Exam 3 Review - AKA FINAL (1) PDF

Exam 3 Review 5 major segments: Examination of Slavery, Reform Movements, divisive politics that lead to the civil war, the civil war, reconstruction 10/31/24 Lecture The South and Slavery A. Distinctiveness of the Old South B. Three Subsections C. “Cotton is King” D. Planters E. Pla...

Exam 3 Review 5 major segments: Examination of Slavery, Reform Movements, divisive politics that lead to the civil war, the civil war, reconstruction 10/31/24 Lecture The South and Slavery A. Distinctiveness of the Old South B. Three Subsections C. “Cotton is King” D. Planters E. Plantation Mistress F. “Plain White Folk” Distinctiveness of the Old South Agricultural society Cotton integral to the economy Slavery as most distinguishing factor Whites of all classes supported slavery Few immigrants Planters argued that the south was morally superior to the North ○ Southern planters didn't want to diversify or industrialize. ○ Factor was race based slavery formed the conforms of southern society ○ John calhoun acknowledged that slavery was unique to the south ○ The fact that the majority of southern whites did not own slaves didn't deter them from supporting slavery their status no matter what they supported slavery. ○ Thomas Cobb - said that no matter whites class they support slavery ○ Immigrants didn't want to move to the south as they didn't want to compete with slave labor ○ North and south saw each other as complete opposite civilizations ○ South saw themselves superior honest farmers valued guns, hunting, horsemanship, and the military ○ Morally superior; blacks were better off in the south than the north ○ Slaveholders saw themselves as kind and humane, taking care of their slaves ○ In the north workers were treated harshly for pitiful wages ○ They thought it was just greedy bankers and exploitive companies ○ John calhoun said standard of living was rising in south and lowering in the north  ○ Northerners and abolitionists saw southerners as greedy owners who raped slave women and sold them at will Three Subsections ○ The lower south (deep south), the upper south, and the border south; 3 sections of south ○ Deep is dominated by cotton production, alabama, mississippi, florida, and east texas are apart of the deep south slaves made up nearly half of population by 1860 ○ Upper south; virginia NC, TN, and Arkansas had more mixed agriculture, farmers growing crops, and large planters but some areas were not suitable for cotton so had few slaves ○ Border south; Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, missouri states steadily losing slaves by 1860 90% of black population was free and so was half of marylands, no coincidence these 4 states will not secede from the union when civil war begins. Cotton is King Cotton fueled northern and british textile mills ○ Textiles booming in england ○ In 1815 60k of cotton was loaded on ships Beyond cotton, the south was home to vast quantities of livestock ○ Pigs horses mules and cattle ○ Pork was a staple dietary item for blacks and whites ○ John wilson a georgia doctor called the south the republic of pork because bacon and pork were in every meal Cotton spread from virginia and maryland to the Old Southwest ○ Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas ○ The climate made the south the global leader in cotton production ○ Constantly on move looking for better soil ○ Quick process ○ Coastal areas grew ⅔ of cotton then 10 yrs later it was old southwest who made ⅔ of cotton production. Cotton planters grew immensely wealthy ○ An anchor of land could support 300 lbs of cotton in SC and in Mississippi delta could support 800 lbs. ○ Wealth is more widely distributed in north rising middle class less stratification ○ ⅔ of richest americans lived in south ○ 1860 12 richest counties were in south ○ More millionaires per capita in natchez mississippi than anywhere else in the world  ○ By 1860 the dollar value of enslaved blacks was worth more than all factories, railroads, and banks combined. ○ SC James Henry Hammin warns critics of slavery in the north, “cotton is king” ○ Expansion of textile peaked in 1860, prices drop off after and prices of textiles Planters Controlled the South’s political, economic, and social life ○ ¼ of population lived in slave owning family ○ Although south planters were few they influenced the economy and made plenty of decisions despite low numbers ○ Planters were aristocrats, stand at head of politics and society ○ Plantation owners relied on slaves Competitive capitalists ○ Some lived modestly as they put all of their money in slaves and land ○ Hunted for leisure ○ Went to horse races ○ Played cards and drank Cult of honor ○ beyond slavery is a cult of honor makes the south distinctive ○ If one's honor or reputation was challenge a duel might be an order ○ Dueling was more prevalent in the south than the north ○ Andrew jackson and henry clay were involved in duels Plantation Mistress Women had less freedom in the south than the north; due to patriarchy and cult of honor ○ Planters found themselves patriarchs responsible for both black and white family members Women expected to be pure and virtuous ○ Planters engaged in cheating though few mistresses acknowledged it ○ Mary chesnut kept a diary about the perspective of a plantation mistress who lived in SC ○ She wrote that most women knew who was cheating but not their own man ○ The mistress would have a point of sending off those slaves that engaged with cheating with the husband More involved in economic life than northern women ○ Engaged in spinning Supported slavery ○ Raising no moral objections ○ Because it kept them surrounded by wealth and comforts  Overseers ○ White men of various stature some owned slaves some were quite poor and some were skilled workers, required to direct and manage the daily activities of slaves and maintain the fences and slave grounds looked for cheap land and good wages; didnt have good reputations very brutal against the slaves ○ Frederick Douglas escaped in Maryland was a leading black abolitionist Drivers ○ Highest position of a slave ○ 1 or 2 drivers for overseers ○ Slave that took control of smaller group of slaves to do a task ○ Some known for being cruel as well and killed by fellow slaves “Plain white folk” ○ Yomen farmers ○ Lived in 2 room cabins with families ○ Living off pigs and chickens ○ Purchased from neighbors rather than stores ○ Uneducated and illiterate ○ Middle class farmers owned slaves and worked beside them ○ Whether they owned slaves or not they supported slavery for both economic and political reasons ○ Feared they were going to have to compete with them ○ The existence of slavery kept them to a high status ○ Mountainous whites who resisted secession in 1861 ○ Kept household duties ○ Southern framers suspicious of fed gov and supported democratic party ○ Usually evangelical protestants Tenant and day - laborers ○ Even more poor than the plain white folk ○ Worked on somebody else's property or owned no land at all ○ Worked on land and got a portion of crops and they sell ○ 40% of southerners were tenants ○ Referred to as crackers or hillbillies ○ Lived in appalachian, pine barrens, or slums ○ Struggled to support families 10/31/2024 Lecture: Black Society in the South A. Overview of slavery B. “Free Persons of Color” C. Slave Trade D. Slave Life E. Slave Women F. The Slave Family and Religion G. Slave Rebellions H. Slave Resistance Overview of slavery Slavery was the fastest growing element in american society during the first half of the 19th century Slave codes ○ Come in late 1800s ○ Established firm control over slaves ○ Could testify in court, hit a white person in self defense, marry, couldnt leave a plantation without permission, couldnt be outside without a pass, they could be raped beaten without reprecussions, rarely held accountable for murder. Slave kept illiterate deliberately ○ Fear of slave uprisings Slaveholders justifications for slavery ○ Fear of slave uprisings ○ Without protection the black race would simply die as they were incapable of living on their own ○ Thomas Reed Cobb said they were better off in a state of bondage ○ Told them to accept their status Free blacks in the south ○ Whites thought they were inferior ○ Not really free more between freedom and slavery ○ In SC free blacks had to pay an annual tax and not allowed to be in the state ○ In 1823 they were required to have a white guardian who had authority over them ○ By 1860 ¼ million of free blacks lived in New Orleans, Baltimore, Charleston, mobile. ○ Bricklayers, shoe makers, butchers, blacksmiths, or barbers ○ Free black women worked as seamstresses laundresses or domestic servants or maids. This position will be held commonly up into the 20th century. ○ 2% of free blacks owned slaves themselves The Slave Trade Average price of slaves quadrupled between 1800 and 1860. Life expectancy of slaves: 36 ○ Whites expected to live to 40 Slave auctions ○ New Orleans had 20 alone ○ Slave pens slaves transformed into products, bathed groomed and fattened up before sale ○ Assigned categories ○ Dressed identically ○ Scars showed rebellion ○ Went to highest bidder “The Fancy Trade” ○ Where buyers were purchasing beautiful girls and women for sex ○ Great demand for fancy maids ○ $1250 is worth $35K now Slave Life Most slaves worked in the fields from sunup to sundown. Slave quarters ○ One or two roomed cabins the slaves slept on dirt floors ○ If owners were more weslthy they slept in brick cabins and slept on cheap beds ○ Given two sets of clothing per year ○ Only wore shoes in winter most were barefoot Diet ○ Pork, chicken, molasses, and cornmill High infant mortality rate ○ Nearly 50% died within a year ○ Twice the rate of infant mortality for white babies which was 25% Importance of sundays ○ Observed the sabbath ○ Attended religious services ○ Went fishing ○ Worked their own personal gardens if allowed one ○ Worked on holidays for wages City slaves ○ Awarded more freedom ○ More freedom of movement could move cities interact with police, businesses, and tavern owners ○ Hired out to others Slave women  ○ Harriet jacobs argued slavery was far more terrible for women than for men ○ Not only did they do the same labor they would come home and tend to the slave corders and were encouraged to have many children ○ More children meant more profit ○ Sexually abused by both white men and women ○ Hundreds of thousands of mixed children testifies to this fact ○ James henry hammond raped several girls and slaves The Slave Family and Religion Nuclear families Marriage Families broken up through sale Slave religion as mixture of African Caribbean, and Christian beliefs: “Afro-Christianity” ○ Belief in magic spirits and conjuring or calling forth spirits or ancestors. ○ Big on old testament ○ Sang religious themed music in fields Children sent to labor through the fields at 10 yrs old. Religion practiced in secret Slave Rebellions Gabriel's Rebellion (1800) ○ Gabriel Proser and his followers attempted to capture Richmond, Virginia and James Monroe Gabriel and 26 soldiers were tried and hanged. ○ He said george washington inspired him German Coast Uprising (1811) ○ In louisiana and virginia ○ Sugar planters had amassed a humongous number of slaves that outnumbered the white population in the region. Led by Charles Dislangis, they gathered horses, militia, and killed whites on the way to New Orleans; they got up to 200 but the military stopped them. Charles was chopped Vesey’s Revolt (1822) ○ Didn't get off the ground happened in charleston SC denmark vesey was a slave who purchased his freedom after winning lottery ticket. ○ Coordinated with slaves in charleston plan was to seize city but whites got told of plan so it never was execute ○ Vesey and 34 others were killed Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) ○ Most famous slave rebellion ever ○ Virginia ○ Turner was a black overseer and literate preacher he believed God led him  ○ He killed his owners family then went farmhouse to farmhouse gaining materials and supporters ○ Federal troops killed 200 slaves in the process of putting down the rebellion ○ A lot that weren’t even apart of rebellion were killed ○ 17 were executed and decapitated ○ He did escape but did get caught ○ He was dismembered and his parts were given to the families ○ Killed 57 whites mostly women and children ○ Slave patrols were formed in the wake of this event Slave Resistance Running away ○ Difficult needed paper to say why they were out of plantation ○ Not allowed to use a lot means of transportation Underground railroad ○ Series of paths and safehouses that were used to make way north to freedom ○ During 1850s when it was made 1,000 - 1500 slaves made freedom each year Feigned illness; sabotaged crops and tools ○ Pretended to be sick ○ This translated to worst plantation which meant worst living conditions and less to eat From the 1830s to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the South increasingly defended a political, social, and economic system based on slavery ○ Southern legislators thought only they could control slavery ○ This led to civil war and the unintended end of slavery 11/05/2024 Lecture: Religion and Romanticism A. Overview B. Deism, Unitarianism, and Universalism C. The Second Great Awakening D. Revitalism, African Americans, and Women E. Religion and Reform F. The Mormons G. Transcendentalism H. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Overview Sections became increasingly divided over slavery and economics Americans rejected calvinist determinism in favor of individual agency to seek salvation Christianity democratized Emphasis on free will led to powerful reform movements Deism ○ Jefferson and franklin inspired by deism ○ Believed in a rational God who created a rational universe everyone created as equals ○ Understanding Natural laws helps better understand the universe ○ Were about science and logistics ○ Didn't think the bible was directly translated into literal meaning Unitarianism ○ Oneness of God ○ Natural goodness of humankind ○ Calm reason over more emotional forms of worship ○ Believed Jesus was the moral guide they denied is divinity ○ Learn from his teachings ○ Boston Universalism ○ Never attracted large numbers ○ Influential in intellectual circles ○ Believed salvation was available to everyone and thought God was too nice to send anyone to hell The Second Great Awakening Methodist church ○ Growing exponentially ○ 1850 there was 50 by 1860 there was 20,000 ○ Made it largest denomination in country Two major movements: one urban and one rural ○ Urban began at New England colleges and spread west to Indiana, Ohio and Illinois. ○ Rural were located in Kentucky ○ Had to embrace jesus as savior Camp meeting Baptists  ○ A lot of baptist growth ○ Emphasized salvation was open to everyone ○ Everyone needed to be baptized and accept God ○ Religious fundamentalism ○ Thought every word in the bible was the literal truth ○ Didn't care about status wealth or education ○ Circuit riders who preached Traveling evangelists ○ Names like jumping jesus crazy dow ○ Ready for personal conversions and wanted a strong sense of community Francis Asbury ○ Traveled ohio valley searching for lost souls and delivering thousands of sermons All demographics were getting caught up in this religious revival Represented a more democratic culture Women were the backbone One of first meetings met in Kentucky white and black preachers both spoke Revitalism, African Americans, and Women African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) ○ 1816 created ○ By 1846 had 296 churches and 200 ministers and over 17,000 members ○ Initiated first civil rights movement ○ Pushing for greater education and economic opportunities for blacks Women as preachers ○ Women come to positions of power Jarena Lee ○ Free black methodist women ○ First woman allowed to preach in AME ○ Walked 12 miles a day preaching sermons Phoebe Worrall Palmer ○ From NY ○ Held meetings in her home for men and women ○ Startling innovation ○ Traveled a life across the states trying to not sin living a life of perfectionism Religion and Reform Western New York: the “burned over” district Charles Grandison Finney ○ Most famous preacher during great awakening ○ Presiding over 100K religious revivals Finney and others urged their congregations to do good works and attack social problems like alcoholism, prostitution, war, and slavery Mormons Joseph Smith, Jr. ○ Founder raised by religious parents in western New York ○ Part of burned over district ○ In 1830 he published the book of mormon The book of mormon ○ Smith claimed that an angel of God had revealed a set of gold tablets in the hills of New York written by an ancient profit ○ Told of two ancient civilizations that jesus visited upon resurrection, they rejected Jesus and their civilizations collapsed ○ Beginning in 1831 called Saints tried to establish peaceful communities but their struggled for 15 years. Nauvoo, Illinois ○ Detractors planned an attack on smith in 1844 ○ Smith ordered press ot be destroyed and he was imprisoned in nearby carthage ○ They attacked the jail and killed smith Brigham Young ○ Led one of single greatest mass migrations across the great plains through the rocky mountains ○ Killed Joseph Smith ○ They settled in Utah Salt Lake City Salt Lake City Transcendentalism Romantic movement in art, thought, and literature questioned whether scientific objectivity and rationalism could truly explain the complexities of the world ○ Thought love could fill the void where facts can’t fill ○ Liked individualism and the values of democracy Transcendentalists emphasized acts and thoughts that transcended logic and reason ○ Centered in New England ○ Intellectual dissidence who vowed to reshape america's cultural life ○ Ascending passing over logic and reason to find otu a higher calling or truth ○ Stressed individuals could find religion within themselves and not have to get from ministers ○ They wanted people to attain self realization to be the best version of themselves ○ Wanted people to be in tune with nature ○ Reality was not simply what they could touch and see ○ Intuition was a great value they cherished Ralph Waldo Emerson ○ Promoted self culture ○ Became 2nd most popular speaker ○ Promoted radial individualism ○ Thought God was nature ○ People could reach perfection ○ Made a book called nature he thought people could find God like powers if they found the spirit that animated the universe ○ Embodied transcendentalist movement “Self Reliance” (1841) ○ To be a real man one must live by the dictates of ones own conscience ○ Common people could do God like virtues Henry David Thoreau ○ 19th century hippy ○ Tons of interests are carpentry, masonry, painting, etc. ○ Followed through with self reliance following emerson ○ Nature was living bible ○ Disregarded unjust laws ○ Refused to pay taxes and spent night in jail during mexican war Walden (1854) ○ Famous piece ○ Thoreau studied nature staying at a cabin on emersons land and wrote about his experience  “Civil Disobedience” (1849) ○ Essay written by thoreau after spending night in jail ○ He says it's okay to break the law if it is unjust 11/07/2024 Lecture: MAJORITY OF FINAL IS COVERED IN THESE LAST FEW LECTURES Antebellum Reform Movements A. Overview B. Temperance C. Women’s Rights D. Abolitionism E. Schisms in the Abolitionist Movement Overview Reformers sought to improve society and correct injustices Most reformers were white middle-class women ○ Rising middle class allowed women to hire maids and domestic servants often irish immigrants usually women so they could focus on social reform Temperance Most widespread movement ○ In terms of number of people involved and geographic reach Americans drank copious amounts of alcohol ○ Way more than today American temperance union (1833) ○ Ministers founded ○ Aiming efforts in abolishing alcohol and keep people away from drinking ○ Passed a resolution for the abolition of all alcohol Women’s Rights Women’s status had not improved much since the colonial era Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and “Declaration of Sentiments” ○ Discuss rights of women ○ Declared that all men and women are created equal ○ Modeled after declaration of independence, all laws making them inferior should be removed ○ Only ⅓ of delegates signed it; Frederick Douglas signed it Origins come from abolitionist movement where women involved decided they needed to be emancipated themselves Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison ○ Immediatists ○ Founded an abolition paper in boston: the liberator ○ He denounced gradualism Every northern state had abolished slavery by the 1920s they didn't want it to expand because they didn't want to compete with slave labor production they aren't good people who want these people free Gradualists like abraham lincoln didn't want slavery to expand Immediatists demand slavery be abolished immediately and everywhere American Anti-Slavery Society ○ Had 160,000 members Slavery outlawed throughout the British empire (1833) David Walker, Walker’s Appeal (1829) ○ Free black man who owned a clothing store ○ Walker called out hypocrisy of slavery and slaves to rise up against their masters ○ Encouraged people to use power Schisms in the Abolitionist Movement Immediatists vs. Gradualists ○ Immediatists demand slavery be abolished immediately and everywhere ○ Gradualists like abraham lincoln didn't want slavery to expand they thought it would eventually die out Women’s participation in the movement contested ○ Mostly members of groups of only women ○ Not allowed to speak with organizations with men Western Expansion A. Reactions to Abolitionism B. Southern Defense of Slavery C. Western Expansion D. Texas Revolution Reactions to Abolitionism Harriet tubman ○ Most famous conductor of underground railroad ○ Born into slavery in maryland in 1820 ○ She helped 300 slaves escape going 19 times ○ Led as a spy which led to an additional save of 700 slaves Northern reactions to abolitionism ○ Not all whites agreed ○ Elijah P Lovejoy edited a abolitionist paper ○ White mobs destroyed his printed press ○ They armed themselves for further attacks ○ 1837 a mob attacked an abolitionist shot and killed one and they set a fire to the building and shot and killed elijah ○ John Brown hacks pro slavery people to death, tried to instigate a slave uprising Attended one of elijah's memorials to promise he will end slavery Southern Defense of Slavery Bible Slavery as “positive good” ○ John Calhoun upheld slavery Free blacks would demand social and political equality with whites ○ Would undermine white supremacy Western Expansion By 1860, 4.3 million people lived in the West and along the Pacific coast ○ All kinds of people People went West for both economic and religious reasons The Overland Trail Manifest Destiny: America had God-given right to expand Christianity and capitalism across the continent Texas Revolution Stephen F. Austin ○ Visionary land developer convinced that he could settle Texas ○ He said they will serve as a buffer zone between comanche indians in the north and mexicans in the south ○ Most who came were ranchers or farmers Mexico prohibited further immigration in 1830 Santa Anna became dictator ○ Called himself Napolean of the West ○ He imprisoned Austin in 1834  Texas decided to attack and released Austin Alamo ○ Fall of 1835 americans retaliated against Santa Anna ○ Thousands of americans vs 7 million mexicans ○ They surrounded a catholic montessori, William B Travis led the siege ○ Davy Crockett was a wig congressmen there as well ○ In 1836 santa anna demanded they give up but travis shot a cannon ○ Nearly all texans were killed Texas Declaration of Independence ○ 59 delegates signed this declaration ○ Within 17 days the constitution was drafted and a texas government was established Goliad ○ Santa anna killed 300 captured texas here at Goliad Sam Houston ○ Former governor of TN ○ And veteran under andrew jackson Battle of San Jacinto ○ Decisive battle ○ Battle lasted 18 minutes shouting remember the alamo ○ Houston caught mexican army off guard ○ Texans loses were 11 men ○ Santa Ana escaped in underwear but captured next day and lived because he signed a treaty enforcing texas government ○ Sam Houston was first president of Texas ○ They wanted to be annexed but jackson understood that slavery issue would be reignited if texas joined Jackson and Van Buren avoided issue of annexation ○ Ignores annexation issue ○ Van buren ignores issue throughout his presidency The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) A. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo B. The Wilmot Proviso C. “Popular Sovereignty” D. Compromise of 1850 E. Kansas-Nebraska Act Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848 signed) Mexico gave up 500,000 square miles of territory America paid Mexico $15 million Pretty much western half of Mexico The Wilmot Proviso The Wilmot Proviso: ban on slavery in new territories acquired from mexico ○ Approved by house but not senate “Popular Sovereignty”: Residents of each territory would decide whether it would be open to slavery or free ○ Introduced by lewis cast Compromise of 1850 California entered the union as a free state, ending the balance of free and lace states Texas-New Mexico Act: settled Texas boundaries; New Mexico made a separate territory Utah Act: set Utah up as separate territory; territorial legislature given authority over the matter of slavery Fugitive slave act ○ Runaway slaves to be returned to the south Sale of slaves banned in Washington, DC. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) (destroys the whig party and the republican party is born) Repealed Missouri Compromise line at 36’ 30’ ○ Douglas proposed this Kansas and Nebraska territories created Opened to slavery by the principle of popular sovereignty The Politics of Slavery, the Emergence of the Republican Party, and the Coming of the Civil War A. The Republican Party B. “Bleeding Kansas” C. Violence in the Senate D. Election of 1856 E. James Buchanan F. Dred Scott v Sandford G. The Lecompton Constitution H. John Brown’s Raid I. Election of 1860 J. Response in the South The Republican Party Whig Party dissolves ○ Kansas nebraska act destroyed the party “No nothing” party ○ Northern whigs liked this more ○ Combined with southern democrats Republican party: made up by northern whigs, independent democrats, and free-soilers ○ People that want to arrest the spread of slavery to the west also the liberty party is similar to free-soilers Abraham Lincoln ○ Incensed by kansas nebraska act worked to appeal it ○ Thought north should take stance against slavery The Bleeding Kansas Two illegal governments in operation Civil war in the state The Sack of Lawrence John Brown Pottawatomie Creek Massacre Violence in the Senate Preston Brooks of South Carolina beat Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane Election of 1856 First time a major party took a stance against slavery Democrats nominated James Buchanan Endorsed Kansas Nebraska act Parties are becoming more sectional which gives indications of the civil war Buchanan took the south while fremont took most of central and western states. James Buchanan He faced an economic downturn Country unravels under his watch and he has no accomplishments Dred Scott v Sandford Missouri slave taken into illinois where slavery was forbidden when his master died he sued his widow for freedom and wisconsin liberated him from slavery missouri ruled against him but out of appeal went to supreme court Buchanan was pressing at least one judge to rule against scott Stunning defeat for the anti-slavery movement  Roger Taney said he could not bring suit in courts because he is not a citizen, blacks are not citizens free or slaved. Slaves are property and the 5th amendment prohibited taking property without due process of law. Supreme court said the missouri compromise had always been unconstitutional Statement declaring the federal gov was powerless to act on the issue of slavery The Lecompton Constitution Kansas would enter the union as a slave state Referendum on the document sent Boycott and said it was rigged but majority of votes in favor of adopting President buchanan supported the pro slavery Lecompton constitution Submitted ot people of kansas again to compromise again it was rejected Not until 1861 that kansas would enter union as free state Brawling on the House Floor Both sides resided with violence Majority of kansas opposed slavery only 200 slaves in state John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry Took george washington great nephew hostage Slave uprising didn't occur Brown surrendered he killed 4 and wounded 9 Brown was tried for treason and hanged Election of 1860 Republican: Lincoln ○ Stop the spread of slavery to the west ○ Critical of popular sovereignty ○ Endorsed federal funding for transcontinental railroad, higher tariffs, free homesteads on federal land South Democratic: Breckenridge ○ Demanded a federal law protecting slavery Constitutional Union: Bell Northern Democratic: Douglas December 20th 1860 SC seceded from the union and between 1861 all southern states secede  Buchananan did nothing about secession Confederate states’ ordinances of secession: defense and preservation of slavery Lincoln’s inaugural address Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter (4/12/1861) The Civil War Begins A. Overview B. Choosing Sides C. Regional Advantages D. First Bull Run E. Strategies F. The Soldiers and Sailors G. Fighting in the West Overview Fall of Fort Sumter produced wave of patriotism and militarism on both sides Lincoln’s initial objective: maintain the union Fundamental cause of civil war: slavery Choosing Sides Nearly everyone was forced to choose sides Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the confederacy after fighting began Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri: slave state that remained within the union 100,000 southerners fought against the Confederacy 3 million men served on one side or the other Regional Advantages North: Human resources; 23 states and 22 million people to the South’s 11 states and 9 million people North: Industrial development North: Navy South: Fought on its home turf; deep trenches and well-fortified defensive positions South: More experienced officers and better horsemanship First Bull Run (7/21/1861) ○ First significant battle ○ Confederates dug in many thought this would decide the war right here ○ 37,000 union troops marched ○ South rallied with thomas jackson  Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson ○ Look its jackson and his virginians standing like a stonewall ○ Devastation defeat for the north The Union’s “Anaconda” plan ○ Squeezing the south ○ 3 major components: first place constant pressure on confederate capital at richmond; 2nd gain control of the mississ, tennessee, and cumberland rivers to isolate certain sections so they cant coordinate; 3rd blockade the southern coast and ports to prevent from goods getting into confederate hands Confederate Strategy ○ Hold off the union and stalemate the war so northerners would force lincoln to make a settlement The Soldiers and Sailors Ulysses S. Grant ○ Rejoined the army in 1861 after being kicked out 20% of union army made up by immigrants ○ Average age was 26 but 100K under the age of 15 ○ 210K irish served in war; 170K on union side Draft instituted on both sides ○ 18-35 needed to serve 3 years ○ Planters were not drafted ○ If you paid a certain amount you could be exempt so poor were drafted often Why did they fight? ○ Duty, honor and patriotism Divided families Daily life ○ Soldiers life was harsh ○ Struggled against bugs and job tasks Enslaved African Americans Fighting in the West William Quantrill ○ pro-confederate ○ Sacked lawrence kansas killing 182 people fighting under a black flag meaning they would kill anyone who surrendered Jayhawkers ○ Pro union ○ Tortured and hanged pro confederates, burned houses and killed livestock ○ 20K indians fought on one side or the other, those who had slaves were partial to confederacy Stand Watie ○ Cherokee mounted rifles  Ft. Henry (2/6/1862) ○ Grants captured this ft on TN river Ft. Donelson (2/16/1862) ○ On cumberland river victory for grant Nashville (2/24/1862) ○ Union took control of nashville which was capital of TN ○ Johnston was shot and killed ○ Union army was pinned against the river Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862) ○ Costliest battle at this point of time 25% of men were killed or wounded 7 times the casualties of bull run ○ Union failed to pursue fleeing enemy allowing them to regroup ○ Rumor said grant was drinking during the battle but lincoln wanted him to continue New Orleans ○ 3 weeks after shiloh union captures New Orleans ○ Devastating blow to confederate economy ○ 1,500 plantations and 50K slaves taken down Perryville (10/1862) ○ In Kentucky, had federals on the ropes but union reinforcements arrived and they fled to TN so union kept control of kentucky for the rest of the war The Civil War A. Fighting in the East B. The Issue of Emancipation C. Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation D. Fredericksburg; African Americans in the Military E. Women and the War F. Union and Confederate Government Fighting in the East George B. McClellan ○ Fired by lincoln ○ Runs against lincoln but loses and lincoln gets second term ○ Timid he thought they were facing a bunch of troops ○ He had 120,000 troops lead an attack on richmond Seven Pines ○ Confederates attacked here ○ Preventing union army encroachment on richmond ○ Union reinforcements prevented a disaster of a defeat Robert E. Lee ○ Assumed command of northern virginia ○ Changed the course of the war ○ As aggressive as mcclellan was timid Second Bull Run ○ August 30th 1862 fought near major battle of civil war so second bull run ○ Confederate victory The Issue of Emancipation Contrabands (runaways) ○ General put the runaway to work digging trenches, ditching the dead, etc. Lincoln’s anti-slavery measures Outlawed slavery in western territories Abolished slavery in the washington DC Lincoln concluded emancipation was necessary for three reasons: ○ Slave labor was bolstering the confederate cause ○ Morale in the north could be boosted by a transcendent moral ideal ○ End forever the chances of Britain and France supporting the confederacy Antietam as turning point ○ Antietam creek in maryland is where army is created ○ Confederate invasion failed, 6400 killed 17000 wounded ○ 1. It revived sagging northern morale ○ 2. Embolden lincoln to issue the emancipation proclamation ○ 3. Ultimately dashed hopes of the confederacy gaining foreign recognition and aid Emancipation Proclamation transformed the war into a revolutionary struggle to abolish slavery ○ 1862 he issued emancipation and slaves are to be freed by 1863  ○ He began promoting the 13th amendment because constitutionally he can't end slavery in border states Effect on Northern population ○ dems picked up 28 seats ○ Attacked lincoln that he was making everything about slaves ○ Irish protests after draft lottery targeted blacks blaming them for stealing jobs and starting war Reaction from slaves ○ Border state slaves claimed freedom and ran away ○ 100s of thousands of slaves were escaping Ambrose Burnside ○ Effective general ○ side burns comes from this guy Fredericksburg ○ Slaughter pen ○ Not a battle but butchery ○ Union withdrew after 12,600 casualties 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army ○ 38,000 died ○ Quarter of this served in navy 3,000 died here ○ Paid $7 vs $16 for whites 54th Massachusetts ○ All black infantry unit ○ Robert shaw led it ○ Lead division in assault on Ft. Wagner ○ Shaw was killed ○ Fort was never taken Women and the War Freedmen’s Bureau ○ Help free slaves who are living in poverty U.S. sanitary commission ○ Organized medical relief and other services for soldiers ○ A lot of women Nurses ○ 20K women in North alone Clar Barton ○ Famous nurse ○ Followed the union army on her own Plantation managers, clerks, munitions plant workers or school teachers  400 women disguised themselves as men and joined military ○ Dozens served as spies Widows spinsters (never married woman) and orphans grew in number Union and Confederate Government Homestead Act (1862) ○ Granted a free homestead of 160 acres to anyone who would settle and cultivate the land for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) ○ Provided federal aid and public land to state colleges that were teaching agricultural and mechanical arts (Texas A&M) Union Finances ○ North financed the war by institution a federal income tax (1st time ver) under lincoln ○ Morill tariff and excise on manufacturers ○ 450 million printed ○ 2 billion raised from bonds Jefferson davis called for unlimited printing of money which caused mass inflation Confederate finances ○ Disaster from start ○ Tariffs raised little revenue because little was imported in south ○ Union blockade of south ports ○ 10% tax on all ag products ○ Enforcement was lacking so taxes did not generate a lot of revenue ○ Printed 1 billion in paper money causing spike in prices ○ Inflation is through the roof Radical Republicans ○ Wanted lincoln to confiscate south plantations ○ Emancipate all slaves ○ Prosecute war with more vigor ○ Majority of republicans support lincoln War Democrats ○ Fully supported lincoln Copperheads ○ Named after the snake who flirted with outright disloyalty ○ Want war to end and on favorable terms for confederacy ○ “Peace Democrats” Lincoln suspended habius corpus ○ Made trial speedy ○ 14,000 arrested under lincoln Confederate Politics ○ Starving women set off riots in richmond ○ Bread riots The Triumphant Union A. Gettysburg and Vicksburg B. Sherman’s “March to the sea” and Appomattox C. Legacies of the Civil War Gettysburg and Vicksburg Gettysburg: turned the tide of the war in favor of the union ○ Most dramatic fight of the war ○ 65,000 rebels and 85,000 yankees fought on July 1st - July 3rd ○ 16,000 killed on second day ○ Third day general lee against the council of longstreal staked everything ○ The grand charge was a grand failure (pickett's charge) ○ Lee said it was his fault ○ 42,000 on both sides were killed wounded or missing ○ Turned the tide of war in favor of the union ○ Downhill for confederacy Gettysburg Address ○ November 19th 1863 president lincoln ○ All living americans must assure that those killed will not have died in vain and american must emerge united Vicksburg fell: Confederacy divided in two ○ Louisiana, Arkansas and texas cut off from other revel states U.S. Grant’s Pursuit of Lee Grant’s strategy Total war Battle of the wilderness ○ Grant's army was outnumbered by far they had 115,000 ○ The army could be replaced ○ The shrub caught fire in war making it a hellish battlefield. Cold harbor ○ Grant attacked lee's forces at chickahominy river 10 miles from richmond ○ Called the butcher because it costed the union 60,000 killed or wounded in 2 months ○ They wanted to negotiate but lincoln knows what the score is he knows the union can replace its fallen Siege of petersburg ○ Lasted 9 months ○ Lee said it was a mere question of time before retreat or surrender Election of 1864 Lincoln wins against McClellan Sherman’s “March to the sea” ○ 60,000 soldiers cut through georgia where no organized confederate army remained ○ Wanted to wage war on souths troops civilians and economy ○ Wanted to whip the rebels Battle of Franklin ○ November 30 Hood sent his men over 2 miles of open field against a well dug in union position ○ 6,252 rebels were killed or wounded within a few hours a higher death rate than gettysburg Battle of Nashville ○ December 15-16 1864 ○ Federals scatters what remained of hoods army ○ Sherman's forces pushed out in georgia destroying all types of infrastructure Sherman takes savanna ○ Fighting the southern people who he considered enemies ○ Became an infamous march; an example of northern tyranny ○ Freed 40,000 slaves along the way Sherman marched through SC and NC ○ He said these states deserve it ○ Dozen towns burned including state capital ○ Continued into NC ○ Confederate army besieged on all sides ○ Lincoln greeted by african americans as a messiah Appomattox ○ Lee said he would rather die a thousand deaths than surrender Legacies of the Civil War United States preserved Political balance of power shifted from South to North ○ In supreme court and presidency and congress ○ New industries in the north so economy is booming (petroleum) Greatly expanded power and scope of federal government ○ 1860 annual fed budget was 63 million by 1865 it was over 1 billion ○ 1/12 men served in the war and many families were unaffected 730,000 dead ○ Gangrene was a disease of the flesh was rampant ○ Disease killed twice as many as died in battle  ○ 50,000 returned home with at least one limb amputated ○ 50,000 civilians were also killed 13th amendment ○ Liberated 4 million slaves Why did the North win? ○ Overwhelming superiority in manpower and fire power ○ Naval vessels, munitions, ammo, cannons, and people = win ○ South blacked railroads had food shortages and loss of morale ○ Poor coordination and communication ○ Poor leadership in the south as well ○ No state could divorce itself lawfully from the union now Reconstruction 1 A. Lincoln’s 10% plan, Freedmen’s Bureau, and Lincoln’s Assassination B. The Radical Republicans C. Unreconstructed Southerners D. Congressional Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s 10% plan; any confederate state could form a union gov when 10% of southerners who voted in 1860 take an oath of allegiance to the union (low bar) Most republicans agreed with lincoln's plan of restoration of the union; radical republicans did not support this plan Radical Republicans wanted a sweeping transformation of southern society to make free blacks full citizens dismantle the elite and democratic party Argued that congress not the president should oversee construction Passed the wade/davis bill; plan required that a majority of white male citizens declare allegiance to the union which is vastly contrasting compared to 10%, the bill passed both houses but lincoln refused to sign it Freedmen’s Bureau Frederick Douglas remained dependent; no property, friends money. Free but with what? March 1865 this bureau was placed to 1. Negotiate labor contracts 2. Provide medical care food and clothing 3. Special schools; supervising 4K schools teaching 250,000 black students; teachers were women volunteers from north Helped locate family members; legalized marriage Assassination of Lincoln Killed 5 days after lincoln surrendered on April 14th First of 4 american presidents to be assassinated Andrew Johnson Southern unionist Hated planter elite Called himself a jacksonian democrat Shared the racist attitudes of southern whites Implemented restoration plan in summer of 1865 offered amnesty for those who take allegiance to the union Hired provisional governor for each state Wanted to disarm the radicals Didn't want to give votes to a handful of blacks Was impeached but he survived it Radical Republicans Wanted political and social equality for blacks Thadius stevens was one of the most radical Johnson favored states rights Unreconstructed Southerners State legislatures and Southern U.S. congress made up of former confederates Race riots ○ White mobs began killing african americans in new orleans Black codes ○ Restricting the freedom of blacks ○ Varied from state to state ○ Intermarriage between the races was forbidden and violations could put people in prison for life ○ Deprived the freedmen from voting or sitting on juries or testifying against whites ○ Some made blacks to get jobs any job besides plantation or domestic work ○ Revealed that southern states wanted to entrap slavery Congressional Reconstruction Civil rights act of 1866 14th amendment ○ Congress approved and sent to states for ratification ○ Mandated that everyone born in the united states except for indians were protected by the constitution under law Military reconstruction act ○ Established a coherent plan for reconstruction ○ There were 3 acts but this is most important ○ Combined 10 of the confederate states into 5 military districts ○ TN was readmitted to the union cuz it ratified the amendment Reconstruction 2 A. 15th amendment B. White terror, southern “redeemers” and Compromise of 1877 C. Legacy of reconstruction By 1870 all of the former confederate states had been readmitted to the union 15th amendment White violence ○ Most southern whites saw reconstruction as a tragedy ○ Wanted to counter gov rule and assertive blacks ○ Red shirts; white of whites chamilia; and white leagues; all groups that killed and intimidated blacks ○ Worst was KKK formed in 1866 ○ 3 whites killed 3 former slaves simply because they wanted to thin the black community ○ 3 white republicans killed in georgia Grant responded to violence with acts; enforcement acts (1870-1871) ○ KKK act outlawed all activities of the clan ○ Imposed penalties on anyone who attempted to interfere with the vote ○ Several hundred people were jailed ○ Acts were applied unevenly and white violence escalated even more Conservative Redeemers Democrats ○ 1873 democrats killed 81 blacks ○ Aimed to overthrow government ○ Resorted to fraud violence and intimidation ○ Democratic party did not found KKK but KKK helped democrats rise to power North lost interest in federal enforcement of Reconstruction ○ North is tired of blacks ○ Democrats in south called themselves conservatives By 1876 most of the radical republican regimes had been ousted from power ○ Compromise of 1877 ○ Democrats allowed hayes to become president in return for him taking the troops out of the south ○ Hayes withdrew the troops ○ White dems took over state govs Legacy of Reconstruction ○ Former slaves tried to achieve dignity and equality in american life ○ African Americans created or strengthened their own institutions ○ Reconstruction notable for its limitations ○ 14th and 1th amendments laid a basis for freedom in the 1960s  EXAM 3 Review 2 Hours 50 questions 30 multiple choice African culture and slavery Main ideas and characteristics ○ Slave life Centered around the plantation; their were roles within the structure ○ Rural vs City City slaves had more freedom of movement and could interact with others Rural slaves tended fields from sunup to sundown ○ Slave family and religion Afro-chrisitinaity : blend of african, caribbean, and christian beliefs Had nuclear families (mom and dad 2 kids and a dog) Slavery was worse for women than men because of sexual abuse Second Great Awakening Main ideas ○ Methodists and baptists ○ Another revival ○ Think american society will fall apart without religion because of the increase of modernity ○ Methodist church recruited africans Legacy ○ First time african americans and women were able to openly preach Transcendentalism What is it ○ Romantic movement in art, thought, and literature that questioned whether scientific objectivity and rationalism could truly explain the world William Lloyd Garrison Significance ○ immediatist : want to abolish slavery immediately ○ Flooded the south with anti-slavery literature ○ Had a popular newspaper that had prominent black following ○ Had a bunch of haters - people against abolition Harriet Tubman Significance ○ underground railroad ○ Helps 300 slaves escape to the north Manifest Destiny Significance  ○ American belief they have a God given right to go west ○ Oregon and california are attractive because of gold Sam Houston Significance ○ Commander in chief of the texas army ○ Governor of tennessee ○ 1812 veteran ○ Battle of San Jacinto 1836 Texans launched an attack against the mexican army Santa Ana escaped but is caught the next day Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty Main ideas ○ Mexico gave up lots of land ○ U.S. paid $15 million Significance ○ Mexican army war reignites debates over slavery Wilmot Proviso Main ideas ○ Ban on slavery in new territories from mexico ○ Put forth by David Wilmot Approved by the house and blocked in the senate \ Argued that 36 30 line should be extended to the pacific Significance ○ Popular sovereignty: each territory can decide to be admitted as free or not Compromise of 1850 Significance ○ California and new mexico entered the union as free states ○ Texas-new mexico act ○ Utah act ○ Fugitive slave act Kansas-Nebraska Act Main ideas ○ 1854 ○ Repealed the missouri compromise line at 36 30 Significance ○ Let states decide if they want to be free or not ○ Kansas and nebraska territories created  ○ Destroys the whig party; republican party is born from this act “Bleeding” Kansas ○ Abolitionists and slavery supporters flood to kansas to try to sway the vote ○ They resort to violence Dred Scott v Sanford Main ideas ○ 1857 ○ Dred Scott sued his owner’s widow for freedom after being taken to wisconsin where slavery was illegal Significance ○ Slaves were not considered citizens of the U.S., they don’t have rights in free states The South Main ideas and characteristics ○ Heavy reliance on slave labor ○ Centered around cotton farming ○ Typically democrats ○ Had experienced soldiers and officers ○ Had no navy The North Main ideas and characteristics ○ Industrious society ○ Had a lot more people ○ Had a navy ○ Firearms and railroads Civil War Causes Battles ○ Antietam 1862 Lee assembles an army at antietam creek Battle came to a draw Was a major turning point in the war Helped northern morale Lincoln issues emancipation proclamation ○ Gettysburg 1863  Turning point in favor of the union Lee makes a charge at the union troops resulting in mass casualties for the confederacy ○ First battle of bull run 1861 First major battle of the war The union attacks the confederates; believed that it would be the only battle of the war at first Defeat for the north ○ Fort Sumter Is the first battle of the war (kicks off the war just not very significant) Confederacy attacks fort sumter ○ Appomattox Lee surrendered to Grant on April 5th 1865 End of the war Appomattox courthouse People ○ Robert E. Lee Confederate army general His command changes the course of the war Slave owning virginian Known for his aggression ○ Ulysses S. Grant General in charge of the union army Fighting style was total war Was better than McClellan because he pursued Lee’s army ○ Abraham Lincoln President Illinois congressman Served two terms Gettysburg Address Two minute speech Sought to honor the union soldiers who died ○ George B McClellan Former union army general Cast aside because he was too cautious in wartime ○ William T Sherman Another union army general Worked with Grant to achieve total war Led sherman’s march to the sea Legacy ○ Emancipation proclamation ○ Abolition of slavery ○ Shifted power balance from the south to the north  ○ Expanded the power and scope of the federal government ○ A bunch of people died ○ 13th amendment Liberating 4 million slaves ○ United States is preserved ○ War boosted the northern economy ○ Why did the north win? Had more people and firepower South lacked industry, disease, had food shortages, and lost morale Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Codes Main ideas ○ 1865 ○ Bureau was an organization that helped newly freed slaves find work, housing, and reunited families ○ 1866; Black Codes: successors of black codes; discriminatory laws against blacks Reconstruction Presidential ○ Lincoln’s 10% Plan Main ideas 10% of those who voted in 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the union Excluded: high ranking officers in the confederacy, diplomats, those accused of treating black soldiers and officers as POWS (prisoners of war) Significance Allowed for immediate restoration of the south to the union Congressional 14th and 15th amendments ○ Main ideas 14th; gave citizenship to anyone born in the U.S.(except native americans); equal protection under the law, state cannot infringe upon life, liberty, or property. 15th; gave black men the right to vote ○ Significance Overturned dred scott vs sandford ○ Legacy African Americans created or strengthened their own institutions Known for its limitations 14th and 15th amendments laid basis of freedom in the 1960s Former slaves tried to achieve dignity and equality in american life Compromise of 1877 Main ideas ○ Settled the 1876 election ○ 19 electoral votes were contested ○ Democrats say they will conceded if the northern army moves out of the south Significance ○ Allowed southern society to revert to a white ruling class ○ Reconstruction was over