Erik Erikson's Post-Freudian Theory PDF

ERIK ERIKSON: POST-FREUDIAN THEORY Prepared by: JAIMES AEROLLE D. TAN, RPm PSYCHOSOCIAL Chapter Objectives: STAGES ❖ ❖ Describe the life of Erik Erikson...

ERIK ERIKSON: POST-FREUDIAN THEORY Prepared by: JAIMES AEROLLE D. TAN, RPm PSYCHOSOCIAL Chapter Objectives: STAGES ❖ ❖ Describe the life of Erik Erikson Examine the Psychosocial Stages of Development ❖ Outline the basic strengths and weaknesses in Erikson’s Theory OF ❖ Reflect on Erikson’s Theory DEVELOPMENT Lessons: ❖Biography of Erik Erikson ❖Post-Freudian Theory ❖Advantages and Disadvantages  ERIK SALOMONSEN ERIK HOMBURGER ERIK HOMBURGER ERIKSON ERIK H. ERIKSON Which is which? Who is who? Who was Erik Erikson? Was he a Dane, a German, or an American? Jew or Gentile? Artist or psychoanalyst? Erikson himself had difficulty answering these questions, and he spent nearly a lifetime trying to determine who he was.  ERIKSON’S LIFE June 15, May 12, 1920 1928 1933 1940 1960 1902 1994 1911 1927 1930 1936 1950 1970  ERIKSON’S POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: EGO Post-Freudian Ego: Positive force that creates a self-identity, a sense of “I”. Helps us adapt to the various conflicts and crises of life and keeps us from losing our individuality to the leveling forces of society. Weak, pliable, and fragile during childhood, but takes form and strength during adolescence. Unifies personality and safeguards from indivisibility throughout life. Ability to unify experiences and actions.  POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: ASPECTS OF EGO Interrelated Aspects of EGO: ❑ Body ego ❑ Experiences with our body; ❑ We only get to have a single body for our whole life ❑ Ego Ideal ❑ the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal ❑ Ego Identity ❑ the image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play. ❑ Society’s Influence on Ego Development: ❑ Ego is a potential at birth, but is greatly influenced by environmental factors such as culture and history. ❑ *Pseudospecies – Illusion that is perpetrated and perpetuated by certain society that it is somehow the chose specie.  POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE It is a term borrowed from embryology Embryo does not begin with a complete form that each component proceeds in a step-by-step fashion with later growth building on earlier development. In similar way, ego follows a specific timeline of development. A stage emerges and is built upon the previous stage According to Erikson’s theory, there are 8 stages of Development  POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: BASIC POINTS IN THE PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES 1st, growth takes place according to the epigenetic principle 2nd, There is an interaction of opposites in every stages of development, which leads to a psychosocial crisis Syntonic Dystonic 3rd, conflict between the syntonic and dystonic elements produces BASIC STRENGTH 4th, too little basic strength at any one stage results in core pathology 5th, Erikson referred to the stages as psychosocial stages but never lost sight of biological aspect of development 6th, Ego identity is shaped by a multiplicity of conflicts and events 7th, Personality development is characterized by an identity crisis  POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT INFANCY EARLY CHILDHOOD PLAY AGE SCHOOL AGE ADOLESCENCE YOUNG ADULTHOOD ADULTHOOD OLD AGE  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: INFANCY ❖ A period encompassing approximately 1st year of life, paralleling Freud’s oral phase. ❖ Time of incorporation, not only through infant’s mouth. ❖ Oral-Sensory Mode ❖ Receiving and accepting what is given to them, even with or without the assistance of people around. ❖ BASIC TRUST versus BASIC MISTRUST ❖ If their pattern of accepting things corresponds with culture’s way of giving things, then infants learn basic trust. ❖ Gullibility and vagaries of the world; ❖ Frustration, anger, hostility, depression Basic Strength - HOPE Core Pathology - WITHDRAWAL  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: EARLY CHILDHOOD ❖ Period paralleling Freud’s anal phase, from 2nd to 3rd year of life. ❖ Mastering not only defecating, but also urinating, walking, throwing, etc. ❖ Being able to develop a sense of control. ❖ Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode ❖ Time of contradiction ❖ AUTONOMY versus SHAME AND DOUBT ❖ Being able to have good amount of self-expression will permit the child to develop autonomy. ❖ Too much inhibition from the culture or even their parents were met, Shame and doubt may develop. Basic Strength - WILL Core Pathology - COMPULSION  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: PLAY AGE ❖ Cover’s Freud’s phallic stage, from 3 to 5 years old. ❖ Locomotion, language skills, curiosity, imagination, and ability to set goals. ❖ Genital-Locomotion Mode ❖ Oedipus Complex and Castration Anxiety and Penis Envy ❖ INITIATIVE versus GUILT ❖ Unbridled initiative may lead to chaos and lack of moral principles. ❖ If guilt will be dominant, an individual may become compulsively moralistic or overly inhibited Basic Strength - PURPOSE Core Pathology - INHIBITION  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: SCHOOL AGE ❖ From approximately ages 6 to 12 year olds, and matches latency period of Freud. ❖ Social world is expanding ❖ Wish to know things becomes strong ❖ Does not necessarily mean formal schooling ❖ Latency ❖ Learning the technology of a culture, and the strategies of social interaction. ❖ INDUSTRY versus INFERIORITY ❖ Industriousness, willingness to remain busy, with something and finish the job. ❖ The feeling of being incompetent, although inferiority can be an impetus for one to do his or her best. Basic Strength - COMPETENCE Core Pathology - INERTIA  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: ADOLESCENCE ❖ Crucial stage, an individual must develop a firm sense of ego identity during the stage. ❖ Social Latency ❖ Period of trial and error ❖ Puberty ❖ Triggers expectation of adult roles ahead. ❖ IDENTITY versus IDENTITY CRISIS ❖ Identity emerges from two sources: ❖ Adolescent’s affirmation or repudiation of childhood identifications ❖ Historical and social contexts ❖ Identity Confusion - syndrome of problems that includes a divided self-image, an inability to establish intimacy, a sense of time urgency, a lack of concentration on required tasks, and a rejection of family or community standards. Basic Strength - FIDELITY Core Pathology – ROLE REPUDIATION  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: YOUNG ADULTHOOD ❖ Being able to fuse one’s own identity with that of other’s without losing one’s self. ❖ Age of about 19 to 30 years old. ❖ Acquisition of intimacy ❖ Genitality ❖ Mutual trust and a stable sharing of sexual satisfactions with a loved person. ❖ INTIMACY versus ISOLATION ❖ Involves compromise, sacrifice, and commitment within a relationship of two equals. ❖ Incapacity to take one’s chances with one’s identity by sharing true intimacy. Basic Strength - LOVE Core Pathology - EXCLUSIVITY  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: ADULTHOOD ❖ The time when people usually begin to take their place in the society and assume responsibility for whatever the society produces. ❖ 31 to 60 years old. ❖ Procreativity ❖ Instinctual drive to perpetuate specie. ❖ Mature adulthood > producing offspring ❖ GENERATIVITY versus STAGNATION ❖ Generation of new beings, as well as new products and ideas. ❖ The generational cycle of productivity and creativity is crippled when people become too absorbed in themselves, too self-indulgent. Basic Strength - CARE Core Pathology - REJECTIVITY  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: OLD AGE ❖ From 60 years old and beyond. ❖ Caring grandparents. ❖ Less, but still generative. ❖ Generalized Sensuality ❖ Taking pleasure in different or various sensations. ❖ INTEGRITY versus DESPAIR ❖ Feeling of wholeness and coherence, and ability to hold one’s sense of “I”-ness. ❖ Disgust, depression, contempt for others, or any other attitude that shows non-acceptance of the finite boundaries of life. ❖ Without hope Basic Strength - WISDOM Core Pathology - DISDAIN ADVANTAGES OF ERIK ERIKSON’S POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Offers comprehensive framework that covers the entire lifespan, from infancy to late adulthood. 2. The theory emphasizes influence of cultural and social factors on development. 3. Recognizes the identity formation as a central element of psychosocial development.  DISADVANTAGES OF ERIK ERIKSON’S POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Lack of empirical evidences supporting the theory’s claim 2. Overemphasizing the role of adolescence in the development over the others. 3. Exhibits limited consideration for individual differences , neglecting the unique experiences and context of individuals “Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired. ” — ERIK ERIKSON, THE ERIK ERIKSON READER, 2000 THANK YOU! INQUIRIES? Ask me!