Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-6) PDF

Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-6) 1\. Recognize and describe the common characteristics of all living organisms 2\. Recognize and describe the levels of structural organization of living multicellular organisms. 3\. Recognize all of the body systems, their component organs and their basic functio...

Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-6) 1\. Recognize and describe the common characteristics of all living organisms 2\. Recognize and describe the levels of structural organization of living multicellular organisms. 3\. Recognize all of the body systems, their component organs and their basic functions 4\. Define anatomy and physiology and understand the relationship between them. 5\. Define the anatomical position and be able to use various directional terms, regional terms and planes of section 6\. Understand the Organization of the body into body cavities 7\. Name the three serous membranes and their associated organs and cavities. 8\. Define homeostasis. How does the body maintain homeostasis? 9\. Define feedback loops and recognize the components of a feedback loop. Differentiate between positive and negative feedback loops and know which processes are maintained by either positive or negative feedback loops. 10\. Describe an atom and how atomic structure affects interactions between atoms. Define atom, ion, cation, anion, electrolyte 11\. Compare the ways in which atoms combine to form molecules and compounds. 12\. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 13\. Explain how the chemical properties of water make life possible. 14\. Describe the p H scale and the role of buffers in body fluids. 15\. Describe the functional roles of acids, bases, and salts. 16\. Recognize the structures and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. 17\. Discuss the structures and functions of high-energy compounds (ATP). What are the products of the hydrolysis of A T P? 18\. Explain the relationship between chemicals and cells. 19\. What attracts water molecules to each other List the chemical properties of water that make life possible. 20\. Define dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. 21\. Recognize the reaction where glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is converted into two three-carbon molecules. 22\. Distinguish between inorganic compounds and organic compounds. 23\. Define p H, and explain how the p H scale relates to acidity and alkalinity. 24\. Define the following terms: acid, base, and salt 25\. Identify six elements common to organic compounds. 26\. Identify the biochemical building blocks that are the components of cells. 27\. List the main points of the cell theory. 28\. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane and the structures that enable it to perform those functions. 29\. Describe the processes of cellular diffusion and osmosis, and explain their physiological roles. 30\. Describe carrier-mediated transport and vesicular transport processes used by cells to absorb or remove specific substances. 31\. Describe the organelles of a typical cell and indicate their specific functions. 32\. Describe interphase, and identify its stages. 33\. Define mitosis, and list its four stages. 34\. What would happen if spindle fibers failed to form in a cell during mitosis? 35\. Define histology 36\. What are the four types of primary tissues the human body is composed of? 37\. Define; extracellular matrix, ground substance 38\. What are the components of matrix, ground substance? Understand the different functions of each of the components. 39\. What are the different types of cell junctions found in these tissues? What are they composed of? 40\. What are the general characteristics of all epithelial tissues? 41\. What are the components and classifications of epithelial tissues in the human body? 42\. What are the different functions and locations in the body of the individual types of epithelial tissues? 43\. What is a gland? What are the two types of glands? What type of tissue are glands derived from? What are the specific types of glands within each of the two groups? 44\. What are the general characteristics and functions of connective tissue? 45\. What are the specific types of connective tissues, their specific functions and locations within the body? What cells are found in connective tissue and what are their specific functions? 46\. What are the components of muscle tissue? What are the three types of muscle tissue? Describe the microscopic structure of the three different types of muscle tissue. 47\. What are the two groups of cells in nervous tissue? What are the components and characteristics of each? 48\. What is a membrane? What are the true membranes and membrane like structures in the human body? What are their components and characteristics? 49\. What are the different types of tissue repair? What factors affect tissue repair? 50\. What is the integument and its components? 51\. What are the two layers of the skin? What are their sublayers and components, cells, cell derived structures and organization? Understand the functional and structural relationship between the dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. 52\. What is the hypodermis? What type of tissue is it composed of? Where is it located? 53\. What are the functions of the integumentary system? 54\. What is the difference between thick and thin skin? 55\. What are the different types of skin pigmentation? What are their sources? What are their functions? 56\. How can we use skin color as a diagnostic tool? What is pallor, cyanosis, erythema? 57\. What are the accessory structures of the integument? 58\. What are the structural components of hair? Nails? 59\. What are the different types of glands associated with the skin? Where are they located and what are their specific functions? 60\. What are the different classes of skin burns? What is the rule of nines in reference to skin burns? 61\. What are the three types of skin cancer, which is the most common, most dangerous, which cells are involved in the specific cancer? 62\. Know the functions of the skeletal system 63\. Bone classification by shape 64\. Red marrow-v-yellow marrow, components and functions Osseous tissue, microscopic structure (histology), organic-v-inorganic matrix components, bone cells, location and function, compact osseous tissue-v-spongy tissue, osteon structure Process of ossification or osteogenesis, intramembranous-v-endochondral Bone growth, in width-v-length Hormone control of bone growth/formation Bone remodeling and repair Factors affecting bone growth and remodeling Stages of bone repair\ Types of bone fractures