Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What best describes homeostasis?

  • The maintenance of a stable internal environment. (correct)
  • The process of growth and development.
  • Ignoring external stimuli to focus on internal conditions.
  • A constant change in internal conditions.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

  • Midsagittal
  • Transverse
  • Sagittal
  • Frontal (coronal) (correct)

Which statement accurately differentiates between a cation and an anion?

  • Cations are larger than anions.
  • Cations have a neutral charge while anions have a charge.
  • Cations are negatively charged, anions are positively charged.
  • Cations lose electrons, anions gain electrons. (correct)

What is the primary difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

<p>Ionic bonds involve transferring electrons, while covalent bonds involve sharing electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding valence electrons?

<p>They determine how an atom bonds with others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an organic compound?

<p>Typically consists of large, complex molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

<p>Provide a quick source of energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

<p>Sweating reduces body temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms best describes a substance with a pH of 3?

<p>Acidic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is associated with the position of an object?

<p>Potential energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids contain fewer hydrogen atoms. (A), Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

<p>Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond; polyunsaturated have two or more. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phospholipids in a cell?

<p>To form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are steroids primarily derived from?

<p>Cholesterol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the basic building block of proteins?

<p>Amino acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary structure from primary structure in proteins?

<p>Secondary structure involves hydrogen bonding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>RNA is involved in protein synthesis; DNA stores genetic information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ATP in cells?

<p>To provide energy for cellular processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>To synthesize proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a red blood cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?

<p>It shrinks due to water loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons.

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Ion

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge.

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Cation

An atom that has lost electrons, giving it a positive charge.

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Anion

An atom that has gained electrons, giving it a negative charge.

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Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, responsible for chemical bonding.

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Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

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Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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Unsaturated fatty acid

Fatty acids with at least one double bond between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. They can be either monounsaturated (one double bond) or polyunsaturated (more than one double bond).

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Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. They are fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.

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Phospholipid

A type of lipid made up of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group. The phosphate group is hydrophilic (water-loving), while the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (water-fearing). This structure makes phospholipids ideal for forming cell membranes.

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Steroid

A type of lipid that is characterized by a four-ring structure. These molecules are the structural basis for a variety of hormones and other signaling molecules that play important roles in animal biology.

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Amino acid

The building blocks of proteins. They have a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R-group). The R-group determines the specific properties of each amino acid.

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Peptide bond

A covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the release of a water molecule. This bond is essential for the formation of polypeptide chains.

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Polypeptide

A linear chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. They are formed by the sequential addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain, which continues until a stop signal is reached.

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Primary structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It is determined by the genetic code and dictates the primary structure of a protein.

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Secondary structure

The three-dimensional structure of a protein resulting from interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds) between amino acids in the polypeptide chain. This level of structure forms alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

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Tertiary structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by interactions between different parts of the polypeptide chain. Provides the protein's unique function.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

  • List the levels of organization from atoms to organisms
  • Describe the primary function of major organ systems
  • Describe major body cavities and membranes
  • Define homeostasis
    • Describe how homeostasis is maintained through positive and negative feedback
    • Provide examples of positive and negative feedback mechanisms
  • Define directional terms (superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, central, peripheral) and apply them to body organization
  • Define anatomical planes (sagittal, midsagittal, transverse, frontal/coronal) and how they divide the body

Chemical Level of Organization

  • List the components of an atom and their properties
  • Define atomic number and mass number
  • Describe isotopes and give examples
  • Describe ions and how they form
    • Define cation and anion, and give examples
  • Explain valence electrons and their importance
  • Compare and contrast ionic, non-polar covalent, and polar covalent bonds and give examples
  • Describe the importance of hydrogen bonds
  • Define catabolism and anabolism and identify reactions as catabolic or anabolic
  • Define kinetic, potential, and activation energy
  • Define and describe a catalyst

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

  • Describe the difference between inorganic and organic compounds
  • List the properties of water
  • Define acid, base, and buffer and explain the pH scale (0-14)
  • Describe the structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Cellular Level of Organization

  • Describe the function of ATP
  • Describe the function of specific organelles (nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella)
  • Describe the composition of the plasma membrane
  • List the two types of membrane proteins and their functions
  • Compare and contrast simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
  • Describe simple diffusion and its factors influencing the diffusion rate
  • Describe the types of substances that diffuse directly through and across the plasma membrane

Osmosis and Cellular Transport

  • Define osmosis
  • Describe what happens to a red blood cell in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
  • Define endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in anatomy and physiology, including the levels of organization in biological systems, the function of organ systems, and the principles of homeostasis. Additionally, it explores the chemical level of organization, discussing atomic structure and chemical bonding. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in human biology.

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