Ch. 10 Review PDF - AP World History - January 24th, 2025

Chapter 10: The Greek Phase Mr. Zink - AP World History Test date range: Friday, January 24th, 2025 The following are terms, people, places, and concepts that you should be familiar with for the exam. All of these have been covered in class. The Fill-In review...

Chapter 10: The Greek Phase Mr. Zink - AP World History Test date range: Friday, January 24th, 2025 The following are terms, people, places, and concepts that you should be familiar with for the exam. All of these have been covered in class. The Fill-In review sheet on the following pages contains key information needed for the exam, but may not explicitly translate to correct answers on the test. All information on this document is relevant and should be studied thoroughly. Also, the textbook as well as the Chapter PowerPoint can and should be used for further studying. Exam format: ​ 25 Multiple Choice Questions: 1 point each ​ 1 Short Answer Set (3 questions per set): 2 points each ​ 1 Study Skills Reflection Question: 1 point ​ 2 Extra Credit Questions Eras of Greek History: Terms: 1.​ Minoans 1.​ Athenian Democracy 2.​ Mycenaeans 2.​ Athenian Philosophy 3.​ Hellenic Age 4.​ Hellenistic Age Concepts: 1.​ Alexander’s Conquests and Hellenism 2.​ Greek Geography and its Impact  Filled-In Version Eras of Greek History: 1.​ Minoans: (2200 - 1100 BCE) The Minoans were the first people to settle in modern-day Greece, on the island of Crete. The capital city of Knossos was the center of life on the island. The Minoans didn’t speak Greek, and had their own writing system (still undeciphered) now known as Linear A. The Minoans thrived off trade in the Aegean Sea. Their civilization began to collapse as a result of natural disasters (possibly the inspiration for the story of Atlantis). 2.​ Mycenaeans: (1600 - 800 BCE) The Mycenaeans were the first people to conquer the country now known as Greece. They were an Indo-European group that was influenced by Minoan culture (art, architecture, writing system) and most likely were the Greeks written about in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, meaning they laid the foundation for classical Greek polytheism. Historians call them Mycenaeans because their largest city was Mycenae, located on the Peloponnesian peninsula. They spoke a proto-Greek language (meaning it evolved into modern Greek), and adapted the Minoan writing system into a script known as Linear B. When their civilization collapsed, Greece entered a dark age where culture and advancements stalled, and cities lost contact with one another. 3.​ Hellenic Age: (800 - 323 BCE) Also known as the era of the city-states: polis (singular), poleis (plural). The Hellenic Period is considered to begin in 800 BCE because this was when the city-states began to communicate with each other again, as evident in the beginning of the Olympic games in 776 BCE. Each polis was independent from one another, with their only major cultural similarities being in language and religion. The two most powerful city-states were Sparta (located in the Peloponnesian peninsula) and Athens. Sparta was a highly militaristic society, where upwards of 80% of people were slaves known as helots. Athens was the cultural center of Greece, and the founders of democracy and philosophy. After winning the Persian Wars, Athens achieved a golden age (also known as the Age of Pericles) by conquering other poleis and forcing them to join the Delian League. Golden age achievements included philosophy, art and architecture, and theater. The funds from the Delian League were used to rebuild, beautify, and improve the city of Athens (which was previously destroyed in the Persian Wars). This ultimately forced Sparta to wage war against Athens, in a Greek civil war known as the Peloponnesian War, which is when Pericles gave his famous Funeral Oration speech. Sparta won, with assistance from the Persians. This conflict was so destructive that it ultimately led to Greece being conquered first by Macedonian King Philip II, then Alexander the Great. 4.​ Hellenistic Age: (323 - 100 BCE) 323 BCE is the year that Alexander the Great died, after conquering Egypt, Persia, and northern India. As a result of his conquest and subsequent death, three new Hellenistic empires were established and governed by his top generals (Seleucid → Persia; Ptolemaic → Egypt; Antigonid → Macedon). The empires were not evenly divided, as borders were established to resemble previous empires. This era is characterized by an explosion of Greek culture and the blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures. Trade, philosophy, art, religion, and education all flourished during this time. Terms: 1.​ Athenian Democracy: Athens was first a monarchy, then an aristocracy, before finally becoming a democracy. The first steps towards democracy began under Solon and was finalized under Cleisthenes. The democratic system reached its height under the leadership of Pericles, but voting rights (suffrage) were only extended to land-owning Athenian adult men. Despite their democratic ideals, women had no rights in Athenian society, and their counterparts in Sparta were actually treated better. Nonetheless, the invention of Athenian democracy is considered one of the greatest achievements of the classical era. Their democracy and the funds taken from the Delian League were two main causes of their golden age.  2.​ Athenian Philosophy: Socrates → Plato → Aristotle → Alexander the Great. a.​ Socrates is considered the father of western philosophy, but was very critical of Athenian democracy. He devoted his life to knowledge and ethics, and was critical of the ignorance he saw in his fellow Athenians. As a public gadfly, he irritated many of the Athenians to the point where they put him on trial for corrupting the youth and claiming the gods did not exist, and despite successfully defending himself in court was ultimately sentenced to death. b.​ Since Socrates never wrote anything down, the only source of his thoughts comes from Plato, causing many of their ideas to blend together. As a result of Socrates’ death, Plato became increasingly distrustful of democracy. Plato instead vouched for the establishment of a monarchy ruled by “philosopher-kings,” who would be knowledgeable and incorruptible. Plato organized his own school called The Academy, which Aristotle attended. c.​ Aristotle was not only a philosopher, he also devoted much of his time to the sciences and pioneered the fields of biology and psychology. He was extremely influential to medieval and Renaissance thinkers. Aristotle was the personal tutor to Alexander the Great from ages of 13-20. This direct line of teacher-to-student relationships played an important role in the development and spread of Hellenistic culture from Alexander’s conquests. Concepts: 1.​ Alexander’s Conquests and Hellenism: Alexander conquered Greece, Anatolia, Egypt, Persia, and northern India. All lands were briefly united under Alexander until his death in 323 BCE, but he spent his years as emperor focusing on further military conquest rather than governing. After his death, three Hellenistic empires were created. The Antigonid in Macedon, Seleucid in Persia, and Ptolemaic in Egypt. These three empires cooperated to create law systems and promote trade between their empires. They also dominated trade across the Silk Road from Central Asia to the Mediterranean, which led to greater interest in the arts. The new culture that was created is known as Hellenistic, due to the largely Greek influence, such as Greek language, religion, art, architecture (Greek columns), and more. As Greek culture spread, it blended with the Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures to create Hellenism. a.​ The greatest example of cultural diffusion in the Hellenistic era was the great library at Alexandria in Egypt. Alexandria became one of the wealthiest cities in the world because of its role in Mediterranean trade. The library housed books from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and across the Mediterranean world. The cultural diffusion across the Hellenistic world led to advances in philosophy, math, and science (Stoicism and Epicureanism, Euclidean geometry, Archimedes Screw, Eratosthenes’ circumference of the earth, etc.) 2.​ Greek Geography and its Impact: as a result of mountainous terrain and a lack of rivers, early Greek civilization lacked opportunities to farm and create an agricultural surplus. To offset this, Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Greek city-states participated in trade throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Another strategy deployed by the Greeks was to build colonies (cities such as Syracuse, Byzantium, etc.) across the Mediterranean coast which increased trade and cultural diffusion.  Blank Version Eras of Greek History: 1.​ Minoans: (2200 - 1100 BCE) The Minoans were the first people to settle in modern-day Greece, on the island of ______. The capital city of ______ was the center of life on the island. The Minoans didn’t speak Greek, and had their own writing system (still ______) now known as ______ ______. The Minoans thrived off trade in the ______ ______ and were extremely influential to the Mycenaeans (possibly the inspiration for the story of Atlantis). 2.​ Mycenaeans: (1600 - 800 BCE) The Mycenaeans were the first people to conquer the country now known as Greece. They were an ______-______ group that was influenced by Minoan culture (______, ______, and ______) and most likely were the Greeks written about in Homer’s ______ and ______, meaning they laid the foundation for classical ______ ______. Historians call them Mycenaeans because their largest city was Mycenae, located on the ______ peninsula. They spoke a proto-Greek language (meaning it evolved into modern Greek), and adapted the Minoan writing system into a script known as ______ ______. When their civilization collapsed, Greece entered a dark age where culture and advancements stalled, and cities lost contact with one another. 3.​ Hellenic Age: (800 - 323 BCE) Also known as the era of the city-states: Polis (singular), Poleis (plural). The Hellenic Period is considered to begin in 800 BCE because this was when the city-states began to communicate with each other again, as evident in the beginning of the Olympic games in 776 BCE. Each polis was independent from one another, with their only major cultural similarities being in ______ and ______. The two most powerful city-states were Sparta (located in the Peloponnesian peninsula) and Athens. Sparta was a highly militaristic society, where upwards of 80% of people were slaves known as helots. Athens was the cultural center of Greece, and the founders of democracy and philosophy. After winning the ______ ______, Athens achieved a golden age (also known as the ______ ______ ______) by conquering other poleis and forcing them to join the ______ ______. Golden age achievements included ______, ______ and ______, and ______. The funds from the Delian League were used to rebuild, beautify, and improve the city of Athens (which was previously destroyed in the Persian Wars). This ultimately forced Sparta to wage war against Athens, in a Greek civil war known as the ______ ______, which is when Pericles gave his famous ______ ______ speech. Sparta won, with assistance from the Persians. This conflict was so destructive that it ultimately led to Greece being conquered first by Macedonian King Philip II, then Alexander the Great. 4.​ Hellenistic Age: (323 - 100 BCE) 323 BCE is the year that Alexander the Great died, after conquering Egypt, Persia, and northern India. As a result of his conquest and subsequent death, three new Hellenistic empires were established and governed by his top generals (______ → Persia; ______ → Egypt; ______ → Macedon). The empires were not evenly divided, as borders were established to resemble previous empires. This era is characterized by an explosion of Greek culture and the blending of ______, ______, ______, and ______ cultures. Trade, art, religion, and education all flourished during this time. Terms: 1.​ Athenian Democracy: Athens was first a ______, then an ______, before finally becoming a democracy. The first steps towards democracy began under ______ and was finalized under ______. The democratic system reached its height under the leadership of ______, but voting rights (suffrage) were only extended to land-owning Athenian ______ ______. Despite their democratic ideals, women had no rights in Athenian society, and their counterparts in Sparta were actually treated better. Nonetheless, the invention of Athenian democracy is considered one of the greatest achievements of the classical era. Their democracy and the funds taken from the ______ ______ were two main causes of their golden age.  2.​ Athenian Philosophy: Socrates → Plato → Aristotle → Alexander the Great. a.​ Socrates is considered the father of western philosophy, but was very critical of Athenian ______. He devoted his life to ______ and ______ , and was critical of the ignorance he saw in his fellow Athenians. As a public gadfly, he irritated many of the Athenians to the point where they put him on trial for ______ ______ ______ and claiming the gods did not exist, and despite successfully defending himself in court was ultimately sentenced to death. b.​ Since Socrates never wrote anything down, the only source of his thoughts comes from ______, causing many of their ideas to blend together. As a result of Socrates’ death, Plato became increasingly ______ of democracy. Plato instead vouched for the establishment of a ______ ruled by “______-______,” who would be knowledgeable and incorruptible. Plato organized his own school called The ______, which Aristotle attended. c.​ Aristotle was not only a philosopher, he also devoted much of his time to the sciences and pioneered the fields of ______ and ______. He was extremely influential to medieval and Renaissance thinkers. Aristotle was the personal tutor to Alexander the Great from ages of 13-20. This direct line of teacher-to-student relationships played an important role in the development and spread of Hellenistic culture from Alexander’s conquests. Concepts: 1.​ Alexander’s Conquests and Hellenism: Alexander conquered Greece, Anatolia, Egypt, Persia, and northern India. All lands were briefly united under Alexander until his death in 323 BCE, but he spent his years as emperor focusing on further ______ ______ rather than ______. After his death, three Hellenistic empires were created. The Antigonid in Macedon, Seleucid in Persia, and Ptolemaic in Egypt. These three empires cooperated to create ______ ______ and ______ ______ between their empires. They also dominated trade across the Silk Road from Central Asia to the Mediterranean, which led to greater interest in the arts. The new culture that was created is known as Hellenistic, due to the largely Greek influence, such as Greek ______, ______, ______, ______ (Greek ______), and more. As Greek culture spread, it blended with the Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures to create Hellenism. a.​ The greatest example of cultural diffusion in the Hellenistic era was the great library at ______ in Egypt. Alexandria became one of the wealthiest cities in the world because of its role in Mediterranean trade. The library housed books from ______, ______, and across the Mediterranean world. The cultural diffusion across the Hellenistic world led to advances in philosophy, math, and science (______ and ______, ______ ______, ______ ______, ______ of the earth, etc.) 2.​ Greek Geography and its Impact: as a result of ______ ______ and a lack of ______, early Greek civilization lacked opportunities to farm and create an ______ ______. To offset this, Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Greek city-states participated in ______ throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Another strategy deployed by the Greeks was to build ______ (cities such as Syracuse, Byzantium, etc.) across the Mediterranean coast which increased trade and cultural diffusion. Timeline: 1.​ 594 BCE: Solon lays foundation for democracy in Athens 2.​ 500 - 479 BCE: Persian Wars (peace treaty not officially signed until 449 BCE) 3.​ 478 BCE: Athens established the Delian League (470 - 399 BCE: Life of Socrates) 4.​ 461 - 429 BCE: Age of Pericles (Athenian golden age) (430 - 347 BCE: Life of Plato) 5.​ 431 - 404 BCE: Peloponnesian Wars (389 - 322 BCE: Life of Aristotle) 6.​ 350 BCE: Philip II begins conquering northern Greece 7.​ 336 BCE: Alexander the Great becomes King of Macedon and begins his invasion of Persia 8.​ 323 BCE: Alexander the Great dies, leading to the creation of the three Hellenistic Empires Maps