack and win the Battle of Britain. Pearl Harbour - December 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor was an inlet of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, about 10 km and the site of one of the principal naval bases of the United  States. Japanese submarines and planes attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor. Nearby military and naval airfields were also attacked by eight American battleships and 10 other naval vessels were sunk or badly damaged, almost 200 American aircraft were destroyed, and approximately 3000 naval and military personnel were killed or wounded. The attack marked the entrance of Japan into World War II on the side of Germany and Italy and of the United States on the Allied side. D-Day - By 1944, the Allies were finally ready for a major attack; they would land armies at its strongest point: the coast of France. Their experience at Dieppe had shown that only a massive invasion would work. By now, Hitler's armies were in retreat on all fronts. The German air force had lost control of the skies and the Allies were now able to bomb German cities every night. On June 6, 1944, now known as D-Day, the largest invasion force in history was hurled at the beaches of Normandy, France. Over 300 000 men, 4000 ships, and 11 000 aircraft were involved. At first, American soldiers were pinned down at their landing beaches. But British and Canadian troops pushed inland. The Allies, under General Dwight Eisenhower, were able to gain control of a beachhead used to land massive amounts of men and equipment. After the beach had been taken, the Canadian Third Division moved north up the French coast and recaptured Dieppe. From this point, the Canadians marched north and seized the Calais area (where Hitler had built the bases for his V-1 rockets which were now being fired at London). By the end of August 1944, the Germans had been driven from the coastal area of France and Belgium. The end of the war was near. D)​ What occurred in the Pacific? ➔​ The Japanese attack on the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor in 1941 caught the U.S. by surprise—the U.S. fleet had been crippled. By 1943, however, the Americans had rebuilt. Over the next two years, U.S. forces took back the jungle islands which Japan had invaded early in the war. By early 1945, the U.S. was preparing to invade Japan. ➔​ A team of Allied scientists had developed the atomic bomb. Vice President Harry Truman decided to “shorten the war” and warned the Japanese to “surrender or be destroyed”. The Japanese ignored the warning. ➔​ On August 6, 1945, the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Over 70 000 people were killed and 80 000 wounded. Three days later a second atomic bomb was dropped, this time on the city of Nagasaki. The Japanese surrendered the next day on August 14, 1945, and WW2 was over. E)​ What happened to conclude the war? The Japanese surrendered on August 14, 1945, and WW2 was over. F)​ What is the Holocaust? The complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany. G)​ What is the Right and Left wing (provide examples, remember tax pools)? The extreme right wing is fascist ideology: authoritarian, uses force and brutality on its citizens (i.e. Nazi Germany, Italy under Mussolini, Spain under Franco, Portugal under Salazar The right wing is conservatism: Gov’t should play a small role in society. Believe in permitting the market (private business) to provide for the needs of the citizens (i.e. 407). Fewer pools of taxation, and thus social services are paid for by citizens (user fees). In the middle is Liberalism: Will comply with existing socialist programs but less inclined to introduce new initiatives. Less inclined to reduce government. Middle tax pools. The right wing is socialism: focus on redistribution of wealth from the more affluent to the needy. Pools of taxation that go toward funding social programs (i.e. education and healthcare). Taxes are higher. Government is more involved in governing and the welfare of all citizens. Believe in social equality, collectivist. H)​ What is Yalta? After World War II was brought to a close, the future of Germany and its conquests in Eastern Europe had to be sorted out. The Big Three (Winston Churchill, Josef Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt) met at Yalta, Russia, in February 1945. The Allies agreed that: ​ Germany was to be divided into four zones of occupation - one each for Britain, America, France, Russia ​ Berlin was to be split up in a similar way ​ Nazism was to be destroyed and its leaders tried ​ Germany was to pay reparations for war damage (half of this go to Russia) ​ Countries in Eastern Europe were to have re-elections ​ Russia was to declare war on Japan ​ A United Nations organization should be set up to keep the peace The Cold War – Refer to Cold war Review / 50s-60s Review all maps (Europe, Germany 1945, Korea, Vietnam) A)​ What is the Baby Boom? Following World War II, there was a greatly elevated birth rate (1946 and 1964). This generation of "baby boomers" was the result of a strong postwar economy, in which people felt confident they would be able to support a larger number of children. B)​ What is a Branch Plant and how did it contribute to the Americanization of Canada? A branch plant economy is when a country will invest in another, creating jobs and other pros in the investee, however, the investor country will reap most of the benefits, being able to control and govern the decisions of the country they are investing in. The Canadian auto industry typifies the modern idea of the branch plant economy. The idea is that factories and workforce are wholly owned and commanded by foreign companies, with the profits and fruits of their labour remaining largely overseas. C)​ What is the DEW line? The Distant Early Warning Line - designed to give early warnings of a nuclear attack on North America (the purpose was to spot Soviet planes and missiles). Operated by NORAD. D)​ What is NORAD? Chain of radar stations across northern Canada in order to spot Soviet planes and missiles. This plan was carried out in 1958 and was called NORAD, standing for North American Air Defense. It allowed Canadian and American forces to set an enemy defence. E)​ What is NATO? North Atlantic Treaty Organization F)​ What is the Warsaw Pact?  Alliance system that worked the same way as NATO set up by communist countries in 1955. Their communist organization was called the Warsaw Pact. G)​ What is the UN? The United Nations - purpose is to stop future wars, wanted to improve the standard of living for people around the world. The UN has soldiers it can send around the world to keep the peace, they go to various “trouble spots”. They aim to make a truce to stop the fighting. The Canadian Armed Forces are known around the world as peacekeepers - they try to stay neutral. H)​ What is the Arms Race? Settling disputes between countries through building large armies to intimidate political neighbours. The common belief was that the only way to prevent war was by preparing for war; If the countries around you believed that your country was very powerful, there was no reason to fear an attack. This caused an arms race where all countries in Europe increasingly built up their armies and navies. I)​ What is Détente? Détente was a period in which Cold War tensions eased between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1960s to 1979. Détente was characterised by warm personal relationships between US president Richard Nixon (1969–1974) and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982). J)​ What was the flag debate? In 1963, Canada embarked on a seemingly harmless attempt to create its own flag but the issue revealed a nation hotly divided on what symbol should unite the country. In 1963, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson pitched his idea for a new flag during a speech to the Canadian Legion in Winnipeg. Instead of uniting the country, the flag became yet another divisive issue. Canadians were deeply divided on the flag issue. Some felt a strong attachment to the mother country and its Union Jack. Others disagreed on what new symbol should represent the country. K)​ What are the social changes associated with the 50s and 60s? ➔​ As technology improved, it took over more of the workforce. ➔​ Church attendance began to dwindle  ➔​ Feminism started to change female participation in the workforce and traditional ideas of equality were challenged. ➔​ The birth of the Hippie ◆​ They were rebelling against conformity and other things they considered wrong in society (i.e. Vietnam War protests) ◆​ Believed in communal living, social freedom, experimenting with various forms of drugs. ◆​ Political activism. They were vocal and used the university as a centre for revolutionary thought. Anything clashing with the status quo was seen as progressive. ◆​ Music was highly influenced by what hippies stood for, and was very political in the 1960s. ◆​ This generation became one of the most politically active ever, and has earned much political control and wealth as a result. L)​ What is the New Democratic Party and why did they change their name? In 1961, The C.C.F. became the New Democratic Party and chose Tommy Douglas as their leader. This party stuck to its socialist roots, although saw a need for revitalization. M)​Who is Gorbachev? The last leader of the Soviet Union (a communist, multi-ethnic entity) FRENCH/ENGLISH Relations A)​ How did Maurice Duplessis shape the province of Quebec? Duplessis tried to create French Canadian nationalism by challenging the federal government’s involvement in Quebec’s affairs. He was also seen as the protector of Quebec against the threat of Communism. Duplessis maintained power by allying with the Catholic Church and allowed English and foreign investment to promote Quebec’s industry while educating French Canadians to value rural life. Duplessis ruled Quebec with an “iron fist” and discouraged all opposition. B)​ Who was Jean Lesage and what were his policies designed to do? In 1960 the Liberal Party led by Jean Lesage defeated the Union Nationale. Under this new leadership, pride in the French-Canadian language, literature, and traditions was promoted. These reforms became known as the Quiet Revolution in Quebec C)​ Explain Maitres Chez Nous. The new attitude in Quebec could be seen in the slogan the government and most Quebeckers adopted in the 1960s – Maitres chez nous (Masters in our own house). Under this banner, many French-Canadians (especially students) began to argue that Quebec was not a province like the others, but a nation with its own culture, history, language, institutions, and government. Lesage desired change for Quebec in the framework of Confederation while there was a growing movement for separation. D)​ What was the Quiet Revolution and how did this development contribute to the rise of Separatism? The Liberal government enacted a series of reforms to make life better for the people of Quebec. Some French-Canadians believed however, that the only way to solve their problems was to separate from the rest of Canada, arguing that Quebec’s interests and those of the rest of Canada were not the same. These same people also felt that despite Lesage’s reforms, changes were taking place too slowly. As a result, in 1963 the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) was created with the goal of achieving independence for Quebec by any means necessary, including terrorism. E)​ What are the historical grievances that plague English/French relations? In 1760, the French colony of what is now Quebec was conquered by the British, became part of the British Empire, and eventually part of Canada. Since that time, French-Canadians have struggled to maintain their language, religion, and their identity. By the 1950s French-Canadians were not only struggling to maintain their culture, but they contended with economic survival as well. At this time, Quebec’s standard of living was 10% lower than the average Canadian, and 20% lower than in neighbouring Ontario. In addition, 8 out of every 10 positions of power were held by English-speaking Quebeckers. Many French-Canadians were angered by this and felt as though they were being treated as second-class citizens in Canada. F)​ During which period did Pierre Trudeau govern? At the same time that Levesque was in power in Quebec, Pierre Trudeau became the Prime Minister of Canada. He was the 15th prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979. G)​ What were Trudeau’s political beliefs? How was he different from other Prime Ministers? ➔​ Trudeau was a young leader and he appealed to the young and those interested in social change. He quickly became a media darling through humour and banter.  ◆​ The press propelled Trudeau to pop-star fame, creating “Trudeaumania” where he would be consistently be mobbed by his followers. ➔​ Trudeau was a French Canadian who wanted to have Canada as a united, federal nation. He was opposed to giving Quebec any more power than other provinces. In his youth he had been openly critical of radical policies of Duplessis in Quebec ➔​ Trudeau presented bills to Parliament to update Canada’s laws. He is most famous for saying “the state does not belong in the bedrooms of the nation” when it came to changing the moral outlook on divorce and homosexuality ➔​ Trudeau took a more active role on the federalist side of the Quebec sovereignty campaign. He made three speeches that turned the tide of the campaign. On May 20, 1980, 60% of the Quebecois voted no to the sovereignty association. ➔​ Believed in as much freedom for the individual as possible. He also believed that Canada should have a Charter of Rights and Freedoms ➔​ Believed in reason over emotion. He despised nationalism because of emotional responses to convince people of divisive ideas ➔​ Believed that citizens must become involved politically to protect their individual freedoms. This would lead to less corruption and problems within the government. ➔​ Believed in federalism as the best system to preserve both individual rights and the French-Canadian identity. ➔​ Believed that French-Canadian Quebeckers could not identify with Canada because they did not feel at home outside of their province. Trudeau was sensitive to their fear that their language and culture was threatened by the English majority. This lead to bilingualism H)​ What was the October Crisis? After the rise of the separatist movement in Quebec, Francophone militancy erupted in October 1970. The Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ), a terrorist separatist organization, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Minister of Labour and Immigration Pierre Laporte. On October 16, 1970, Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. The War Measures Act was created by the government during WWI. As a result, 450 individuals were detained in the province of Quebec. French Canadian nationalists saw this as an injustice imposed by an English-dominated Parliament, further dividing English and French-speaking Canadians. Later, Laporte was found dead, and Cross was released. Laporte’s killers were eventually found, ending the crisis. Separatism, however, became more determined. I)​ Was the War Measures Act justified during the October Crisis?  The imposition of the War Measures Act during peacetime was controversial. Many opponents saw it as excessive and an unnecessary display of government power. Trudeau justified its use by stating that the FLQ was attempting to violently overthrow the government. J)​ What was the Energy Crisis? In October 1973, Egypt and Syria simultaneously invaded Israel in an attempt to recover lost territory. Israel, using American weapons and intelligence, successfully fought back, and a United Nations-led ceasefire was eventually enforced. These events angered the Arab world. In retaliation, some members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and a few similarly minded oil-rich nations ceased all oil exports to the United States and nations that supported Israel and raised their price of oil by seventy percent. The price of oil in North America quadrupled within months, service stations ran out of fuel and long lines of gasoline-starved drivers were common sites across the continent. K)​ How did Trudeau defeat the Separatists in Quebec? (Make reference to the 1980 referendum) Trudeau took a more active role on the federalist side of the campaign. He made three speeches that turned the tide of the campaign. His efforts resulted in the Quebecois voting “no” to the sovereignty-association. This was a major setback for the PQ. L)​ How did Canadian Prime Ministers get along with American Presidents? John Diefenbaker became prime minister in 1957. He was seen as a Canadian “nationalist” and quarreled with US presidents, particularly J.F. Kennedy, who ignored Canada during the Cuban Missile Crisis. M)​Is there a serious problem with American Ownership of the Canadian economy? Many people in the 60s felt that Canada relied too much on the Americans. Many wanted Canada to ban foreign investment, despite its benefits. Also, a branch plant economy can result in most of the best jobs being located in America. N)​ What was the National Energy Program? The National Energy Program (NEP) was an energy policy of the government of Canada from 1980 through 1985. Its goal was to ensure that Canada could supply its  own oil and gas needs by 1990. The NEP was initially popular with consumers and as a symbol of Canadian economic nationalism. Starting in 1982, however, the program was dismantled in phases. Global economic conditions had changed such that the NEP was no longer considered necessary or useful. O)​ Why was a new constitution necessary in 1982? The Constitution Act of 1982 has several parts. It includes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It protects the rights of Aboriginal peoples. It affirms that the Constitution is the supreme law of Canada, and that courts can "strike down" laws which are unconstitutional. P)​ What problems did the new constitution cause? The Quebec government under Premier René Lévesque protested bitterly that Ottawa and nine of the provinces had proceeded without Quebec. Nationalists in the province spoke of “the night of the long knives.” They believed that Quebec had been betrayed by Trudeau and the other premiers. Q)​ Who was Brian Mulroney and what did the Meech Lake Accord represent? (pp 311-314) ​ Brian Mulroney- Canadian Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993. Meech Lake Accord- Focus was to develop a constitutional agreement to let Quebec “feel welcome” in Canada by giving them unique privileges and more power of their own province, allowing them to create their own policies on several aspects. R)​ What was the Free Trade Agreement? The FTA is a free trade agreement between Canada and the U.S. it is now known as NAFTA. Pros are that it increases trade, economies grow, creates jobs, Canadian consumers can buy more products, more alliances with other countries. The cons are that there are less jobs as manufacturers move jobs to china, new jobs created in Canada are part-time or low-skilled (less salary benefits). Its objective is to reduce and eliminate, to the extent possible, barriers to the free movement of persons, goods, services, and investments within Canada and to establish an open, efficient, and stable domestic market. S)​ What was the goal of the Charlottetown Accord? After the failed Meech Lake Accord, negotiations continued months later at  Charlottetown. They decided on a “Canada Clause” which set out the principles and values that the country was founded on, and included a distinct Quebec which was more specifically defined than in the Meech Lake Accord. Ottawa proposed a referendum on the new Charlottetown Accord and it faced a resounding defeat at the hands of the Canadian electorate. T)​ What are the main demands of Quebec Separatists? Many French-Canadians began to argue that Quebec was not a province like the others, but a nation with its own culture, history, language, institutions, and government. Lesage desired change for Quebec in the framework of Confederation while there was a growing movement for separation. Some French-Canadians believed however, that the only way to solve their problems was to separate from the rest of Canada. They argued that Quebec’s interests and those of the rest of Canada were not the same. These same people also felt that despite Lesage’s reforms, changes were taking place too slowly French-English Relations - 1950-Present ygs can add more and edit stuff if u want :)) hope this helps somewhat BESTIES!!! I MADE A QUIZLET, USE IF YOU WOULD LIKE :))) https://quizlet.com/ca/994821069/ap-history-french-english-relati ons-review-flash-cards/?i=5br32v&x=1qqt Post-War Canada: The Late 40s and 50s and 60s and 70s and 80s and 90s and 100s Politics in Canada: ​ Louis St. Laurent (Liberal) became P.M in 1948 (until 1957), succeeding Mackenize King ​ St. Laurent was a lawyer by profession and had served in King’s cabinet as Justice Minister after Wilfreid Laurier ○​ Affectionately named “Uncle Louis/Buzzsaw Louie (iykyk)”→ Cause he was a soft spoken guy ​ St Lourent oversaw several key developments in Canadian History ○​ He oversaw the Gouzenko Affair as a cabinet minister, advocated for the creation of NATO in response ○​ THe P.M who successfully negotiated Newfoundland’s entry into Canada in 1949 ○​ Initialed key Canadian infrastructure projects such as the Trans-Canada Highway, the Saint-Lawrence Seaway and the Trans-Canada pipeline  ​ John Diefenbaker (Conservative) → From Saskatchewan (Last figure of “old” British Canada; the rise of smth new) became P.M in 1957 (minority gov.) and then smoked St. Laurent and won a majority gov. the following year ​ He won the largest ever electoral victory in Canadian History (in the 1958 election) ​ He was seen as a Canadian nationalist and quarreled with U.S presidents (particularly J.F.K) who ignored Canada during the Cuban Missile Crisis👎 ​ He cancelled the Avro Arrow supersonic jet development in Mississauga → which would have made Canadian aviation supreme in the world ​ He was one of the founders of NORAD (during the Cold War) and stationed nuclear missiles on Canadian soil Canada in the 1960s The Political Landscape ​ Diefenbaker (Conservative) lost the 1963 election to Lester B Pearson (Liberal). Diefenbaker faced an economic downturn in the early 1960s and forced to devalue the Canadian dollar to 92 cents → ppl insultingly renamed the “Diefenbuck” ○​ His popularity declined as unemployment went up ​ Pearson’s major achievements included: ○​ Creating the Canada Pension Plan, Canada Student Loans and implementing the Canadian Healthcare System that Tommy Douglas had conceived of ○​ Instituted the current CAN flag in 1965 ○​ Made French an official language of Canada, first gov. in the world to create a points system for immigration to remove discrimination ○​ Only able to win a minority government. A New Party Name ​ In 1961, the C.C.F (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) became the N.D.P (New Democratic Party and chose Tommy Douglas as their leader → This party stuck to its socialist roots, although it saw a need for revitalization… What was occuring w/ Quebec? ​ Canada hosted one of the most popular World Expositions ever in Montreal called Expo 67 ○​ 50 million ppl came to visit ○​ Theme → “Man and his world” ○​ Helped Montreal get the Summer Olympic games in 1976 ○​ Was a success but relations b/t Quebec and the rest of Canada were still strained  ​ French President Charles de Gaulle decided to visit Canada, he chose to arrive in Quebec City instead of Ottawa (felt the need to protect quebec) ○​ Most famous for a speech made in Montreal where he said “Vive le Quebec Libre!” (“Long live a free Quebec!”) Implying that Quebeckers were not “free” ○​ And that they were under the dictatorship of the english even though CAN troops died at Dieppe fighting for french freedom from the Nazi’s ​ This shocked many Canadian politicians and relations with the rest of Canada became further strained. P.M Pearson asked de Gaulle to leave Canada afterward What was occurring with Canada economically? ​ Canada still kept close ties with the U.S (ECONOMICALLY) however there were several campaigns to “buy Canada” (Trump’s inspo?) ​ Still too much demand to buy American products that were becoming more common in CAN households → Demand increased w/ the development of the credit card (and a new credit revolution occurred) *Great Depression vibes* ​ In 1965, Canada and the US signed the Auto Pact to permit the free movement of new cars, trucks and auto parts across the border ○​ Pact also allowed American branch plants in CAN to operate w/o having to pay tariffs when their products crossed the border → Attracted the automotive industry to CAN Was there an economic problem? ​ Many ppl in the 1960s felt that Canada relied too much on the Americans, they wanted Canada to ban foreign investments despite its benefits (maybe we should have listened to them) Pierre Trudeau ​ Pierre Elliot Trudeau (Liberal) became P.M in 1968 when Lester Pearson resigned ​ Trudeau was a young leader and he appealed to the young and those interested in social change ​ His clothing fit the time period as he was commonly seen w/ his trademark flower and his choice of informal footwear, sandals (showing his dogs? smh) ​ The press propelled Trudeau to pop-start fame, creating “Trudeaumania” where he would be consistently mobbed by his followers The term "Trudeaumania" refers to the intense enthusiasm and admiration he received from the public, often leading to large crowds gathering around him wherever he went. ​ Trudeau was a French Canadian who wanted to have Canada as a united, federal nation → He was opposed to giving Quebec any more more than other provinces (openly critical abt Duplessis’ policies in Quebec)  ​ Presented bills to Parliament to update Canada’s laws → Most famous for saying “the state does not belong in the bedrooms of the nation” when it came to changing the moral outlook on divorce and homosexuality What were Trudeau’s political ideas? 1.​ He believed that a good society allowed as much freedom for the individual as possible. Believed that CAN should have a charter of rights and freedoms (enacted 1982) 2.​ He believed in reason over emotion, despised nationalism 3.​ Believes citizens must become involved politically to protect their individual freedoms → Would lead to to less corruption and problems within the government 4.​ Believed in federalism as the best system to preserving individual rights and the French-Canadian identity 5.​ Believed that French-Canadian Quebeckers could not identify with Canada bc they did not feel abt home outside of their province → Trudeau was sensitive to their fear that their language and culture was threatened Bilingualism ​ 1969: Trudeau passed the Official Languages Act which makes CAN a bilingual nation ​ All government documents were to be published in both French and English ​ Federal courts and federal civil services would also become bilingual ​ Many were opposed to bilingualism on the grounds of expense and job favoritism (better chance of getting a job if u were bilingual) ​ In Quebec, many believed that the French language could not survive unless it was made the sole official language of Quebec → Led to problems with English Canadians who were opposed to this idea What was the 1969 White Paper? ​ In the late 1960s, nearly 300 000 Aboriginal people lived in Canada → Their conditions were poor and they often suffered from discrimination ​ Working with the minister of Indian affairs, Jean Chretien, Trudeau created the 1969 White Paper ○​ This document abolished the Indian Act ○​ Also stated that the Aboriginal people should be treated the same as other Canadian citizens (gradually allow them to become more part of mainstream Canada) ○​ Native leaders fiercely opposed to this as they saw the document as imposing undesired regulations upon them ○​ Trudeau withdrew the White Paper form becoming law ○​ The White Paper was met with strong opposition from Indigenous communities, who saw it as an attempt to erase their rights, culture, and treaties. What was happening socially in Canada? ​ As technology improved, it took more of the workforce → Plastic and aluminum became the new forms of material available to people ​ Concerns about mortality erupted from the development of the birth control pill ​ Church attendance began to swindle ​ Feminism started to change female participation in the workforce and traditional ideas of equality were challenged ​ By the 1960s, children born in the 1950s were not teenagers, this led to… The Birth of the Hippie ​ Hippies wore their hair long and wore scruffy clothes → They were rebelling against conformity and other things they considered wrong in society (Evident in the Vietnam War protests) ​ They were different from everyone else as they believed in communal living, social freedom, experimenting with various forms of drugs. ​ This movement lasted up until 1969. The Woodstock festival is seen as the culminating activity of the movement ​ Another part of the Hippie movement was political activism. They were vocal and used the university as a centre for revolutionary thought. ​ Anything clashing with the status quo was seen as progressive. ​ Music, which was highly influenced by what hippies stood for, was very political in the 1960s. Artists like Neil Young, the Guess Who, and Gordon Lightfoot started to use their music to get a political message across. ​ This generation became one of the most politically active ever, and has earned much political control and wealth as a result *cue depressed millennial* BAHAHA REAL (lowk us too tho) real QUESTIONS: 1)​ Describe Maurice Duplessis. What is his historical significance? ​ in 1760, the french colony of what is now Quebec was conquered by the british and became part of the british empire and eventually part of Canada ​ French Canadians struggled to maintain their language, religion and identity ​ By the 1950’s French Canadian were not only struggling to keep their culture but they contended with economic survival as well ​ 8 out of every 10 positions were held by English speaking Quebeckerss ​ French Canadians felt as second class citizens of Canada From 1943-1959, Maurice Duplesis and the Union Nationale dominated Quebec. Duplesis tried to create French Canadian nationalism by challenging the federal gov’s involvement in Quebec affairs. ​ Quebec’s standard of living was 10% lower than the avg. Canadian and 20% lower than in Ont. (bc of the farming mandate that was forced by Duplesis → (it was necessary but didn’t provide with a good source of income) ​ He was also seen as the protector of Quebec against the threat of communism ​ he maintained power by allying w/ the Catholic church and pushed for quebec to become a more agrarian society (based more of farmwork and agriculture) ​ He allowed English and foreign investment to prompt Quebec’s industry while educating French Canadians to mistrust technology and value rural life ​ Quebec’s education system promoted humanities instead of science, business or technology ​ Duplesis ruled Quebec with an “iron fist” and discouraged all opposition ​ On 1959, Duplesis died and a year later the Union Nationale was overthrown by the Liberals 2)​ What was the Quiet Revolution? By the 1950s new leaders in Quebec began to emerge to try to solve French-Canadian woes. In 1960, the Liberal party lead by Jean Lesage, defeated the Union Nationale ​ Under this new leadership, pride in French-Canadian language, literature and traditions were promoted. In addition to provincial pride: ○​ The new provincial gov. worked to modernize Quebec’s economy ○​ The educational system was taken away from the Roman Catholic Church and “reformed” for a modern era ○​ Control of hospitals and other institutions was placed with the government, and they were also “transformed” ○​ Social legislation was enacted, progressive laws instituted and political reforms passed (including modernizing women’s legal status and changing the voting age for more youth participation ○​ The gov. nationalized hydro-utilities (making Hydro-Quebec the largest electric utility in the country) ○​ A pension pan was instituted ​ All these reforms were known as the Quiet Revolution in Quebec ​ The attitude in quebec could be seen with the the slogan the gov. and Quebeckers adopted in the 1960s - “Maitres chez nous (Masters in our own house)” ○​ Many French-Canadians (especially students) felt that Quebec was not a province like clothes, but a nation (with its own culture, history, language, institutions and government)  ○​ Lesage decided change of Quebec in the framework of Confederation while there was a growing movement for separation ○​ Basically Quebec that that he was HIM, but Quebec was indeed NOT him 3)​ What was the FLQ? (and the Separatist movement) The liberal government of Jean Lesage, attempted to bring about change in the province within the framework of Confederation (cause he thought he was HIM.) ​ Some french-canadians believed that the only way to solve their problems was to separate 🙄 from the rest of the country. ​ They argued that Quebec’s interests and those of the rest of Canada were not the same ​ The same ppl felt that despite Lesage’s reform’s, changes were taking place too slowly ​ As a result, in 1962 the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) was created with the goal of achieving independence for Quebec by any means necessary, including terrorism ○​ The FLQ first identified itself by publishing a manifesto with the slogan “independence or Death” ○​ Throughout the 1960s, the group planted bombs in gov. building and in mailboxes in English-speaking sections of Montreal ○​ The Armee de Liberation du Quebec was an even more extreme group that robbed banks to finance the group's activities 4)​ Why is Rene Levesque important? By 1968 the mood had swung more strongly towards separation. Rene Levesque, who had once been a member of the Liberal Party, had now formed the Parti Quebecois (PQ). ​ This party’s vision of Quebec was that Quebec would separate from the rest of Canada → the separation would be achieved through peaceful negotiations ​ Their plan was based on the sovereignty association, which creates an independent Quebec with strong ties to Canada ​ At the same time that Levesque was in power in Quebec, Pierre Trudeau became the Prime Minister of Canada ○​ To calm the unrest in Quebec, his government passed the Official Languages Act in 1969, and poured money into Quebec ○​ Despite these efforts, Trudeau was not prepared to give