Evolution -TFN prelims reviewer.pdf

Evolution of Nursing Believed that medicine man was called shaman or witch What is intuition? doctor having the power to heal Nursing was “untaught” and using white magic. insti...

Evolution of Nursing Believed that medicine man was called shaman or witch What is intuition? doctor having the power to heal Nursing was “untaught” and using white magic. instinctive. It was performed of Trephining compassion for others, out of the wish Music or singing was often to help others. used to drive away spirits Nurse’s role was instinctive and Trephination: is one of the directed toward comforting, oldest surgical procedures practicing midwifery and being wet known to humanity and refers nurse to a child. to a surgical procedure in which INTUITIVE PERIOD (PRIMITIVE a circular piece of bone is ERA – 6TH CENTURY) drilled and excised, most What is intuition? commonly from the human Nursing was “untaught” and skull. instinctive. It was performed of Prehistoric Medical Practice compassion for others, out of Use of mercury the wish to help others. Blood Letting with the use of Nurse’s role was instinctive and leeches directed toward comforting, Lobotomies practicing midwifery and being Heroin for headaches wet nurse to a child Electroconvulsive Therapy Nursing was a function that (ECT) belonged to women. Trephining No caregiving training is Cannibalistic Medical Practices evident Primitive men believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim’s body of evil spirits RISE OF THE EARLY magical thinking and describes CIVILIZATION AND ANCIENT in exquisite detail the CITIES AND THEIR examination, diagnosis, CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICINE treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. Mesopotamia The KahunGynaecological No distinction between rational Papyrus treats women's science and magic complaints, including problems Diagnostic Handbook - with conception. introduced the methods of The earliest known physician is therapy and cause. The text also credited to ancient Egypt contains a list of medical ("Chief of Dentists and symptoms and often detailed Physicians" for King Djoser in empirical observations along the 27th century BCE) with logical rules used in Peseshet – Earliest known combining observed symptoms woman physician. on the body of a patient with its INDIA diagnosis and prognosis The Atharvaveda – Ancient text Asipu – Medical Authority/ dealing with Medicine Exorcist- Healer Ayurveda – “Complete Prophylaxis knowledge for long life” Mental Illness is associated Medical system of India with 8 with Deities branches of medicine EGYPT Charaka and Sushruta– 2 most Egyptians are considered “The famous medical texbooks that Healthiest of all men” describes physical Public Health System examinations, diagnosis, Medical information in the treatment and prognosis and Edwin Smith Papyrus may date several surgical procedures. to a time as early as 3000 BC. It Suśrutasamhitā- Describes details cures ailment and several surgical procedures anatomical observation GREECE AND ROMAN EMPIRE Edwin Smith Papyrus is an Wound treatment ancient textbook on surgery The Romans attempted to almost completely devoid of maintain vigorous health,  because illness was a sign of weaknes Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek physicians. Both groups were looked upon as inferior by Roman society THE APPRENTICE PERIOD (6TH CENTURY- 18TH CENTURY) What is an apprentice? Period of “on the job” training. From the founding of the Religious orders in the 11th century up to 1836 with the establishment of the Kaiserwerth Institute for training of Deaconesses THE APPRENTICE PERIOD (6TH CENTURY- 18TH CENTURY) Nursing performed without any formal education and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses Founding of religious order Philippines: The sick needed a spin doctor(“herbolario” or “albolario”) to drive the: ★ Dwarves ★ Witches ★ Omens ★ Curses ★ Evil Spirits MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORK Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian) - Also known as “Knight Hospitalers” They founded Hospitals Teutonic Knights (German)- Established tent hospitals for the wounded Knights of St. Lazarus- Founded primarily for nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem The Alexian Brothers were members of a monastic order founded 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing the largest School of Nursing under religious order. It operated exclusively for men in United States IMPORTANT NURSING Founded in 1873 in New York, PERSONAGES It was the first school of St. Clare - founder of the nursing in the United States to second order of St. Francis of be founded on the principles of Assisi. nursing established by Florence St. Elizabeth of Hungary – Nightingale known as the “Patroness of Philippines Nurses”, she was the daughter Iloilo Mission Hospital School of of the Hungarian King. She Nursing lived her life frugally despite – Established in 1906 it is the first her wealth hospital in the Philippines which St. Catherine of Siena – The trained Filipino nurse first lady with the lamp. She was a hospital nurse, 19TH CENTURY—THE prophetess, researcher and a HUMANISTIC INFLUENCE OF reformer of society and the NIGHTINGALE church In the mid 1800s in England, RENNAISANCE PERIOD (DARK Pastor Theodore and Friederike PERIOD) Fliedner started a hospital in Also known as the period of Kaiserworth, Germany. They reformation and American civil created training programs for war Hospitals were closed nurses when they realized there Nursing was the works of least was no workforce for the desirable people hospital. Nurses were uneducated, filthy It was with Fliedner’s program and overworked Mass exodus that Florence Nightingale of nurses “trained” 1ST TRAINING SCHOOL OF Florence Nightingale NURSING Born on May 12, 1820 United States of America Born to a wealthy English Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing parents Known as “The mother of modern nursing” “The Lady with the Lamp” and “Professional Nurse Pioneer  Most famous for her work during the Crimean War (1854-1856) Under Florence’s leadership, the nurses brought cleanliness, sanitation, nutritious food and comfort to the patients. Nightingale was known for providing the kind of personal care, like writing letters home for soldiers, that comforted them and improved their psychological health Her group of nurses transformed the hospital into a healthy environment within six months, and as a result, the death rate of patients fell from 40 to 2 percent. In 1857, Florence returned home a heroine. It was the soldiers in Crimea that initially named her the “Lady with the Lamp” because of the reassuring sight of her carrying around a lamp to check on the sick and wounded during the night, and the title remained with her. Published in 1859 Notes on Nursing provides a simple but practical discussion of good patient care, along with helpful hints. According to Florence Nightingale, hygiene, sanitation, fresh air, proper lighting, a good diet, warmth, quietness and attentiveness were necessary conditions for hospitals and were to be ensured by trained nurses. Nightingale implemented handwashing and other hygiene practices in the war hospital in which she worked. More soldiers die because from infection than from bullets she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. EDUCATION PERIOD (18TH – 20TH CENTURY) Florence Nightingale was one of the pioneers in establishing the idea of nursing schools from her base at St Thomas' Hospital, London in 1860 when she opened the 'Nightingale Training School for Nurses’, now part of King's College London. NIGHTINGALE SCHOOL OF NURSING During the war a public subscription fund was set up for Florence Nightingale to continue her education of nurses in England, and the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas’ Hospital opened in 1860. The education of recruits involved a year of practical instruction in the wards, supplemented with courses of lecturing, and followed by two years of work experience in the hospital. After graduation, many of the students staffed British hospitals, and others spread the Nightingale education system to other countries.  NIGHTINGALE SCHOOL OF NURSING 1. Government funds should allotted to nursing education First nurse political activist 2. Training schools of Nursing should be in close affiliation 3. Professional nurses should train nurses be 4. Nursing students should be provided with residence near their training hospitals Written orders of doctors were insisted Nurses should go with doctors during their rounds 5. All nurses must be trained, in a regular civil hospital 6. Training was fundamentally on the apprenticeship model: hands-on, in the wards, under the ward sister 7. Classes, given by medical doctors, augmented training in the wards 8. The “home sister” or “mistress of probationers” organized the training 9. District nurses had to be hospital trained (or they would not see enough serious cases) 10. Midwifery nurses had to be hospital trained 11. Training was required for administrative positions 12. Probationers kept diaries and case notes of their work, examined by the matron and home sister, and often by Nightingale. 13. A major component of training was moral: ethical standards for patient care 14. Technical training had to be updated 15. A Probationers’ Home should be provided, with a private room for each, comfortable (common) living 16. Responsibility for probationers’ health and safety, including rules to prevent septicemia and ongoing monitoring of probationers’ health 17. Certificates and letters of reference had to be dated and were relevant only for a short time 18. A matron should have a housekeeper under her so that she could concentrate on the nursing and the nurse training 19. The superintendent herself must have the highest knowledge of nursing, be herself resident in the hospital, make the training in nursing her first object, and be herself a trained nurse of the highest order. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (21ST Nurses earned the respect of CENTURY) those they served with, and What is nursing at present? Where is they were decision- makers. Nursing going? That was very different for What is it in search of? them, not just as nurses but as NURSING AFTER WORLD women WAR I NURSING AFTER WORLD WAR II The silver lining of the great New Opportunities for Women: war Wartime and the American Volume of patients drastically Workforce change the role of nurses Nurses on the Front Lines The nurses performed triage as The Scars of War: PTSD in patients came in on ambulance WWII Nurses (Post Traumatic trains, directed corpsmen who Stress Disorder) had little medical training, RISE OF THE BSN CURRICULUM managed entire wards of The Degree of Bachelor of patients and performed a Science in Nursing: 1941 – variety of procedures, including 1951 irrigating wounds and A nursing curriculum which managing infection. was based on the thesis Dependent to Independent presented by Julita V. Sotejo, nursing practice graduate of the Philippine Good Infection control and General Hospital School of wound care even with the Nursing, tackles on the absence of antibiotics and development of a nursing electricity education within a American nurses worked on University-based College of base hospitals, hospital trains, Nursing. hospital ships, field hospitals, When the Japanese occupied camp hospitals and even the Philippines in 1942, training evacuation hospitals and mobile and practice at the hospital units. schools of nursing in Manila Mobilizing women and women was “violently disrupted.” empowerment However, U.S. colonial patterns in Philippine nursing education  soon returned after the U.S. gained independence from the reclaimed the country in 1945 U.S. July 4, 1946. and even after the Philippines The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines University of Santo Tomas-College of Nursing (1946) In 1947, the Bureau of Private Schools permitted UST to grant the title Graduate Nurse to the 21 students who were of advanced standing from 1948 up to the present Manila Central University-College of Nursing (1947) The MCU Hospital first offered BSN and Doctor of Medicine degrees in 1947 and served as the clinical field for practice. University of the Philippines Manila-College of Nursing (1948) The idea of opening the college began in a conference between Miss Julita Sotejo and UP President. In April 1948, the University Council approved the curriculum, and the Board of Regents recognized the profession as having an equal standing as Medicine, Engineering etc. Miss JulitaSotejo was its first dean. NURSING AT PRESENT Nursing at present can be understood as an emerging profession, and an academic discipline. It is also a human science (Mitchell & Cody, 1992). Nursing practice today is an “interaction of the processes of knowing and doing” (Lindeman &McAthie, 1999, p. 35). The nurse of today is a knowledge worker, one who is consciously using knowledge while implementing and evaluating every nursing action (Lindeman &McAthie, 1999). WHERE IS NURSING GOING? Nursing will continue to face the challenges in terms of knowledge development. As an emerging discipline (branch of educational instruction), it was influenced by logical positivism, and thus knowledge generation has stressed traditional, orthodox, and experimental methods, but this era has challenged this viewpoint because nurses are now torn between emphasizing a humanistic holistic focus or objectively and scientifically derive means of comprehending reality (McEwen & Wills, 2007). It is the contention of Brooks & Klein-Kracht(1983) that nursing has returned to its humanistic  philosophical aspects and that it is going back to the basics to “recapture its roots.” WHAT IS IT IN SEARCH OF? Nursing to this day is still in search of nursing knowledge. This search is evident in the statement “ The knowledge that constitutes the discipline has not yet been identified and structured, and agreement has not been reached concerning appropriate and needed inclusions”.( Schlotfeldt, 1992 as cited by McEwen et al, 2007).