ES- CH-4 N-2-C-Particulate Control Equipment.pdf

Bag Filter: Principle, Construction, Working, Merits, and Demerits The Bag filter works to enhance the air quality and prevent the loss of powder in pharmaceutical production. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the processing of highly potent drugs like hormones, vitamins, antibiotics, etc., generates...

Bag Filter: Principle, Construction, Working, Merits, and Demerits The Bag filter works to enhance the air quality and prevent the loss of powder in pharmaceutical production. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the processing of highly potent drugs like hormones, vitamins, antibiotics, etc., generates lots of powder, which can lead to hazards. Various processes, including screening, blending, mixing, drying, granulating, tableting, compression, and packaging, contribute to air pollution and chemical risks. Removing these types of problems and maintaining clean air is highly required which is achieved by using filter bags. Antistatics(statin), nylon polymer, and cotton polymer filter bag act as dust collection mechanism that filters and captures powder within the process Air. When the filter cloth takes suspended on the machine it takes a cylindrical bag shape, This area is commonly known as the filter house. Bag Filter The collection of poder by filter bags depends on the principle of filtration. The powder layer adheres to and deposits on the filter bag’s surface and the inner side of the filter cloth, to capture powder particles from the air. The fabric provides a surface for dust particles to accumulate. Accumulation or collection occurs through mechanisms such as inertial or electrostatic interaction, interception, and Brownian movement. These processes lead to the formation of a powder cake on the fabric surface. Construction of Bag Filter This equipment comprises a large metal vessel (bag house) divided into compartments, as shown in the above figure. The FBD bags are finger like structures made of Antistatics(statin), nylon polymer, and cotton polymer which helps withstand operating temperatures and pressures. These filter bags are attached to a round ring made of metals that help filter bags remain fixed. The bags are suspended upside down within the vessel. Bag length ranges from 2 to 10 meters (Depending on the FBD size), with diameters up to 40 centimeters (Depending on the manufacturer’s requirements). The number of bags in a vessel can vary from 10 to 20 or more, depending on the size of the bag house. A hopper is provided at the bottom to collect the dust retained by the filter. Working on filter Bag The process gas enters through an inlet pipe, colliding with a baffle plate. Due to the impact, large particles slide down to the bottom hopper under the influence of gravity. The carrier gas then travels upwards and passes through the bags, leaving fine particulates to adhere to the inner surface. Air moving through a filter cloth maintains a filtration velocity of 0.3-2 meters per minute and experiences a pressure loss of 1-2 kilopascals. As the particle layer on the filter cloth thickens, the pressure loss increases and the accumulated fine particle is removed by shacking periods. In most cases, fabric filter bags exhibit a dust collection efficiency of 99 percent or higher, resulting in a dust concentration at the outlet of less than 10 milligrams per cubic meter. To enhance efficiency, filter bags are periodically cleaned, maintained, and replaced. Troubleshooting for Filter Bag Sometimes FBD filters may be choked during the process, so vagarious shaking is required from time to time. Filter bags may be damaged during the drying process so to prevent this SFM test is highly required. The Solid Flow Monitor (SFM) test is a procedure that can be used to detect filled bag failure in a Fluid Bed Dryer (FBD) and prevent product loss. The SFM is a piece of equipment that monitors and controls the flow rate of materials in an FBD, ensuring a smooth and efficient flow. The SFM is typically located in the exhaust duct of the FBD. Solid Flow Monitor (SFM) is advanced equipment to monitor and control flow rate, resulting in a smooth and efficient flow of matter. Merits Filter bags offer the most effective method for removing fine particles from the air. They are very effective to retained Powder while the drying process in FBD. They consume low amounts of electricity. They contribute to maintaining and protecting a healthy environment. Their construction and operation are relatively simple. They possess versatility and an effective design. They aid in reducing housekeeping efforts and improving product quality. Filter bags adhere to the effective design standards of the American Ventilation System. High-quality filter bags ensure trouble-free operation. Demerits Bag filters have limitations in operation due to high gas temperatures and high humidity. The maintenance cost can be high as the fabric used is expensive. The characteristics of the fabric can change under different operating parameters. Bag filters tend to be relatively large in size. Efficiency can be reduced by the condensation of vapors and the presence of hygroscopic materials. Applications of bag filter  They are commonly utilized in fluidized bed dryers to prevent powder loss. Bag filters are widely employed in industries to separate dust particles from the air. They are extensively used to clean the air in working areas. Bag filters find significant application in large industries that produce various types of powder/dust, including metals, cement, chalk and lime, ceramics, flour, and foundries. WHAT DO BAGHOUSE FILTERS REMOVE? Baghouse dust collectors are regarded as highly effective systems that are capable of achieving up to 99.9% efficiency. Depending on the design and fabric filter, baghouse filters remove and can withstand or capture abrasive particles, acid gasses, filter explosive dust, mists, fumes, and fine powders. They can collect difficult-to-capture air pollutants and airborne toxic materials found in dust and welding fumes, and particulate residue. Given the high efficiency, the systems are well regarded and widely used across many different industrial sectors—food processing and agricultural plants, asphalt and cement plants, coal processing plants, quarries, steel and iron foundries, chemical and paint manufacturing plants, utilities, power generation, and energy plants, and so on. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PRINCIPAL BAGHOUSE DESIGNS That said, baghouse designs do differ. Three principal designs are the shaker baghouse, the reverse air filter baghouse, and the pulse jet baghouse. The primary difference between the designs is how the bags are cleaned. A shaker baghouse is a mechanical system. As the name suggests, shaker systems work by shaking accumulated dust cakes from the filter bag. The bags are hung from the top of the unit and are attached to a tube sheet at the bottom of the baghouse. There, the dirty air enters, and, as it is pulled up, the filter collects dust and particulates inside the bag, and clean air exits through the top. Its primary advantage is its low initial investment costs, fundamental design, and simple operation. As the units are generally compartmentalized into sections, the entire system does not have to be shut down when cleaned. Nonetheless, the units take up space, are not well-suited for high-temperature contaminants, and are more energy and time-intensive than other cleaning methods. Also, collection efficiency can be reduced when even small amounts of positive pressure are inside the bag. With reverse air filter baghouse designs, airflow is reversed through the filter bags via an exhaust fan rotating over the bag module. In reverse air systems, dust and particulates collect outside the bags, where dust cakes accumulate. The cleaning process requires reverse air blown through the bag to release the particulates and dust. A reverse air baghouse system is a cost-effective method that generates lower pressure than the pulse jet baghouse system, which utilizes compressed air. Because they consist of multi-compartment, sections can be cleaned without shutting the whole system down. The gentle cleaning cycle is ideal for high- temperature collection and allows for a longer bag life. On the downside, cleaning  must be done often, there are no effective means to remove residual dust buildup, which requires more maintenance than other types of baghouse systems. Pulse jet baghouse systems utilize bursts of compressed air that are directed through the clean side of a filter bag to remove the dust cakes from the surface of the filter media. The bags are hung from the tube sheet and supported by metal cages during cleaning—pulses of air push through the bag to dislodge solids where they are collected in a hopper below. The clear advantage of a pulse jet system is the baghouses are to be cleaned as the system continues online. It also cleans better than shaker or reverse air baghouse systems, is space-efficient and, as a result, requires fewer bags. The main disadvantages are its use of dry compressed air, which adds to energy costs. It also requires special types of fabrics to filter higher temperature contaminants. Finally, pulse jets cannot tolerate high moisture levels or be used where humidity is generated from high moisture gasses or content. Overall, baghouse systems are versatile and efficient. Capable of capturing small micron particle dust with a removal efficiency of over 99%. Systems can manage from millions of cubic meters per hour to hundreds of thousands of cubic meters. The basic design structure is simple, stable, reliable, and less of an investment than other air pollution control units. However, some system designs can require large power consumption. Those systems are easily maintained, but they do require ongoing maintenance to function at peak efficiency. Finally, though there are exceptions depending on the filter media design, baghouse systems are best suited for operation in relatively dry environments. They are not recommended for collecting sticky dust-like contaminants or gasses. Cyclone Separators Cyclone separators are widely used in industrial applications to separate solid particles from gas or liquid streams. They use centrifugal force generated by swirling airflow to separate particles based on size and density. This article provides a comprehensive overview of cyclone, including their working principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Definition and Working Principle of Cyclone Separators: A cyclone separator is a mechanical device that uses centrifugal force to separate particulate matter from a fluid stream. The separator consists of a cylindrical chamber with an inlet for the contaminated fluid and an outlet for the clean fluid. The fluid enters tangentially into the cyclone, creating a vortex or cyclonic motion. As the fluid swirls within the chamber, the centrifugal force pushes the heavier particles towards the outer wall, causing them to move downward and eventually collect at the bottom of the separator. The cleaned fluid exits through the central outlet. Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation devices (dry scrubbers) that use the principle of inertia to remove particulate matter from flue gases. Cyclone separators is one of many air pollution control devices known as precleaners since they generally remove larger pieces of particulate matter. This prevents finer filtration methods from having to deal with large, more abrasive particles later on. In addition, several cyclone separators can operate in parallel, and this system is known as a multicyclone. It is important to note that cyclones can vary drastically in their size. The size of the cyclone depends largely on how much flue gas must be filtered, thus larger operations tend to need larger cyclones. For example, several different models of one cyclone type can exist, and the sizes can range from a relatively small 1.2-1.5 meters tall (about 4-5 feet) to around 9 meters (30 feet)—which is about as tall as a three story building How It Works Cyclone separators work much like a centrifuge, but with a continuous feed of dirty air. In a cyclone separator, dirty flue gas is fed into a chamber. The inside of the chamber creates a spiral vortex, similar to a tornado. This spiral formation and the separation is shown in Figure. The lighter components of this gas have less inertia, so it is easier for them to be influenced by the vortex and travel up it. Contrarily, larger components of particulate matter have more inertia and are not as easily influenced by the vortex Since these larger particles have difficulty following the high-speed spiral motion of the gas and the vortex, the particles hit the inside walls of the container and drop down into a collection hopper. These chambers are shaped like an upside-down cone to promote the collection of these particles at the bottom of the container. The cleaned flue gas escapes out the top of the chamber. Most cyclones are built to control and remove particulate matter that is larger than 10 micrometers in diameter. However, there do exist high efficiency cyclones that are designed to be effective on particles as small as 2.5 micrometers. As well, these separators are not effective on extremely large particulate matter. For particulates around 200 micrometers in size, gravity settling chambers or momentum separators are a better option. Out of all of the particulate-control devices, cyclone separators are among the least expensive. They are often used as a pre-treatment before the flue gas enters more effective pollution control devices. Therefore, cyclone separators can be seen as "rough separators" before the flue gas reaches the fine filtration stages. Effectiveness Cyclone separators are generally able to remove somewhere between 50-99% of all particulate matter in flue gas. How well the cyclone separators are actually able to remove this matter depends largely on particle size. If there is a large amount of lighter particulate matter, less of these par0ticles are able to be separated out. Because of this, cyclone separators work best on flue gases that contain large amounts of big particulate matter. There are several advantages and disadvantages in using cyclone separators. First, cyclone separators are beneficial because they are not expensive to install or maintain, and they have no moving parts. This keeps maintenance and operating costs low. Second, the removed particulate matter is collected when dry, which makes it easier to dispose of. Finally, these units take up very little space. Although effective, there are also disadvantages in using cyclone separators. Mainly because the standard models are not able to collect particulate matter that is smaller than 10 micrometers effectively and the machines are unable to handle sticky or tacky materials well Advantages :  1. Simple Design and Operation: Cyclones have a relatively simple design and operation, making them easy to install, operate, and maintain. 2. Cost-Effective Solution: Cyclones are cost-effective due to their simplicity and minimal power requirements compared to other particle separation methods. 3. High Separation Efficiency: Cyclones can achieve high separation efficiencies, effectively removing a wide range of particle sizes from the fluid stream. 4. No Moving Parts: Cyclones do not rely on mechanical components such as pumps or filters, reducing the risk of mechanical failure and minimizing maintenance needs. 5. Versatility: Cyclones can be used for various applications across different industries, including dust collection, gas-solid separation, liquid-solid separation, and more. Disadvantages : 1. Limited Particle Size Range: Cyclone separators are more effective for larger particles (>10 microns) and may have reduced efficiency for smaller particles. Fine particle separation typically requires additional techniques or equipment. 2. Pressure Drop: Cyclones can induce a pressure drop in the system due to the fluid flow resistance, which may affect the overall system performance and require additional energy for compensation. 3. Sensitivity to Flow Rate Changes: Cyclone may experience decreased efficiency if there are significant variations in the feed flow rate. Proper design considerations should be taken to ensure stable and optimal operation under varying conditions. 4. Potential for Particle Re-entrainment: Smaller particles may be re-entrained and carried with the clean fluid stream, reducing the separation efficiency. Optimization of design parameters can mitigate this issue. 5. Space Requirements: Cyclone separators may require sufficient space for installation, especially when dealing with significant flow rates or multiple units. Applications of Cyclone Separators: Cyclones find extensive applications across various industries, including but not limited to: Dust Collection: Cyclones are commonly used in dust collection systems to remove airborne particles from industrial processes, improving air quality and preventing equipment damage. Gas-Solid Separation: Cyclones are employed in gas-solid separation processes such as pneumatic conveying systems, coal-fired power plants, and cement production. Liquid-Solid Separation: Cyclones can effectively separate solid particles from liquid streams, finding application in wastewater treatment, oil and gas industries, and mining operations. Cyclone separators offer numerous advantages, including simple design, cost- effectiveness, high separation efficiency, and versatility in particle separation applications. However, they also have limitations concerning particle size range, pressure drop, sensitivity to flow rate changes, potential particle re-entrainment, and space requirements. Understanding these advantages and disadvantages is essential for selecting, designing, and optimizing cyclone separators for specific industrial processes. When properly implemented, it can provide efficient and reliable particle separation, contributing to improved process efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced product quality. Electrostatic Precipitators An electrostatic precipitator is a device that uses electric charges to remove airborne impurities in solid, droplet, gaseous, or liquid forms. It functions as an air pollution control system, effectively capturing pollutants from the exhaust of factories, industrial processes, and power plants without the need for traditional filters. As smoke or gas leaves a burner or furnace, it passes over wires or plates in the electrostatic precipitator that gives the smoke or gas a static charge that is collected on a second plate that has an opposite charge where the pollutant particles are trapped. Electrostatic precipitators can be adjusted to fit the exact needs of the pollutant conditions using a minimal amount of electrical energy. Many industries rely on fossil fuels for their manufacturing processes, resulting in smoke that contains soot, ash, and unburned carbon dioxide. Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) use electric charges to remove these contaminants from the smoke, allowing only clean air to be released into the atmosphere. Removing these harmful particles is crucial, as they can damage buildings, harm the environment, and pose health risks to people. Electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove particulate matter from polluted air, including dust, smoke, soot, ash, and fumes. These devices achieve a control efficiency of 99% for particulate matter that is 1.0 μm or larger in diameter. The efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator is generally unaffected by the size of the particulate matter. However, particles with very high or very low resistivity can be challenging for these devices to handle effectively; they perform best with particulate matter of moderate resistivity. The diagram illustrates the position and operation of each component in an electrostatic precipitator. An AC supply is provided to the control cabinet, where the voltage is increased by a high-voltage transformer and then rectified by a diode in the rectifier. This process converts AC current into DC current, which is then supplied to the discharge electrodes. At this point, the flue gases pass through the discharge electrodes and become ionized. The ionized particles, which have an opposite charge and polarity to the collector electrodes, are attracted to and collected by these electrodes. The collected particulate matter is then transferred to hoppers, from which the dust is removed and discharged. How Electrostatic Precipitation Works? An electrostatic precipitator, also known as an electrostatic air cleaner, is designed to purify air emitted from industrial chimneys. Flue gases generated by the combustion of solids in industrial processes contain harmful pollutants that are dangerous to both human health and the environment. It is essential to remove these pollutants from the air released by industrial chimneys. To achieve this, an electrostatic precipitator is installed between the furnace and the chimneys. It captures particulate matter from the flue gases, effectively removing pollutants and releasing cleaner, less harmful gases into the atmosphere. Electrostatic precipitation operates by generating an electrostatic force that ionizes the particles in the flue gas. It involves two types of electrodes: a positive electrode, typically in the form of plates, and a negative electrode, usually consisting of mesh wire. These electrodes are arranged vertically and alternately within the precipitator. The negative electrode is connected to the negative terminal of a DC voltage supply, while the positive electrode is connected to the positive terminal. To enhance the negative charge on the negative electrode, the positive terminal may be occasionally grounded. The spacing between the DC voltage supply, the negative electrode, and the positive plate is carefully adjusted to maintain a high voltage gradient. This setup ionizes the air between the negative electrodes and the adjacent positive plates, creating a corona discharge that surrounds the electrodes and establishes a negatively charged environment. The area between the electrodes becomes fully ionized, resulting in a high concentration of free electrons and ions. The electrostatic precipitation process occurs within a metallic container, which has an inlet for flue gas and an outlet for clean, pollutant-free gas. As the flue gas enters the precipitator, dust particles are captured by the free electrons and ions. These particles become negatively charged and are attracted to the positively charged plates through electrostatic forces. Once the negatively charged dust particles adhere to the positive plates, the excess free electrons are removed from the plates, and the particles fall off due to gravity. The precipitator includes hoppers that collect the dust particles from the collecting plates. Clean air is then discharged from the outlet into the atmosphere. Additionally, water sprays are used at the top of the precipitator to facilitate the rapid removal of dust particles from the plates. In some systems, electrostatic precipitators are paired with denitrification units to remove harmful air pollutants like nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These precipitators are often marketed as air purifiers or cleaners, serving as alternatives to traditional furnaces in various industries. While they prevent bacterial growth, the plates can be challenging to clean and may generate ozone or nitrogen oxides. Special filters are used to address these issues, and soak-off cleaners are available to ensure thorough removal of dust particles. Factors reduce the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators Regular and constant use of an electrostatic precipitator can lead to performance issues, which may arise from operational errors or quality problems. Proper maintenance is crucial for maintaining the efficiency and effectiveness of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Many performance issues can be prevented with careful planning and regular inspections. Flue Gas Flow Rate If flue gas is introduced into the chamber at an excessively high rate, dust particles can accumulate in the electric field, leading to the formation of dust masses. This accumulation can make it difficult to remove particulate matter from the gas effectively. Air Flow Distribution The distribution of air flow significantly impacts the performance of the precipitator. Efficiency is higher in areas with low air flow, where dust removal occurs more rapidly. In contrast, areas with high air flow experience reduced efficiency due to the effects of high- speed smoke compared to low-speed smoke. Dust Specific Resistance The efficiency of a precipitator is influenced by the specific resistance of the dust particles. For optimal collection, the specific resistance should be between 10,000 and 10,000 Ω·cm. If the specific resistance is too low, particles may move and escape through the outlet with the gas stream, reducing efficiency. Conversely, if particles are too large, they may not escape. To address this, it is necessary to vibrate the dust particles effectively, ensuring they are retained by the device for proper purification. Air Leakage In the operation of negative pressure of dust collection air leakage will be a cause to produce secondary dust flying. Due to air leakage the smoke speed of the gas increases which results in the short residence time of the flue gas in the device. Air leakage also decreases the temperature of the flue gas that may lead to condensation and even corrosion. Flue Gas Temperature The efficiency of dust removal increases when the temperature of the flue gas is between 110-130°C. At higher temperatures, the specific resistance of the dust particles decreases, the viscosity reduces, and the gas flow speed increases, which can lead to lower dust removal efficiency. Conversely, if the temperature is too low, humidity rises, ionization weakens, corona discharge may close, and dust removal efficiency decreases. Generally, the optimal flue gas flow rate is between 0.8 and 1.2 m/s. Soot Concentration High soot concentration increases the amount of dust particles in the electric field. Excessive soot concentration can lead to corona discharge closure, preventing current from passing through the electric field and reducing the precipitator's efficiency. If the flue gas has high soot concentration, it should be pretreated. The soot concentration in the flue gas should be kept below 5 g/m³. Dust Accumulation Dust accumulation can lead to the complete failure of an ESP system. It is crucial to keep the charge plates, hopper, and rectifier clean and regularly checked. Regular maintenance is essential to avoid system failures or operational shutdowns. Neglecting the cleanliness of the ESP can undermine its effectiveness and expose companies to fines for inadequate pollution control. Failed Rapper Coils Rapper coils play a critical role in the cleaning process by providing vibrations to remove buildup on collection plates or wires. Failure of the rapper coils can result in excessive buildup on the collection plates, reducing their efficiency and ability to capture charged particles. If not addressed, this buildup can eventually cause the system to stop functioning. What are the different types of electrostatic precipitators? Electrostatic precipitators come in various types to meet specific functional requirements and economic considerations. Below, we explore the different types of electrostatic precipitators and their respective applications in detail. Plate Type Precipitator Wet Type Precipitator Dry Type Precipitator  Tubular Precipitator Single Stage Precipitator Two Stage Precipitator Plate Type Precipitator Electrostatic precipitators come in various types to meet specific functional requirements and economic considerations. Below, we explore the different types of electrostatic precipitators and their respective applications in detail. Plate Wire Precipitator - Plate wire electrostatic precipitators are used with boilers, paper mill incinerators, and basic oxygen furnaces. In this type of precipitator, the flue gas flows between the metal sheets that are placed parallel to each other and have high voltage electrodes. The electrodes are hung in between the plates or supported by a rigid frame. Gas flows horizontally from vertically placed plates. As it flows, it passes through each wire in the arranged order. Plate wire electrostatic precipitators are used for large volumes of gas. What are the different types of electrostatic precipitators? Electrostatic precipitators come in various types to meet specific functional requirements and economic considerations. Below, we explore the different types of electrostatic precipitators and their respective applications in detail. Plate Type Precipitator Wet Type Precipitator Dry Type Precipitator Tubular Precipitator Single Stage Precipitator Two Stage Precipitator Plate Type Precipitator Electrostatic precipitators come in various types to meet specific functional requirements and economic considerations. Below, we explore the different types of electrostatic precipitators and their respective applications in detail. Plate Wire Precipitator - Plate wire electrostatic precipitators are used with boilers, paper mill incinerators, and basic oxygen furnaces. In this type of precipitator, the flue gas flows between the metal sheets that are placed parallel to each other and have high voltage electrodes. The electrodes are hung in between the plates or supported by a rigid frame. Gas flows horizontally from vertically placed plates. As it flows, it passes through each wire in the arranged order. Plate wire electrostatic precipitators are used for large volumes of gas.  Flat Plate Precipitator - Flat plate precipitators are used to increase the surface area for particle collection and provide a strong and increased electrical field. Since corona cannot be produced on its own in flat plate electrostatic precipitators, corona producing electrodes are placed behind and ahead of the collecting electrodes. Flat plate precipitators can be operated with little or no corona current flowing from ionized particles. They can be used for particles that have high resistivity but are small in diameter. Fly ash is captured and collected by flat plate electrostatic precipitators. Tubular Precipitator Tubular electrostatic precipitators feature tubes arranged in parallel, with high voltage electrodes running along their axes. These tubes can be configured in various shapes, such as circular, square, or honeycomb, and the gas can flow either upward or downward through them. Tubular precipitators are single-stage units, meaning that all the gas passes through the tubes without any leakage. Plate electrostatic precipitators, on the other hand, are more commonly used. They are particularly effective in handling wet or sticky particulate matter because they can be tightly sealed to prevent leakage. While tubular precipitators are ideal for controlling hazardous gases, plate precipitators offer versatility and reliability for a wider range of applications. Dry Precipitators Dry electrostatic precipitators are designed to collect particulate matter from dry environments. Similar to rapper coils, these precipitators periodically vibrate to dislodge dust particles from the collector plates and discharge electrodes, directing the dust into a collection hopper. However, these vibrations can occasionally release small particles back into the air stream. Dry precipitators are generally not effective at capturing submicron particles and are primarily used for collecting ash or cement. Wet Precipitators Wet electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove pollutants from wet gas streams, such as resin, oil, tar, and paint. They utilize a continuous water spray to collect dust particles from the gas. At the inlet of the precipitator, a fine mist of water and air conditions the particulate matter for collection. High voltage corona electrodes and collection tubes charge and separate the particles. The collected solid materials and liquid from the spray are then drained out of the precipitator. Wet electrostatic precipitators are particularly effective for capturing wet, sticky, flammable, and high-resistivity solids and can capture smaller particles compared to dry precipitators. They typically have a tubular shape and are more costly than dry precipitators. Given their reliance on water, these precipitators are constructed from corrosion-resistant materials. The collected particulate matter is removed as a slurry, which is flushed from the system. Single Stage Precipitators Most electrostatic precipitators are single-stage devices. These precipitators operate at very high voltages to charge and collect particles. In a single-stage system, the electrodes and collecting plates are arranged parallel to each other and function in the same direction. Both the charging and collection processes occur within the same section of the precipitator. Single-stage electrostatic precipitators can have either tubular or plate configurations and typically use rapping coils or a liquid film to remove the collected particles. The charging wires and collection plates are positioned close together in the same area of the precipitator. This contrasts with two-stage electrostatic precipitators, where the charging and collection processes are separated into different sections. Two Stage Precipitators Two-stage electrostatic precipitators are arranged in series rather than in parallel. This configuration allows particles to spend more time being charged and reduces the likelihood of back corona. They are designed to handle smaller particles and are often used as air purifiers in conjunction with air conditioning systems. Two-stage precipitators are typically used for low-volume and smaller-scale applications. Application of Electrostatic Precipitators Electrostatic precipitators are used widely in industries for smoke soot and particulate matter elimination. The dry precipitator is used for the collection of particles like soot, ash, and cement. The wet precipitator is used to accumulate sticky and moist particles effectively. Wet Precipitators are also used for the cleaning of blast furnaces and metallurgical heating system gases. Electrostatic precipitators are also used in medical fields for the elimination of bacteria and fungus. Precipitators are also used in air conditioning systems for purifying air. Precipitators are used to recover some materials from the flue gas. Electrostatic precipitators are also used in zirconium sands for the detachment of rutile. It is also used in industries for collecting abrasive materials. Precipitators are used in filtering coolant smoke and mist from the finishing processes. The precipitators are also used for filtering explosive dusts, mists and materials from the fumes. It is also capable of capturing fine black carbon powder or oxides and many more from the gas flow. Electrostatic precipitators are used in pulp industries and in power plants. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrostatic Precipitators Electrostatic Precipitator Advantages Initial cost is less Efficiency up to 99% Low maintenance is required Helps to protect the environment Highly efficient working other than any separators Reliable and easy to operate Helps in cleaning the environment Disadvantages of Electrostatic Precipitators Some precipitators are expensive to use Some of them require high maintenance and installation Also require large spaces to operate Conclusion Industrial smoke and fumes is the biggest cause of air pollution. These pollutants are the cause of many environmental and human health issues. Electrostatic precipitators are installed in the way of furnaces and chimneys of industries. Electrostatic precipitators are used to purify the flue gas emitting from the industries. These precipitators work on the principle of electrostatic force and charge the particles. Specially designed for capturing the particulate matters from the flue gases. The negatively charged particles get attached to the positive plates and then collected in the hoppers.  These precipitators have an efficiency of 99% in purifying the contaminated gas. Certain factors are involved in affecting the efficiency of the precipitators such as temperature, air flow and specific resistance. There are many different types of electrostatic precipitators designed according to its function. Commonly used electrostatic precipitator is plate wire one. Almost all of these work with parallel configuration but two stage precipitators work on series configuration. Electrostatic precipitators are widely used in cleaning the gases emitting from metallurgical industry, coal and power plants. This precipitator is also used for capturing important metals and minerals from the flue gases.