Evolution of Nursing Profession PDF

# Evolution of Nursing Profession ## Introduction - Nursing is one of the oldest natural arts and vital professions all over the world. - It is naturally done by the mother (the essential caregiver in the family). - The word *nurse* was derived from the Latin word *nutricius*, which means nourishi...

# Evolution of Nursing Profession ## Introduction - Nursing is one of the oldest natural arts and vital professions all over the world. - It is naturally done by the mother (the essential caregiver in the family). - The word *nurse* was derived from the Latin word *nutricius*, which means nourishing and is one of the most essential basic human needs. - Simply nursing is caring of others in health as well as illness. ## Journey of Nursing Development (phases) from ancient times until today (21st century) 1. **Ancient civilization** - During the earliest civilizations (5000 B.C): Illness was believed to be a supernatural power, a devil spirit, or punishment from God. - Disease literally means *dis-ease*. - To be healthy means to obey God - Witchcraft started to control and heal sick people. - The magicians, shamans, religious men and sorcerers played a master role in treatment and punishment. - Women in those times were considered subordinate to men as wives, daughters, or even assistants, even when she was the only caregiver for the family in both health and illness. - The ancient Egyptians medical practices were very impressive and the Egyptian *Imhotep* is known as the first physician. - It is believed that he lived around 2700 B.C. and the physician hired women, later known as midwives, to assist with childbirth. These women were first recorded as nurses. - Hebrews (Jewish) practiced preventive medicine as long ago as 1200 to 600 B.C (Moses Mosaic???) - In ancient Egypt, Babylonia and Samaria, rich families were the primary recipients of nursing care. 2. **Greece and the Roman Empire** - The Greeks established centers to care for the injured and sick called hospitals or hostels. - Warm water, mineral baths, and massage were all used as treatment. - The first recorded history of nursing was in this era. - *Hippocrates* (400 B.C.) separated medicine from religious practices. - He developed assessment standards, ethics, observation systems, holistic care, reporting, and client-centered care. He documented the mystical influence on disease. - He recognized the need for nurses. Health care practitioners repeat the Hippocratic Oath when they graduate. - The Nightingale pledge and practical nursing depends on his oath. 3. **Early Christian era:** - Here the role of nursing became more apparent. - Women performed duties that reflected components of today's nursing practice (nutrition, mobility, medications, hygiene, counseling, and comforting measures). - Deacons functioned as visiting nurses dedicating their lives to charity work in this era. 4. **The Middle Ages:** - Christianity improved the status of nursing by attracting intelligent people from respectable families. - The Crusades resulted in establishing military nursing and male nurses. - In the Muslim Empire of southwest and central Asia, the growth of medical science continued by many physicians such as Avicenna (died 1037) who wrote the *Canon of medicine*. *** ### Nursing in the Arab and Islamic history: - Medicine was one of the sciences in which Arabs were interested. - They were the first to use anesthesia as a way to ease the pain of patients. They called it *al-muraqidi*. - They were also the first to use cauteries in surgery. - History records that Arab doctors were the first to write about leprosy and build hospitals for those who contracted it in the 7th century AD. - Western civilization built its civilization on the basis of the great Islamic civilization. - Some Arab women played a role in medical care during wartime, which was documented by Arab medicine. - Since the dawn of Islam, some of the companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) volunteered to accompany the warriors in the Islamic conquests to provide care and attention to the sick and wounded. This was considered an act of Jihad (holy war) and the Arabs called them *al-Asiyat*. **In the Prophet's conquests, female volunteers and wives of the believers were in the rearguard.** - When Sa'd bin Mu'adh was hit with an arrow in his arm, the Prophet (peace be upon him) cried over the wound and cauterized it with the tip of a heated arrow. He reported that the Ansar woman Ruqayyah (a woman of the Ansar tribe), when Sa'd was wounded, insisted that the arrow remain in his chest until he died, in order to prevent the bleeding. She also used some materials for stopping the bleeding. - The wives of the believers also participated in providing nursing care in battles by carrying water for the Muslim warriors and taking care of the wounded. - *Rufaidah al-Aslamiyyah*, a woman of the Ansar tribe, is mentioned in some texts as being two sisters and in others as one person with two names. She was the first woman to establish a hospital-like system within a tent in the mosque of the Prophet (Peace be upon him) in Madinah. She became a haven for the ill, and constituted a team of female volunteers, whom she divided into groups to provide daytime and nighttime care for patients. She was also a nurse in times of peace and cooperated to help those in need. - Female midwives played a significant role and were essential in providing support to women during childbirth, with the prominent physician al-Zahrawi relying on them to assist him during difficult cases. **The history of hospitals in Islam began with the tent of Lady Rufaidah, which is considered the first mobile field hospital in the world.** - The word *Bimaristan* is a Persian word composed of the words *Bimar*, meaning sick, and *Stan*, meaning place. It therefore means the **hospital** but was later shortened to *Maristan*. - There are two types of hospitals: 1. **Fixed hospitals:** These are hospitals that are built in one place and do not move. They are often found in large cities, such as Cairo, Baghdad, Damascus, and others. 2. **Mobile hospitals:** These hospitals can be transported to other places depending upon the need and are used during times of war, epidemics, or for the injured. 5. **The Renaissance (14th century):** - “The revived (renew) of learning during the Renaissance to motivate the advanced of medicine and nursing education.” 6. **The Reformation (15th century):** - This time encountered setbacks (deterioration) when the dispersion of religious orders resulted in a serious deterioration of hospital conditions and nursing care. - Women's roles were dramatically changed, becoming subordinate to men. - This period is considered the dark age of nursing. 7. **The 16th Century to the 19th Century ** - Western societies emphasized their focus on warfare (struggle), exploration, and the expansion of knowledge. - To meet the shortage of people to care for the sick, women who committed crimes were recruited to be nurses with low pay under unfavorable conditions. - In 1836, Pastor Theodor Fiedner established the Kaiserswerth school of nursing in a parish in Germany, which became one of the first formal nursing schools in history. - Florence Nightingale was one of the most famous students who graduated from this school. - Nightingale founded the first training school for nurses in London in 1860. - The Red Cross was established in 1859 and the Red Crescent in 1963. 8. **The 19th Century to the 21st Century (today)** - The Florence Nightingale lamp (learning lamp) serves as a symbol of nursing and nursing education. - The lamp represents the warmth of caring, the light of striving for excellence, and the oil represents the energy and commitment of the nurse to heal others. - Nightingale started her principles (policy): - Identify personal needs and the nurse's role in meeting these needs. - Establish standards for hospital management. - Establish respectable occupations for women. - Establish and continue nursing education. - Recognize the component of nursing (health and illness). - Nursing is distinct from medicine. - Recognize the importance of nutrition for health. - Institute occupational and recreational therapy for the sick. - Maintain accurate record-keeping and research. - Always nursing is continuously developing. ## Twenty-First Century - Today the profession faces multiple challenges. - Nurses and nurse educators are revising nursing practice and school curricula to meet the ever-changing needs of society, including an aging population, emerging infections, and disaster management. - Advances in technology and informatics, the high acuity level of care of hospitalized patients, and early discharge from healthcare institutions require nurses in all settings to have a strong and current knowledge base from which to practice. - Nursing is taking a leadership role in developing standards and policies to address the needs of the population now and in the future. - As time goes on, nursing is continuing the development program all the time. ## Definitions - **Nursing:** The simplest definition is: The art and science of caring. - **Nightingale’s definition of nursing (1859)**: Nature alone cures. Nursing is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.” - **Most recent definition of nursing : International Council of Nurses:** - It is autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. - It includes promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. - Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. - **Nurse**: Is the person who is prepared to take care of the sick, injured, aged person, and all clients in the community. ## Goals of Nursing Care - To promote health (physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and cultural). - To prevent illness (primary, secondary, and tertiary). - To treat human response to health or illness. - Advocacy of patient, clients, and population. ## Nursing Role & Function | Nursing Role | Function | |---|---| | Caregiver | Provide care for all, to meet their needs. | | Communicator | Use of effective therapeutic communication skills to communicate with patients. | | Teacher/Educator | Teaches healthy habits to patients and their families. | | Counselor | Provide guidance, support, and resources to facilitate patient’s problem-solving and decision-making skills. | | Leader | Manage teams effectively. | | Researcher | To increase nursing knowledge and improve patient care. | | Advocate | Protection of patients' rights. | ## Examples of settings for nursing care - Hospitals - Ambulatory surgery centers - Emergency helicopter services - Clinics - Homes - Educational programs - Public health offices - Doctors' offices - Industry - Long-term care facilities - Mobile healthcare units - Schools - Offices - Hospice (guest house) - Mental health facilities - State health programs - Skilled care facilities - Churches & Mosques - Prisons ## Registered Nurse (RN) - A nurse licensed nationally and practices independently within the scope of nursing profession. - There are different levels of registration according to the country. ## Profession - A group of vocations (occupations) that requires specialized education, intellectual knowledge, competent practice, and attitude. - Nursing profession is autonomous: Autonomy means independence in work, responsibility, and accountability for one’s actions. ## Professionalism - Conduct and goals that mark a profession. ## Important Requirements for a Professional Nurse: - Professional license. - Professional knowledge. - Professional skills. - Professional attitude. - Critical thinking abilities. - Critical caring abilities. - Continuous updating. - Professional leadership abilities. - Flexibility. - Professional advocacy. - Professional teaching and learning abilities. - Problem-solving abilities. - Communication skills abilities. - Counseling abilities. - Enough experience. ## Educational Preparation and Career Opportunities for Registered Nursing (RN) education in Egypt - **Diplom Nursing Program (3 years secondary nursing school education).** - **Associate Degree Nursing Program (institute of nursing) 2 years nursing education.** - **Baccalaureate/Bachelor Degree Nursing Program = BSc.** In Egypt it started in 1955 in Alexandria. (4 years nursing education). - **Postgraduate Studies:** Specialized diplomas, masters, and Doctor of Philosophy = PhD. ## Rights and Responsibilities - The code of ethics is the philosophical ideals of right and wrong that define principles that will be used to provide care for patients. - **Rights:** Legal or moral permissions. - **Responsibility:** Specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role, or an obligation to accomplish a task. ## Patient's Rights 1. **The Right to Know:** - Understand and use these rights. - Be informed of the name and position of all hospital staff who will be in charge of his/her care in the hospital. - Receive complete information about his/her diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. - Receive all the needed information to give informed consent for any proposed procedure or treatment. - Refuse participation in research. 2. **The Right to Privacy:** - Privacy while in the hospital and the confidentiality of all information and records regarding his/her care. - Physical privacy (his/her body). 3. **The Right to Treatment:** - Receive treatment without discrimination as to who is receiving it. - Receive considerate and respectful care in a clean and safe environment free of unnecessary restraints. - Receive emergency care whenever and wherever it's needed. - Have access to a non-smoking room. - Complain without fear about the care and services. - Refuse treatment and be told what effect this may have on his/her health. ## Patients’ Responsibilities - Give complete information about him/herself. - Report any changes to his condition. - Keep the environment free from illicit drugs, alcohol, or tobacco. - Follow hospital policies. - Respect others. ## Nursing Student’s Rights - Have current, accurate, and credible evidence-based information and course content. - Have a supportive and safe teaching and learning environment. - Have freedom from exclusion from an educational institution or clinical agency because of any of the following: (unclear – the rest of the text is obscured) - Have transparent and objective evaluation and marking processes. - Take reasoned exception if indicated. - Study in an environment that promotes equal opportunities and mutual respect, free from harassment and discrimination. - Be a part of the development of their educational programs. ## Nursing Student’s Responsibilities: - Practice to the best of their abilities in research and other activities for ongoing development of nursing knowledge. - Maintain a client’s dignity and respect. - Protect the confidentiality of their clients. - Provide appropriate nursing care to all clients. - Complete assignments according to expected outcomes. - Seek out and use available evidence, best practices, current information, research, and technologies. **Finally, it is up to you student nurses to…** (unclear – the rest of the text is obscured