Biology Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-6)

Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-6)

• Recognize common characteristics of all living organisms, and describe the levels of structural organization of multicellular organisms.
• Recognize body systems, their component organs, and their basic functions.
• Define anatomy and physiology, and understand their relationship.
• Define anatomical position and use directional and regional terms, and planes of section.
• Understand the organization of the body into body cavities.
• Name the three serous membranes and their associated organs and cavities.
• Define homeostasis and how the body maintains it.
• Define feedback loops, recognize components, and differentiate between positive and negative feedback loops.
• Describe an atom, how atomic structure affects interactions between atoms, define atom, ion, cation, anion, and electrolyte.
• Compare how atoms combine to form molecules and compounds.
• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
• Explain how the chemical properties of water make life possible.
• Describe the pH scale and the role of buffers in body fluids.
• Describe the functional roles of acids, bases, and salts.
• Recognize structures and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Discuss structures and functions of high-energy compounds (ATP) and products of ATP hydrolysis.
• Explain the relationship between chemicals and cells.
• Explain the chemical properties of water that make life possible.
• Define dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
• Recognize the reaction where glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is converted to two three-carbon molecules.
• Distinguish between inorganic and organic compounds.
• Define pH, and explain how pH relates to acidity and alkalinity, and why extreme changes are undesirable.
• Define acid, base, and salt.
• Identify six elements common to organic compounds.
• Identify biochemical building blocks that are components of cells.
• List main points of the cell theory.
• Describe functions of the plasma membrane and structures enabling function.
• Describe cellular diffusion and osmosis, and explain their physiological roles.
• Describe carrier-mediated transport and vesicular transport.
• Describe organelles of a typical cell and their specific functions.
• Describe interphase and identify its stages.
• Define mitosis and its stages.
• Describe what happens if spindle fibers fail to form in a cell during mitosis.
• Define histology.
• List four types of primary tissues in the human body.
• Define extracellular matrix and ground substance.
• Understand components of matrix and ground substance and their functions.
• Identify cell junctions found in tissues, and describe what they are composed of.
• Identify general characteristics of epithelial tissues.
• Describe components and classifications of epithelial tissues in the human body.
• Identify functions and locations of individual types of epithelial tissues.
• Define gland, types of glands, and tissue origin of glands.
• Identify general characteristics and functions of connective tissue.
• Detail specific types of connective tissues, their functions, and location.
• Describe components of muscle tissue, types of muscle tissue, and microscopic structures of different muscle tissue types.
• Discuss groups of cells in nervous tissue, components, and characteristics.
• Describe membranes and membrane-like structures in the human body and their components and characteristics.
• Detail different types of tissue repair, and factors affecting repair.
• Explain the layers of skin, sublayers, components, and relationship between dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis.
• Define hypodermis and its tissue composition and location.
• Explain functions of the integumentary system.
• Explain the difference between thick and thin skin.
• Identify different types of skin pigmentation, their sources and functions.
• Explain how to use skin color as a diagnostic tool, and define key terms.
• Describe accessory structures of the integument.
• Identify structural components of hair and nails.
• Describe types of glands associated with skin, location, and functions.
• Identify different classes of skin burns, and explain the rule of nines.
• Explain three types of skin cancer, common, dangerous, and involved cells.
• Explain the functions of the skeletal system.
• Classify bones by shape.
• Describe red marrow and yellow marrow, components, and functions.
• Describe osseous tissue, microscopic structure, organic-inorganic matrix components, bone cells, locations, function, compact-spongy tissue, osteon structure, ossification (osteogenesis), intramembranous/endochondral, bone growth, hormone control, bone remodeling, repair, and stages of bone repair.
• Describe different types of bone fractures.