Biology 1217 Anatomy & Physiology I Study Guide PDF

Biology 1217 – Anatomy & Physiology I STUDY GUIDE – EXAM 1 Introduction thru Cell Organelles Introto A&P 1.List the levels of organization in sequence from the atom to organism 2.Describe the primary function of each major organ s...

Biology 1217 – Anatomy & Physiology I STUDY GUIDE – EXAM 1 Introduction thru Cell Organelles Introto A&P 1.List the levels of organization in sequence from the atom to organism 2.Describe the primary function of each major organ system in the body. 3.Describe the major body cavities and membranes of the body. 4.Define homeostasis a. Describe how homeostasis is maintained through positive & negative feedback b. List different examples of positive & negative feedback mechanisms 5. Define the following directional terms and apply them to body organization. Be able to use them to describe the relationships between body parts a. superior b. inferior c. anterior d. posterior e. medial f. lateral g. proximal h. distal i. central j. peripheral 6. Define the following anatomical planes and describe how they divide the body: a. Sagittal, midsagittal, transverse (horizontal, cross-section), frontal (coronal) The Chemical Level of Organization 1. List the components of an atom. a. List the properties of each component. 2. What does the atomic number represent? 3. What does the mass number represent? 4. Describe an isotope. Give examples of some isotopes. 5. Describe an ion. a. How are ions formed? b. Describe a cation. Give examples c. Describe an anion. Give examples 6. What are valence electrons and why are they important? 7. Describe the difference between ionic, non-polar covalent, and polar covalent bonds. a. Give examples of each type. 8. Describe the importance of hydrogen bonds. 9. Define catabolism and anabolism. a. Be able to identify a reaction as either catabolic or anabolic. 10.Define kinetic, potential, and activation energy. 11.Define and describe a catalyst Organic & Inorganic Compounds 12.Describe the difference between inorganic & organic compounds. 13.List the properties of water. 14.Define: acid, base, and buffer. a. Understand the pH scale (0-14). 15.Describe the structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 1  16.Carbohydrates: a. Describe and give examples of: i. monosaccharides ii. disaccharides iii. polysaccharides 17.Lipids: a. List the properties of a lipid b. What is a triglyceride composed of? c. How are fats different from oils? d. Describe the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid. i. How does a monounsaturated fatty acid differ from a polyunsaturated fatty acid? e. Describe a phospholipid. Where are they primarily found in a cell? f. What are steroids derived from? i. give examples of steroids. 18.Proteins: a. Describe the structure of an amino acid. b. Describe a peptide bond. c. Describe how a polypeptide is formed. d. Define primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary structure. e. Define denaturation. a. List the factors that can alter protein structure. 19.Nucleic Acids: a. Describe the structure of a nucleotide. b. Describe a molecule of DNA. c. Describe the difference between a molecule of DNA & RNA. d. Describe the function of: i. DNA ii. RNA 20.Describe the function of ATP. The Cellular Level of Organization 21.Describe the function of the following structure/organelle: a. Nucleus b. Nucleolus c. Mitochondria d. Ribosomes e. Smooth ER f. Rough ER g. Golgi complex h. Lysosomes i. Centrioles j. Cytoskeleton k. Cilia & flagella 22.Describe the composition of the plasma membrane. a. List the two types of membrane proteins and their functions. 23.Compare & contrast simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. a. Describe simple diffusion 2  i. what type of substances can diffuse directly across the PM? ii. list the factors that affect the rate of diffusion. b. Describe facilitated diffusion c. Describe active transport 24.Define osmosis. 25.Define each of the following and describe what would happen to a red blood cell that is placed in each: a. isotonic solution b. hypertonic solution c. hypotonic solution. 26.Define: a. Endocytosis b. Phagocytosis c. Pinocytosis d. Exocytosis 3